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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 505 records · Page 28

Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification of a Mars Ascent Vehicle Concept

The design of a conceptual Mars ascent vehicle is a challenging problem. In order to aid the vehicle and mission concept design it is important to understand the driving design parameters and the expected performance in the presence of model errors and uncertainties. An existing six degree of freedom simulation model is analyzed on a statistical basis using the methods available in the Design Analysis Kit for Optimization and Terascale Applications toolkit. The methods utilized include conventional Monte Carlo techniques, metamodeling via polynomial chaos expansions, and global variance-based sensitivity analyses. Two additional analysis methods referred to as “Monte Carlo filtering” and ”Classification trees” are used to determine which uncertain parameters are driving the performance of the vehicle. Monte Carlo filtering provides a methodology to determine which parameters cause qualitatively different behavior while the classification trees use heuristics to partition the input space and assign probabilities to each partition. These methods serve as qualitative descriptors of model sensitivity while variance-based global sensitivity analysis seeks a quantitative mapping from total output variance to the variance of individual inputs. Application of these techniques to several outputs of a Mars ascent vehicle concept simulation indicates that only a select few input factors dominate their variance.

Noyes, Connor↗

Enabling accurate chemical modeling of shocked energetic materials using a machine learning interatomic potential

Understanding the complex chemistry of organic materials under dynamic compression is important for many applications, but it is challenging due to the large number of reactions occurring at various time scales. Here, in this study, we develop a machine learning potential based on Chebyshev polynomials to study the insensitive energetic material 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) under detonation. We discuss a strategy for constructing diverse training data needed to capture the complex chemistry of TATB. Our potential demonstrates strong transferability across a wide range of thermodynamic conditions and other explosives, enabling accurate and reliable chemical modeling of organic materials under extreme conditions. The efficiency of our approach allows for simulations over several nanoseconds and for large system sizes, providing detailed insights into the chemistry of shocked TATB. The model accurately reproduces experimental Hugoniot equation of state data, and our simulations reveal the rapid formation of nitrogen-rich carbon clusters following shock. The methods and datasets developed here offer a robust framework for accurate chemical modeling of other shocked organic energetic materials.

Chemistry↗

The validation of a human force model to predict dynamic forces resulting from multi-joint motions

The development and validation is examined of a dynamic strength model for humans. This model is based on empirical data. The shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints were characterized in terms of maximum isolated torque, or position and velocity, in all rotational planes. This data was reduced by a least squares regression technique into a table of single variable second degree polynomial equations determining torque as a function of position and velocity. The isolated joint torque equations were then used to compute forces resulting from a composite motion, in this case, a ratchet wrench push and pull operation. A comparison of the predicted results of the model with the actual measured values for the composite motion indicates that forces derived from a composite motion of joints (ratcheting) can be predicted from isolated joint measures. Calculated T values comparing model versus measured values for 14 subjects were well within the statistically acceptable limits and regression analysis revealed coefficient of variation between actual and measured to be within 0.72 and 0.80.

Pandya, Abhilash K.↗

Floquet operator dynamics and orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle

Operator spreading under stroboscopic time evolution under a unitary is studied. An operator Krylov space is constructed and mapped to orthogonal polynomials on a unit circle (OPUC), as well as to the Krylov space of the edge operator of the Floquet transverse field Ising model with inhomogeneous couplings (ITFIM). The Verblunsky coefficients in the OPUC representation are related to the Krylov angles parametrizing the ITFIM. The relations between the OPUC and spectral functions are summarized and several applications are presented. These include derivation of analytic expressions for the OPUC under persistent m-periodic dynamics, and the numerical construction of the OPUC for autocorrelations of the homogeneous Floquet-Ising model as well as the Z 3 clock model. The numerically obtained Krylov angles of the Z 3 clock model with long-lived period tripled autocorrelations show a spatial periodicity of six, and this observation is used to develop an analytically solvable model for the ITFIM that mimics this behavior.

Floquet systems↗

chimes_calculator

The Chebyshev Interaction Model for Efficient Simulation (ChIMES) is a machine-learned interatomic potential targeting chemistry in condensed phase systems. ChIMES models are able to approach quantum-accuracy through a systematically improvable explicitly many-bodied basis comprised of linear combinations of Chebyshev polynomials. Though originally developed as to enable description of organic molecular materials, ChIMES has successfully been applied to systems spanning ambient water to molten carbon, and leveraged as correction for density functional based tight binding simulations. The ChIMES calculator comprises a flexible toolset for evaluating ChIMES interactions (e.g. in simulations, single point calculations, etc). Users have the option of directly imbedding the ChIMES calculator within their codes, or evaluating interactions through the beginner-friendly serial interface, each of which have Python, C++, C, and Fortran API's.

Goldman, Nir↗

Charge And Dynamic Current On Tubular Antennas For Various Drive Conditions

The mixed boundary value problem of a tubular conductor is solved using an approximate representation of its Fourier coefficients. A two term solution is derived, which represents the solution over an extremely broad range of aspect ratios. This representation is used to find the electrostatic solution and capacitance of a charged tube as well as the solution of a tube in a uniform field and its dipole moment. This second case is directly useful as a model for a monopole electric field probe. This approximation is a special case of a representation using a combination of Chebyshev and Legendre polynomials. Combining the charged tube and tube in a uniform field allows the solution of voltage driven tubular antennas. Comparisons are made with numerical solutions using piecewise sinusoidal representations of the current. The results are also generalized to the dynamic case and up to and beyond the first resonance. Simple corrections for finite gap and delta gap drives to magnetic frill drives are examined using infinite tube integral transform representations. Corrections between magnetic frill drives and coaxial drives are also given. Approximate drive corrections using conformal mapping and an effective radius are also discussed. Finally, this efficient current representation is applied to the magnetic problem involving simple tubular solenoids.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Use of variational methods in the determination of wind-driven ocean circulation

Simple polynomial approximations and a variational approach were used to predict wind-induced circulation in rectangular ocean basins. Stommel's and Munk's models were solved in a unified fashion by means of the proposed method. Very good agreement with exact solutions available in the literature was shown to exist. The method was then applied to more complex situations where an exact solution seems out of the question.

Gelos, R.↗

Ground temperature measurement by PRT-5 for maps experiment

A simple algorithm and computer program were developed for determining the actual surface temperature from the effective brightness temperature as measured remotely by a radiation thermometer called PRT-5. This procedure allows the computation of atmospheric correction to the effective brightness temperature without performing detailed radiative transfer calculations. Model radiative transfer calculations were performed to compute atmospheric corrections for several values of the surface and atmospheric parameters individually and in combination. Polynomial regressions were performed between the magnitudes or deviations of these parameters and the corresponding computed corrections to establish simple analytical relations between them. Analytical relations were also developed to represent combined correction for simultaneous variation of parameters in terms of their individual corrections.

Gupta, S. K.↗

Computer analysis of flow perturbations generated by placement of choke bumps in a wind tunnel

An inviscid analytical study was conducted to determine the upstream flow perturbations caused by placing choke bumps in a wind tunnel. A computer program based on the stream-tube curvature method was used to calculate the resulting flow fields for a nominal free-stream Mach number range of 0.6 to 0.9. The choke bump geometry was also varied to investigate the effect of bump shape on the disturbance produced. Results from the study indicate that a region of significant variation from the free-stream conditions exists upstream of the throat of the tunnel. The extent of the disturbance region was, as a rule, dependent on Mach number and the geometry of the choke bump. In general, the upstream disturbance distance decreased for increasing nominal free-stream Mach number and for decreasing length-to-height ratio of the bump. A polynomial-curve choke bump usually produced less of a disturbance than did a circular-arc bump and going to an axisymmetric configuration (modeling choke bumps on all the tunnel walls) generally resulted in a lower disturbance than with the corresponding two dimensional case.

Campbell, R. L.↗

Point form relativistic quantum mechanics and relativistic SU(6)

The point form is used as a framework for formulating a relativistic quantum mechanics, with the mass operator carrying the interactions of underlying constituents. A symplectic Lie algebra of mass operators is introduced from which a relativistic harmonic oscillator mass operator is formed. Mass splittings within the degenerate harmonic oscillator levels arise from relativistically invariant spin-spin, spin-orbit, and tensor mass operators. Internal flavor (and color) symmetries are introduced which make it possible to formulate a relativistic SU(6) model of baryons (and mesons). Careful attention is paid to the permutation symmetry properties of the hadronic wave functions, which are written as polynomials in Bargmann spaces.

Klink, W. H.↗

On the Linearly-Balanced Kinetic Energy Spectrum

It is well known that the earth's atmospheric motion can generally be characterized by the two dimensional quasi-geostrophic approximation, in which the constraints on global integrals of kinetic energy, entrophy and potential vorticity play very important roles in redistributing the wave energy among different scales of motion. Assuming the hypothesis of Kolmogrov's local isotropy, derived a -3 power law of the equilibrium two-dimensional kinetic energy spectrum that entails constant vorticity and zero energy flows from the energy-containing wave number up to the viscous cutoff. In his three dimensional quasi-geostrophic theory, showed that the spectrum function of the vertical scale turbulence - expressible in terms of the available potential energy - possesses the same power law as the two dimensional kinetic energy spectrum. As the slope of kinetic energy spectrum in the inertial range is theoretically related to the predictability of the synoptic scales (Lorenz, 1969), many general circulation models includes a horizontal diffusion to provide reasonable kinetic energy spectra, although the actual power law exhibited in the atmospheric general circulation is controversial. Note that in either the atmospheric modeling or the observational analyses, the proper choice of wave number Index to represent the turbulence scale Is the degree of the Legendre polynomial.

Lu, Huei,-Iin↗

Learning infinite-horizon average-reward restless multi-action bandits via index awareness

We consider the online restless bandits with average-reward and multiple actions, where the state of each arm evolves according to a Markov decision process (MDP), and the reward of pulling an arm depends on both the current state of the corresponding MDP and the action taken. Since finding the optimal control is typically intractable for restless bandits, existing learning algorithms are often computationally expensive or with a regret bound that is exponential in the number of arms and states. In this paper, we advocate \textit{index-aware reinforcement learning} (RL) solutions to design RL algorithms operating on a much smaller dimensional subspace by exploiting the inherent structure in restless bandits. Specifically, we first propose novel index policies to address dimensionality concerns, which are provably optimal. We then leverage the indices to develop two low-complexity index-aware RL algorithms, namely, (i) GM-R2MAB, which has access to a generative model; and (ii) UC-R2MAB, which learns the model using an upper confidence style online exploitation method. We prove that both algorithms achieve a sub-linear regret that is only polynomial in the number of arms and states. A key differentiator between our algorithms and existing ones stems from the fact that our RL algorithms contain a novel exploitation that leverages our proposed provably optimal index policies for decision-makings.

Xiong, Guojun↗

Parameterization of cloud transmittance for expeditious assessment and forecasting of all-sky DNI

Radiative transfer models require vast computing resources to solve cloud transmittance and reflectance from the radiative transfer equation. As a result, models offering precise simulation in operations often acquire individual cloud transmittance or reflectance from a lookup table precomputed for practicable scenarios. To further expedite the computation of global horizontal irradiance and to reduce the storage requirements, the Fast All-sky Radiation Model for Solar applications (FARMS) parameterized the lookup table using elementary functions with specified coefficients. This study extends FARMS direct normal irradiance (DNI) computation by utilizing hyperbolic tangent functions and various polynomial functions to parameterize the cloud transmittance for scattered solar radiation in the circumsolar region. The parameterization is implemented in FARMS with DNI (FARMS-DNI) and accounts for the circumsolar radiation when assessing or forecasting DNI. The evaluation, with long-term observations at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's, Solar Radiation Research Laboratory, and the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement, Southern Great Plains, Central Facility, shows that the parameterized DNIs are virtually identical with those computed by coupling FARMS-DNI to a lookup table of cloud transmittance. This parameterization has diverse applications in radiative transfer models and numerical weather prediction models used to assess or forecast direct solar radiation.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Pseudospectral particle-in-cell formulation with arbitrary charge and current-density time dependencies for the modeling of relativistic plasmas

This paper introduces a formulation of the particle-in-cell (PIC) method for the modeling of relativistic plasmas, that leverages the ability of the pseudospectral analytical time-domain solver (PSATD) to handle arbitrary time dependencies of the charge and current densities during one PIC cycle (applied to second-order polynomial dependencies here). Here, the formulation is applied to a modified set of Maxwell's equations that was proposed earlier in the context of divergence cleaning, and to recently proposed extensions of the PSATD-PIC algorithm. Detailed analysis and testings revealed that, under some condition, the formulation can expand the range of numerical parameters under which PIC simulations are stable and accurate when modeling relativistic plasmas such as, e.g., plasma-based particle accelerators.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

WRF-simulated low-level jets over Iowa: characterization and sensitivity studies

Abstract. Output from 6 months of high-resolution simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are analyzed to characterize local low-level jets (LLJs) over Iowa for winter and spring in the contemporary climate. Low-level jets affect rotor plane aerodynamic loading, turbine structural loading and turbine performance, and thus accurate characterization and identification are pertinent. Analyses using a detection algorithm wherein the wind speed above and below the jet maximum must be below 80 % of the jet wind speed within a vertical window of approximately 20–530 m a.g.l. (above ground level) indicate the presence of an LLJ in at least one of the 14 700 4 km×4 km grid cells over Iowa on 98 % of nights. Nocturnal LLJs are most frequently associated with stable stratification and low turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and hence are more frequent during the winter months. The spatiotemporal mean LLJ maximum (jet core) wind speed is 9.55 m s−1, and the mean height is 182 m. Locations of high LLJ frequency and duration across the state are seasonally varying, with a mean duration of 3.5 h. The highest frequency occurs in the topographically complex northwest of the state in winter and in the flatter northeast of the state in spring. Sensitivity of LLJ characteristics to the (i) LLJ definition and (ii) vertical resolution at which the WRF output is sampled is examined. LLJ definitions commonly used in the literature are considered in the first sensitivity analysis. These sensitivity analyses indicate that LLJ characteristics are highly variable with definition. Use of different definitions identifies both different frequencies of LLJs and different LLJ events. Further, when the model output is down-sampled to lower vertical resolution, the mean jet core wind speed height decreases, but spatial distributions of regions of high frequency and duration are conserved. Implementation of a polynomial interpolation to extrapolate down-sampled output to full-resolution results in reduced sensitivity of LLJ characteristics to down-sampling.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

Uncertainty Propagation for Turbulent, Compressible Flow in a Quasi-1D Nozzle Using Stochastic Methods

This paper describes a fully spectral, Polynomial Chaos method for the propagation of uncertainty in numerical simulations of compressible, turbulent flow, as well as a novel stochastic collocation algorithm for the same application. The stochastic collocation method is key to the efficient use of stochastic methods on problems with complex nonlinearities, such as those associated with the turbulence model equations in compressible flow and for CFD schemes requiring solution of a Riemann problem. Both methods are applied to compressible flow in a quasi-one-dimensional nozzle. The stochastic collocation method is roughly an order of magnitude faster than the fully Galerkin Polynomial Chaos method on the inviscid problem.

Zang, Thomas A.↗

Axion domain walls, small instantons, and non-invertible symmetry breaking

Non-invertible global symmetry often predicts degeneracy in axion potentials and carries important information about the global form of the gauge group. When these symmetries are spontaneously broken they can lead to the formation of stable axion domain wall networks which support topological degrees of freedom on their worldvolume. Such non-invertible symmetries can be broken by embedding into appropriate larger UV gauge groups where small instanton contributions lift the vacuum degeneracy, and provide a possible solution to the domain wall problem. We explain these ideas in simple illustrative examples and then apply them to the Standard Model, whose gauge algebra and matter content are consistent with several possible global structures. Each possible global structure leads to different selection rules on the axion couplings, and various UV completions of the Standard Model lead to more specific relations. As a proof of principle, we also present an example of a UV embedding of the Standard Model which can solve the axion domain wall problem. The formation and annihilation of the long-lived axion domain walls can lead to observables, such as gravitational wave signals. Observing such signals, in combination with the axion coupling measurements, can provide valuable insight into the global structure of the Standard Model, as well as its UV completion.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

On amplitudes and field redefinitions

We derive an off-shell recursion relation for correlators that holds at all loop orders. This allows us to prove how generalized amplitudes transform under generic field redefinitions, starting from an assumed behavior of the one-particle-irreducible effective action. The form of the recursion relation resembles the operation of raising the rank of a tensor by acting with a covariant derivative. This inspires a geometric interpretation, whose features and flaws we investigate.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗