Low-Cost Pixelated X-Ray Imager Phase I Final Report
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36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
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Role of Selenium in CdZnTeSe as a Defect Engineering Agent
Cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) with 10 atomic % Zn has been the material of choice for room-temperature semiconductor compact X- and gamma-ray detector applications for over three decades. Despite its commercial success as the most desirable room-temperature semiconductor radiation detection material, CdZnTe (CZT) suffers from a lack of compositional homogeneity on both the micro- and macroscales and the presence of high concentrations of performance-limiting defects such as subgrain boundary networks (dislocation walls) and secondary phases (Te-rich inclusions). Random distributions of these defects in the CZT matrix result in the spatial inhomogeneity of the material’s charge-transport properties. The recently discovered quaternary Cd x Zn 1-x Te 1-y Se y (CZTS) has experienced remarkable advances in its material properties, with highly reduced defects and higher compositional homogeneity. This book chapter focuses on the presence of performance-limiting defects in CZT that have thus far hindered the yield and cost of high-quality detectors and restricted their widespread deployment for a variety of potential applications, particularly for their use as large-volume gamma detectors, where the demands on material perfection are significantly greater. This chapter also provides an overview of the recent developments in the quaternary material CZTS, particularly the effects of selenium (Se) in the CZTS matrix on the defect engineering of the quaternary alloy material and the advancement of CZTS as a potential next-generation detector operable at room temperature.
Roy, Utpal N.↗
Event driven readout architecture with non-priority arbitration for radiation detectors
A novel event driven readout architecture, EDWARD (Event Driven with Access and 8 Reset Decoder) architecture, for highly granular pixel detectors is presented. It incorporates, inter alia, an asynchronous arbitration tree based on Seitz' arbiters, removing the need for an imposed prioritization scheme. It also provides protection against glitches during readout. The system allows not only reading pixel activities, but also retrieving additional data, both analog and digital, from the pixels. A novel in-channel logic allows the entire readout process to be split into consecutive phases for additional flexibility. All operations are controlled by only one edge of the clock signal, seen as an acknowledge token, so there is no dead time between readouts.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
Scalar Co-SIMP dark matter: models and sensitivities
In this work, we present UV completions of the recently proposed number-changing Co-SIMP freeze-out mechanism. In contrast to the standard cannibalistic-type dark matter picture that occurs entirely in the dark sector, the 3 → 2 process setting the relic abundance in this case requires one Standard Model particle in the initial and final states. This prevents the dark sector from overheating and leads to rich experimental signatures. We generate the Co-SIMP interaction with a dark sector consisting of two scalars, with the mediator coupling to either nucleons or electrons. In either case, the dark matter candidate is naturally light : nucleophilic interactions favor the sub-GeV mass range and leptophilic interactions favor the sub-MeV mass range. Viable thermal models in these lighter mass regimes are particularly intriguing to study at this time, as new developments in low-threshold detector technologies will begin probing this region of parameter space. While particles in the sub-MeV regime can potentially impact light element formation and CMB decoupling, we show that a late-time phase transition opens up large fractions of parameter space. These thermal light dark matter models can instead be tested with dedicated experiments. We discuss the viable parameter space in each scenario in light of the current sensitivity of various experimental probes and projected future reach.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Amplitude analysis and branching fraction measurement of the decay D+ → ${\textrm{K}}_{\textrm{S}}^0$π + π 0 π 0
Using 2.93 fb-1 of e+e- collision data collected with the BESIII detector at the center-of-mass energy 3.773 GeV, we perform the first amplitude analysis of the decay D+ → ${K}^0_S$π + π 0 π 0 and determine the relative magnitudes and phases of different intermediate processes. The absolute branching fraction of D+ → ${K}^0_S$π + π 0 π 0 is measured to be (2.888 ± 0.058 stat. ± 0.069 syst. )%. The dominant intermediate processes are D+ → ${K}^0_S$a 1 (1260) + (→ ρ + π 0 ) and D+ → $\overline{K}$*0 ρ +, with branching fractions of (8.66 ± 1.04 stat. ± 1.39 syst. ) × 10 -3 and (9.70 ± 0.81 stat. ± 0.53 syst. ) × 10 -3 , respectively.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
The phase-2 particle x-ray temporal diagnostic for simultaneous measurement of multiple x-ray and nuclear emission histories from OMEGA implosions (invited)
Electron-temperature (T e ) measurements in implosions provide valuable diagnostic information, as T e is negligibly affected by residual flows and other non-thermal effects unlike ion-temperature inferred from a fusion product spectrum. In OMEGA cryogenic implosions, measurement of T e (t) can be used to investigate effects related to time-resolved hot-spot energy balance. The newly implemented phase-2 Particle X-ray Temporal Diagnostic (PXTD) utilizes four fast-rise (~15 ps) scintillator-channels with distinct x-ray filtering. Titanium and stepped aluminum filtering were chosen to maximize detector sensitivity in the 10–20 keV range, as it has been shown that these x rays have similar density and temperature weighting to the emitted deuterium–tritium fusion neutrons (DTn) from OMEGA Cryo-DT implosions. High quality data have been collected from warm implosions at OMEGA. These data have been used to infer spatially integrated T e (t) with <10% uncertainty at peak emission. Nuclear and x-ray emission histories are measured with 10 ps relative timing uncertainty for x rays and DTn and 12 ps for x rays and deuterium- 3 He protons (D 3 Hep). A future upgrade to the system will enable spatially integrated T e (t) with 40 ps time-resolution from cryogenic DT implosions.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Application of Neutron Multiplicity Counting Experiments to Optimal Cross-Section Adjustments
This paper presents the first application of model calibration to neutron multiplicity counting (NMC) experiments for cross-section optimization that is informed by adjoint-based sensitivity analysis (SA) and first-order uncertainty quantification (UQ). We summarize previous work on SA applied to NMC and describe notable modifications and additions. We give the procedure for first-order UQ and Bayesian-inference-based parameter estimation (PE). We then discuss model calibration applied to NMC of a 4.5-kg sphere of weapons-grade, alpha-phase plutonium metal (the BeRP ball) with the nPod neutron multiplicity counter. For the BeRP ball in bare and polyethylene-reflected configurations, we discuss the sensitivity of the first- and second-moment detector responses (i.e., first and second moments of the NMC distribution, respectively) to the cross sections. We describe the sources of uncertainty in the measured and simulated responses. Specifically, uncertainty in the measured responses is due to both random and systematic sources. Uncertainty in the simulated responses is due to the cross-section covariances. We describe in detail the adjustment to the cross sections and cross-section covariances due to the optimization. Due to the contribution of systematic uncertainties to the measured response uncertainties, the adjustment to the cross sections is similar in trend but larger in magnitude compared to that recommended by previous work. We compare the measured responses to responses simulated with nominal and optimized cross sections, demonstrating that the best-estimate cross sections produce simulations of NMC experiments that are more accurate with reduced uncertainty.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Characterization and QC practice of 16-channel ADC ASIC at cryogenic temperature for Liquid Argon TPC front-end readout electronics system in DUNE experiment
ColdADC is a low-noise 16-channel analog-to-digital converter ASIC designed for cold readout electronics of Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LArTPCs) in the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). ColdADC was specifically designed for operation at cryogenic temperatures (77 K–89 K). Cold electronics is considered to be an enabling technology for liquid argon detectors in neutrino experiments. The main function of the chip is to digitize signals from the 16-channel charge-sensitive amplifier designed at BNL (LArASIC) and send digitized signals to the data aggregator and serializer chip (COLDATA). ColdADC operates with a resolution of 12 bits and a sampling rate of 2 MS/s per channel. A complete characterization of prototype chips was conducted at cryogenic temperature, involving power consumption, noise and linearity performance. In the first DUNE Far-Detector module, 384000 data channels will be read out, corresponding to 24000 ColdADC chips. Therefore, systematic testing of ColdADC chips at cryogenic temperature is vital for the quality and reliability of DUNE Single-Phase modules. We have developed a Quality Control (QC) test stand that includes ColdADC evaluation and characterization at cryogenic temperature. The QC procedure was applied to a first batch of 33 chips, corresponding to 528 data channels. The obtained results meet all the required DUNE specifications for ColdADC. Moreover, the testing outcome allowed us to identify possibilities of performance optimization that are currently being addressed in the design of the next version of the chip. The Quality Control procedure is proved to be successful and will be a reference design for future large-batch production testing of final ColdADC ASICs.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Search for a Nonrelativistic Boson in Two-Body Antimuon Decay
We demonstrate the feasibility of probing the charged lepton-flavor-violating decay μ + → e + X 0 for the presence of a slow-moving neutral boson X 0 capable of undergoing gravitational binding to large structures and, as such, able to participate in some cosmological scenarios. A short exposure to surface antimuons from beam line M20 at TRIUMF generates a branching ratio limit of ≲ 10 –5 . This is comparable to or better than previous searches for this channel, although in a thus-far-unexplored region of X 0 phase space very close to the kinematic limit of the decay, where m X 0 approaches m μ+ . The future improved sensitivity of the method using a customized p -type point-contact germanium detector is described.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Muon reconstruction and identification efficiency in ATLAS using the full Run 2 $pp$ collision data set at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV
This article documents the muon reconstruction and identification efficiency obtained by the ATLAS experiment for 139 fb$^{-1}$ of $pp$ collision data at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV collected between 2015 and 2018 during Run 2 of the LHC. The increased instantaneous luminosity delivered by the LHC over this period required a reoptimisation of the criteria for the identification of prompt muons. Improved and newly developed algorithms were deployed to preserve high muon identification efficiency with a low misidentification rate and good momentum resolution. The availability of large samples of $Z\to\mu\mu$ and $J/\psi\to\mu\mu$ decays, and the minimisation of systematic uncertainties, allows the efficiencies of criteria for muon identification, primary vertex association, and isolation to be measured with an accuracy at the per-mille level in the bulk of the phase space, and up to the percent level in complex kinematic configurations. Excellent performance is achieved over a range of transverse momenta from 3 GeV to several hundred GeV, and across the full muon detector acceptance of $|\eta|<2.7$.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Initial measurement of reactor antineutrino oscillation at SNO+
The SNO+ collaboration reports its first spectral analysis of long-baseline reactor antineutrino oscillation using 114 tonne-years of data. Fitting the neutrino oscillation probability to the observed energy spectrum yields constraints on the neutrino mass-squared difference Δ$m^2_{21}$. In the ranges allowed by previous measurements, the best-fit Δ$m^2_{21}$ is ($8.85^{+1.10}_{-1.33}$) × 10 -5 eV 2 . This measurement is continuing in the next phases of SNO+ and is expected to surpass the present global precision on Δ$m^2_{21}$ with about three years of data. In the following, we first describe the configuration of the SNO+ detector when it was partially filled with scintillator, and a characterization of the detector response using intrinsic radioactivity. Next, we detail the event selection and expectations for reactor IBDs and (α, n) reactions. Then, we present the results of an energy spectrum analysis using 114 tonne-years of data. We conclude with prospects of future results from the SNO+ detector, which has been operating fully-filled with 780 tonnes of scintillator
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
ICARUS at the Short-Baseline Neutrino Program: First Results
The ICARUS collaboration employed the 760-ton T600 detector in a successful three-year physics run at the underground LNGS laboratory. In 2021, ICARUS started its new operation at Fermilab, collecting a substantial amount of neutrino events from the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) and the neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) beam off-axis. These were used to test the ICARUS event selection, reconstruction, and analysis algorithms. ICARUS successfully completed its commissioning phase in June 2022, moving then to data taking for neutrino oscillation physics, aiming at first to either confirm or refute the claim by the Neutrino-4 short-baseline reactor experiment. ICARUS will also perform measurements of neutrino cross sections in LAr with the NuMI beam and several Beyond Standard Model studies. After the first year of operations, ICARUS will search for evidence of sterile neutrinos jointly with the Short-Baseline Near Detector, within the Short-Baseline Neutrino program. In this work, preliminary results from the ICARUS data with the BNB and NuMI beams are presented, both in terms of the performance of all ICARUS subsystems and the capability to select and reconstruct neutrino events.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Centrality determination with a forward detector in the RHIC Beam Energy Scan
Recently, Chatterjee et al [1] used a hadronic transport model to estimate the resolution with which various experimental quantities select the impact parameter of relativistic heavy ion collisions at collision energies relevant to the Beam Energy Scan (BES) program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Measures based on particle multiplicity at forward rapidity were found to be significantly worse than those based on midrapidity multiplicity. Using the same model, we show that a slightly more sophisticated measure greatly improves the resolution based on forward rapidity particles; this improvement persists even when the model is filtered through a realistic simulation of a recent upgrade detector to the STAR experiment. Furthermore, these results highlight the importance of optimizing centrality measures based on particles detected at forward rapidity, especially for experimental studies that search for a critical point in the QCD phase diagram. Such measurements usually focus on proton multiplicity fluctuations at midrapidity, hence selecting events based on multiplicity at midrapidity raises the possibility of nontrivial autocorrelations.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
TTDAQ: A Continuous Flow, Timing and Trigger DAQ System
Final Scientific/Technical Report for DOE Award DE-SC0019581, “TTDAQ: A Continuous Flow, Timing and Trigger DAQ System.” The report summarizes Telluric Labs’ Phase II STTR work developing silicon-photonic building blocks for a software-defined, continuous-flow, trigger-less data acquisition system for next-generation high-energy and nuclear-physics detectors. The project focused on radiation-hard photonic integrated circuits, remote optical illumination, dense wavelength-division multiplexing, and a differential microring-resonator transceiver architecture designed to improve high-speed optical link stability and bandwidth. The report describes project objectives, technical accomplishments, AIM Photonics tape-outs, bench characterization, radiation-hardness testing, deferred integration work, and potential applications beyond physics readout.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Inorganic Halide Perovskitoid TlPbI 3 for Ionizing Radiation Detection
Room temperature semiconductor detector (RTSD) materials for γ-ray and X-ray radiation are in great demand for the nonproliferation of nuclear materials as well as for biomedical imaging applications. Halide perovskites have attracted great attention as emerging and promising RTSD materials. In this contribution, the material synthesis, purification, crystal growth, crystal structure, photoluminescence properties, ionizing radiation detection performance, and electronic structure of the inorganic halide perovskitoid compound TlPbI 3 are reported on. This compound crystallizes in the ABX 3 non-perovskite crystal structure with a high density of d = 6.488 g·cm –3 , has a wide bandgap of 2.25 eV, and melts congruently at a low temperature of 360 °C without phase transitions, which allows for facile growth of high quality crystals with few thermally-activated defects. High-quality TlPbI 3 single crystals of centimeter-size are grown using the vertical Bridgman method using purified raw materials. A high electrical resistivity of ≈10 12 Ω·cm is readily obtainable, and detectors made of TlPbI 3 single crystals are highly photoresponsive to Ag K α X-rays (22.4 keV), and detects 122 keV γ-rays from 57 Co radiation source. The electron mobility-lifetime product µ e τ e was estimated at 1.8 × 10 –5 cm 2 ·V –1 . A high relative static dielectric constant of 35.0 indicates strong capability in screening carrier scattering and charged defects in TlPbI 3 .
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
General Failure Modes and Effects Analysis for Accelerator and Detector Magnet Design at JLab
The aim of this article is to develop a risk management procedure, which could be applied to the magnet design process, for both superconducting and normal magnets at the Jefferson Laboratory (JLab). This procedure allowed us to identify the key risks at each of the critical phases of design and propose procedures, tests, and checks to mitigate each risk. In this article, we present a qualitative and quantitative risk management procedure commonly referred to a “failure modes and effects analysis.” As part of this procedure, we calculated a risk priority number (RPN) for each activity of the process, identified the most critical activities and proposed mitigation activities, which in turn resulted in a revised RPN. Additionally, another benefit of this procedure was the identification of appropriate “control and hold” points within the design process, which allowed one to review and approve a particular outcome before proceeding to the next sequential activity.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
First nuclear ultraheavy dark matter search in argon time projection chambers with the DarkSide-50 experiment
We report on the first search for nuclear ultraheavy dark matter (UHDM) in a dual-phase liquid argon time projection chamber using the DarkSide-50 experiment. Unlike conventional weakly interacting massive particles, a nuclear UHDM model may be composed of many dark nucleons and scatter numerous times while passing through the detector. Accounting for energy loss through the Earth’s overburden, we apply selection criteria optimized for multiscatter event topologies using the 532-day low-radiation campaign of the DarkSide-50 detector. Excluded limits on the UHDM-nucleon scattering cross section for dark nucleon masses of m χ = 10 , 50 , 100 , 500 GeV / c 2 are presented.
Agnes, P. [GSSI, Aquila; Gran Sasso]↗
Differential cross-sections for events with missing transverse momentum and jets measured with the ATLAS detector in 13 TeV proton-proton collisions
Measurements of inclusive, differential cross-sections for the production of events with missing transverse momentum in association with jets in proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV are presented. The measurements are made with the ATLAS detector using an integrated luminosity of 140 fb –1 and include measurements of dijet distributions in a region in which vector-boson fusion processes are enhanced. They are unfolded to correct for detector resolution and efficiency within the fiducial acceptance, and are designed to allow robust comparisons with a wide range of theoretical predictions. A measurement of differential cross sections for the Z → νν process is made. The measurements are generally well-described by Standard Model predictions except for the dijet invariant mass distribution. Auxiliary measurements of the hadronic system recoiling against isolated leptons, and photons, are also made in the same phase space. Ratios between the measured distributions are then derived, to take advantage of cancellations in modelling effects and some of the major systematic uncertainties. These measurements are sensitive to new phenomena, and provide a mechanism to easily set constraints on phenomenological models. To illustrate the robustness of the approach, these ratios are compared with two common Dark Matter models, where the constraints derived from the measurement are comparable to those set by dedicated detector-level searches.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗