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At least 505 records · Page 28

Implications of phonon anisotropy on thermal conductivity of fluorite oxides

Abstract Fluorite oxides are attractive ionic compounds for a range of applications with critical thermal management requirements. In view of recent reports alluding to anisotropic thermal conductivity in this face-centered cubic crystalline systems, we perform a detailed analysis of the impact of direction-dependent phonon group velocities and lifetimes on the thermal transport of fluorite oxides. We demonstrate that the bulk thermal conductivity of this class of materials remains isotropic despite notable anisotropy in phonon lifetime and group velocity. However, breaking the symmetry of the phonon lifetime under external stimuli including boundary scattering present in nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of finite size simulation cell gives rise to apparent thermal conductivity anisotropy. We observe that for accurate determination of thermal conductivity, it is important to consider phonon properties not only along high symmetry directions commonly measured in inelastic neutron or x-ray scattering experiments but also of those along lower symmetry. Our results suggests that certain low symmetry directions have a larger contribution to thermal conductivity compared to high symmetry ones.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Biasing topological charge injection in topological matter

Here we explore the interplay between topologies in the momentum and real spaces to formulate a thermodynamic description of nonequilibrium injection of topological charges under external bias. We show that the edge modes engendered by the momentum-space topology can play a functional role of connecting the external reservoirs to the bulk transport of topological charges in the real space. We illustrate our general results with two examples: the spin-torque injection of skyrmions in an electrically biased integer quantum Hall system, and the vortex injection in a topological $p + ip$ superconductor coupled to heat reservoirs. Based on the universal fractional entropy of the Majorana zero modes bound to the vortices, their controllable injection proposed in this work could provide a route for creating and manipulating Majorana fermions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Phase stability and mechanical properties of wire + arc additively manufactured H13 tool steel at elevated temperatures

Wire + arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is considered an innovative technology that can change the manufacturing landscape in the near future. WAAM offers the benefits of inexpensive initial system setup and a high deposition rate for fabricating medium- and large-sized parts such as die-casting tools. Here, AISI H13 tool steel, a popular die-casting tool metal, is manufactured by cold metal transfer (CMT)-based WAAM and is then comprehensively analyzed for its microstructural and mechanical properties. Location-dependent phase combinations are observed, which could be explained by nonequilibrium thermal cycles that resulted from the layer-by-layer stacking mechanism used in WAAM. In addition, remelting and reheating of the layers reduces welding anomalies (e.g., pores and voids). The metallurgical characteristics of the H13 strongly correlate with the mechanical properties. The combinations of phases at different locations of the additively manufactured part exhibit a periodic microhardness profile. Martensite, Retained Austenite, Ferrite, and Carbide phases are found in combination at different locations of the part based on the part’s temperature distribution during additive deposition. Moreover, the tensile properties at elevated temperatures (23 °C, 300 °C, and 600 °C) are comparable to those from other WAAM and additive manufacturing (AM) processes. The X-ray diffraction results verify that the microstructural stability of the fabricated parts at high temperatures would allow them to be used in high temperatures.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

An analytical study of the hydrogen-air reaction mechanism with application to scramjet combustion

A chemical kinetic mechanism for the combustion of hydrogen has been assembled and optimized by comparing the observed behavior as determined in shock tube and flame studies with that predicted by the mechanism. The reactions contained in the mechanism reflect the current state of knowledge of the chemistry of the hydrogen/air system, and the assigned rate coefficients are consistent with accepted values. It was determined that the mechanism is capable of satisfactorily reproducing the experimental results for a range of conditions relevant to scramjet combustion. Calculations made with the reaction mechanism for representative scramjet combustor conditions at Mach 8, 16, and 25 showed that chemical kinetic effects can be important and that combustor models which use nonequilibrium chemistry should be used in preference to models that assume equilibrium chemistry. For the conditions examined the results also showed the importance of including the HO2 chemistry in the mechanism. For Mach numbers less than 16, the studies suggest that an ignition source will most likely be required to overcome slow ignition chemistry. At Mach 25, the initial temperature and pressure was high enough that ignition was rapid and the presence of an ignition source did not significantly affect reaction rates.

Jachimowski, Casimir J.↗

Numerical simulations of non-equilibrium shock layers with efficient implicit schemes

Current and future calculations of nonequilibrium shock layers require the use of a very large number of equations, due to a multiplicity of chemical species, excited states, and internal energy modes. The computational cost associated with the use of standard implicit methods becomes prohibitive; it is therefore desirable to examine the potential of several methods and determine if any can be projected to be more efficient and accurate for large systems of equations. Here, the performance of several implicit schemes on several simple practical examples of reacting flows is examined. The Euler equations are solved by three different implicit methods, and two methods of coupling between the fluid dynamics and the chemistry are studied. Several cases of stiffness are considered and both 1D and 2D examples are computed.

Cambier, Jean-Luc↗

Reduced Dynamics of Full Counting Statistics

We present a theory of modified reduced dynamics in the presence of counting fields. Reduced dynamics techniques are useful for describing open quantum systems at long emergent timescales when the memory timescales are short. However, they can be difficult to formulate for observables spanning the system and its environment, such as those characterizing transport properties. A large variety of mixed system--environment observables, as well as their statistical properties, can be evaluated by considering counting fields. Given a numerical method able to simulate the field-modified dynamics over the memory timescale, we show that the long-lived full counting statistics can be efficiently obtained from the reduced dynamics. We demonstrate the utility of the technique by computing the long-time current in the nonequilibrium Anderson impurity model from short-time Monte Carlo simulations.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Enhanced Quasiparticle Lifetime in a Superconductor by Selective Blocking of Recombination Phonons with a Phononic Crystal

When quasiparticles in a BCS (Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer) superconductor recombine into Cooper pairs, phonons are emitted within a narrow band of energies above the pairing energy at 2 delta. We show that a phonon band gap restricting the escape of recombination phonons from a superconductor can increase the quasiparticle recombination lifetime by more than an order of magnitude. A phonon band gap can be realized and matched to the recombination energy with a phononic crystal, a periodically patterned dielectric membrane. We discuss in detail the nonequilibrium quasiparticle and phonon distributions that arise in a superconductor due to a phonon band gap and a pair-breaking photon signal. Although intrinsically a nonequilibrium effect, the lifetime enhancement in the small-signal regime is remarkably similar to an estimate from an equilibrium formulation. The equilibrium estimate closely follows exp (Omega (sub bg) divided by k (sub B)T (sub b)), where Omega (sub bg) is the phonon band gap energy bandwidth above 2 and T (sub b) is the phonon bath temperature of the coupled electron-phonon system. We discuss the impact of a phononic band gap on the performance of a superconducting circuit element and propose a microwave resonator to measure the enhancement in the quasiparticle lifetime.

Rostem, K.↗

Development of New Magnetron Sputter Deposition Processes for Laser Target Fabrication

Magnetron sputter deposition is an enabling technology for laser target fabrication. Solutions are readily available for the deposition of most sub-micron-thick elemental films on planar substrates. However, major challenges still remain for the development of robust deposition processes in regimes of ultrathick (over ~10 μm) coatings and nonplanar substrates. These challenging deposition regimes are directly relevant to laser target applications, including both sphero-cylindrical hohlraums and spherical ablators for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets. Understanding underlying physical mechanisms for a specific material system is crucial for process development, given the overall complexity of the deposition process, its nonlinear dependence on deposition parameters, and a very large process space, often precluding conventional process optimization approaches. Here, we describe our approach to developing new deposition processes and give practical advice with examples of new results from our ongoing studies of glassy boron carbide ceramics for next-generation ICF ablators and nonequilibrium gold-tantalum alloys for hohlraums for magnetized ICF schemes. Emphasis is given to two major challenges of ultrathick coatings related to achieving process stability and reducing residual stress.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Overview of Recent EAST Testing, Modeling & Analysis

Shock Layer Radiation at NASA Ames - Background: Complex aerothermal and thermochemical phenomena of planetary entry define convective and radiative heating. A spacecraft's TPS (Thermal Protective System) mitigates heat transfer to substructure. Successful TPS design relies on verifiable characterization of these phenomena in the anticipated flight environment. - Approach: EAST (Electric Arc Shock Tube) [facility at Ames] simulates high-enthalpy, real-gas phenomena encountered by hypersonic vehicles entering planetary atmospheres by spectrally imaging the flow behind a moving shock wave. - Goal: Validate aerothermal models (DPLR (Data Parallel Line Relaxation Code) and NEQAIR (Nonequilibrium Radiative Transport and Spectra Program)), inform model improvements, reduce uncertainty and quantify design uncertainties. - Recent Relevant Projects: MSL (Mars Science Laboratory) & Mars 2020, InSight, OSIRIS-REx (Origins Spectral Interpretation Resource Identification Security Regolith Explorer), Orion EFT-1 (Exploration Flight-1) and EM-1 (Exploration Mission-1) and New Frontiers.

Brandis, Aaron↗

$\mathrm{Perturbo}$: A software package for ab initio electron–phonon interactions, charge transport and ultrafast dynamics

We report Perturbo is a software package for first-principles calculations of charge transport and ultrafast carrier dynamics in materials. The current version focuses on electron–phonon interactions and can compute phonon-limited transport properties such as the conductivity, carrier mobility and Seebeck coefficient. It can also simulate the ultrafast nonequilibrium electron dynamics in the presence of electron–phonon scattering. Perturbo uses results from density functional theory and density functional perturbation theory calculations as input, and employs Wannier interpolation to reduce the computational cost. It supports norm-conserving and ultrasoft pseudopotentials, spin–orbit coupling, and polar electron–phonon interactions for bulk and 2D materials. Hybrid MPI plus OpenMP parallelization is implemented to enable efficient calculations on large systems (up to at least 50 atoms) using high-performance computing. Taken together, Perturbo provides efficient and broadly applicable ab initio tools to investigate electron–phonon interactions and carrier dynamics quantitatively in metals, semiconductors, insulators, and 2D materials.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

In Situ High-Temperature Ultrafast Electron Diffraction through Integrated Furnace and MEMS Platforms

Temperature fundamentally governs phase stability, defect evolution, and transport behavior in materials. Despite its central role, direct measurements of structural evolution at elevated temperatures on ultrafast timescales have remained limited. Here, we report the design, integration, and validation of 2 complementary in situ heating platforms that substantially extend the thermal operating range of ultrafast electron diffraction (UED). A compact furnace-type heating stage enables stable diffraction measurements from room temperature to 800 K with ±0.1 K stability under ultrahigh vacuum, achieved through multi-sensor feedback control, dual air-cooling channels, and a thermally isolated motion stage. In parallel, a microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based heating platform provides rapid thermal response and access to extreme temperatures ≥1,373 K with ±0.1 K stability over hundreds-micrometer regions while supporting simultaneous electrical biasing for electrothermal coupling studies. Absolute temperature calibration is established using diffraction-based thermometry via aluminum lattice expansion and independently validated through in situ melting of bismuth thin films. UED measurements further reveal pronounced temperature-dependent nonequilibrium lattice dynamics in bismuth, including modifications to electron–phonon coupling and Debye–Waller behavior, as well as enhanced ultrafast diffuse scattering in aluminum at elevated temperatures. Together, these developments establish a practical framework for quantitative, time-resolved studies of temperature-driven kinetics and nonequilibrium structural dynamics under extreme thermal environments.

Bai, Qianqian [Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), ↗

Macroscopic modeling of gas permeability in hierarchical micro/nanoporous media: A unified characterization of rarefaction using Klinkenberg theory and equivalent diameter

Estimating gas transport through a hierarchical micro/nanoporous system is challenging due to non-equilibrium gas dynamics. The primary difficulty lies in determining the rarefaction level, because identifying a representative flow dimension in a complex porous system with multiple pore scales is not straightforward. Our study performed a pore-level analysis for gas permeability in dual-scale porous media with varying porosity, throat size, and secondary pore size under different rarefaction conditions. We found that secondary porosity negatively affects permeability due to increased friction forces, with this influence growing as the secondary pore size and porosity increase until the secondary pore becomes comparable to the throat. However, rarefaction reduces the effects of secondary pores due to boundary slip. Traditional Knudsen number (Kn) calculations based on Darcy-defined height failed to accurately describe the rarefaction effects on gas permeability. Instead, we introduced an equivalent diameter to calculate the Kn, which provided an accurate normalization of apparent gas permeability independent of pore geometry. Furthermore, the extended Kozeny–Carman–Klinkenberg model developed in our previous study successfully yielded a macroscopic model for apparent gas permeability in hierarchical micro/nanoporous systems as a function of the traditional Darcy height and porosity.

04 OIL SHALES AND TAR SANDS↗

Nonequilibrium renormalization group fixed points of the quantum clock chain and the quantum Potts chain

In this work, we derive an exact renormalization group recursion relation for the Loschmidt amplitude of the quantum Q-state clock model and the quantum Q-state Potts model in one dimension. The renormalization group flow is discussed in detail. The fixed points of the renormalization group flow are found to be complex in general. These fixed points control the dynamical phases of the two models, giving rise to nonanalyticities in its Loschmidt rate function, for both the pure and the disordered system. For the quench protocols studied, dynamical quantum phase transitions are found to occur in the clock model for all Qs considered, while in the Potts model, they only occur when Q < 4 .

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Nonequilibrium optical response of a one-dimensional Mott insulator

We define, compute, and analyze the nonequilibrium differential optical conductivity of the one-dimensional extended Hubbard model at half-filling after applying a pump pulse, using the time-dependent density matrix renormalization group method. The melting of the Mott insulator is accompanied by a suppression of the local magnetic moment and ensuing photogeneration of doublon-holon pairs. The differential optical conductivity reveals (i) mid-gap states related to parity-forbidden optical states and (ii) strong renormalization and hybridization of the excitonic resonance and the absorption band, yielding a Fano resonance. We offer evidence and interpret such a resonance as a signature of nonequilibrium optical excitations resembling excitonic strings, (bi)excitons, and unbound doublon-holon pairs, depending on the magnitude of the intersite Coulomb repulsion. We discuss our results in the context of pump and probe spectroscopy experiments on organic Mott insulators.

1-dimensional systems↗

Programming Function via Soft Materials (PFvSM) (Final Report)

The PFvSM cluster at the University of Illinois greatly deepened the science of soft materials and expanded the means for embedding within them unprecedented functionalities. We pioneered a mesoscopic approach to materials design that combined leading competencies in fundamental experimental and theoretical soft matter science and fabrication that powerfully establishes equilibrium and nonequilibrium assembly of novel and complex building blocks as a preeminent contributor to progress in materials chemistry. Our cluster’s vision was an integrated program of work centered on soft matter science with the ultimate goal of impacting important energy technologies. As elementary units we employed function-encoded colloids, nanoparticles, large mesh fibrillar gels, deterministically fabricated networks and hybrid objects. These materials were employed as building blocks for diverse model systems that allowed fundamental soft matter principles of wide relevance to be established. Their assembly into materials with useful functional behavior provided new approaches to challenging problems in basic energy science including energy harvesting, transport and storage. To achieve these goals the cluster brought together a team of recognized world-leaders in materials synthesis and processing, in-situ characterization, theory and modeling, and materials design, integration and fabrication

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Time, momentum, and energy resolved pump-probe tunneling spectroscopy of two-dimensional electron systems

Abstract Real-time probing of electrons can uncover intricate relaxation mechanisms and many-body interactions in strongly correlated materials. Here, we introduce time, momentum, and energy resolved pump-probe tunneling spectroscopy (Tr-MERTS). The method allows the injection of electrons at a particular energy and observation of their subsequent decay in energy-momentum space. Using Tr-MERTS, we visualize electronic decay processes, with lifetimes from tens of nanoseconds to tens of microseconds, in Landau levels formed in a GaAs quantum well. Although most observed features agree with simple energy-relaxation, we discovered a splitting in the nonequilibrium energy spectrum in the vicinity of a ferromagnetic state. An exact diagonalization study suggests that the splitting arises from a maximally spin-polarized state with higher energy than a conventional equilibrium skyrmion. Furthermore, we observe time-dependent relaxation of the splitting, which we attribute to single-flipped spins forming skyrmions. These results establish Tr-MERTS as a powerful tool for studying the properties of a 2DES beyond equilibrium.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Spin–orbit torque in a three-fold-symmetric bilayer and its effect on magnetization dynamics

Field-free switching of perpendicular magnetization has previously been observed in an epitaxial L1 1 -ordered CoPt/CuPt bilayer and attributed to spin–orbit torque (SOT) arising from the crystallographic 3m point group of the interface. Using a first-principles nonequilibrium Green's function formalism combined with the Anderson disorder model, we calculate the angular dependence of the SOT in a CoPt/CuPt bilayer and find that the magnitude of the 3m SOT is about 20% of the conventional dampinglike SOT. We further study the magnetization dynamics in perpendicularly magnetized films in the presence of 3m SOT and Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction, using the equations of motion for domain wall dynamics and micromagnetic simulations. For systems where strong interfacial DMI results in the Néel character of domain walls, we find that a very large current density is required to achieve deterministic switching, because reorientation of the magnetization inside the domain wall is necessary to induce the switching asymmetry. For thicker films with relatively weak interfacial DMI and the Bloch character of domain walls, deterministic switching is possible at much smaller current densities, which may explain the recent experimental findings.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Melting and solidification dynamics during laser melting of reaction-based metal matrix composites uncovered by in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction

Laser additive manufacturing (AM) of reaction-based metal matrix composites (MMCs) involves highly complex and non-equilibrium material transformation behavior, including melting, dissolution, precipitation, and solidification. Yet, the dynamics and interplay of these phase transformation processes remain poorly understood, posing substantial challenges in identifying the microstructure formation mechanism, and predicting and controlling the microstructure in the printed parts. Here, in this study, we performed the in-situ X-ray diffraction experiment to characterize the phase evolution dynamics of the 316L + 10 vol.%TiC system during laser melting, which provides direct and quantitative insights of the complex phase reaction and evolution dynamics under rapid heating and cooling conditions relevant to additive manufacturing of reaction-based MMCs. Further in-depth thermodynamic and kinetic calculations revealed that most of the phase evolution behavior observed in the in-situ X-ray diffraction experiment cannot be solely explained by widely used equilibrium thermodynamic models, and diffusion-controlled nonequilibrium dissolution and precipitation kinetics must be considered to elucidate the complex phase evolution behavior, including incomplete TiC dissolution, and three-step TiC precipitation. The three distinct types of precipitates generate unique hierarchical TiC micro- and nanostructures, which enhances the yield strength from 513 MPa to 877 MPa by 71 %, tensile strength from 628 MPa to 1054 MPa by 68 %, and Young's modulus from 193 GPa to 221 GPa by 14 %. The findings of our research provide the knowledge foundation for the design of unique microstructures and advanced MMC materials through laser AM.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗