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At least 505 records · Page 28
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Western Sector Injection Well Performance Testing

A total of eight short duration injection tests were conducted on wells at the M-Area Western Sector In-Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) test site. For each injection event, approximately 200 gallons of water were gravity drained into the well casing. Pressure response was monitored in the injection well and these data were used to estimate the injection capacity of each well. Nearby injection wells were used as observation wells and data from these wells were used to estimate local hydraulic conductivity.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2018

Injection Beam Loss Monitor for NSLS-II Radiation Protection

The NSLS-II with its high stored beam energy operation and top-off injection, make the radiation protection a critical issue. The radiation shield wall of the tunnel is being designed to be adequate for a 10% loss of the injection current (l.4nC/min) at any one location. The injection region is shielded for 100% injection losses (14nC/min). This thinner shielding around the ring is a concern should the beam develop high current instabilities, that would cause the beam to dump or develop a very short lifetime. In order to overcome these instabilities, studies and operations in the high current conditions that might drive these instabilities would be required. If the radiation shielding would not allow operation at these currents, then the ability to study and correct these instabilities may not be allowed or at least not without greatly restriction the users access to the experimental floor. We propose a detector that could be used to quantify the amount of charge (DC current) lost around the ring, verifying that beam losses didn't exceed the design levels. This would then allow the beam to be refilled for operations and/or studies without regard to the experimental floor occupancy. In a earlier Tech Note we proposed a method to control the location of the beam dumped during intentional (interlock trips) and unintentional beam losses, this Tech Note will deal mostly with accounting for beam lost during injection.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Western sector in-situ chemical oxidation project: Supplemental results after injection activities

The purpose of the Western Sector ISCO project is to inject chemical oxidants (i.e., potassium permanganate and sodium persulfate) into the eight injections wells (i.e., WSI001B, WSI001C, WSI002B, WSI002C, WSI003B, WSI003C, WSI004B, and WSI004C) and evaluate the effectiveness of the chemical oxidants at degrading indiscriminate DNAPL that is present in the subsurface. Fifteen monitoring wells (i.e., WSM001BB, WSM001B, WSM001CC, WSM001C, WSM002BB, WSM002B, WSM002CC, WSM002C, WSM003BB, WSM003B, WSM003CC, WSM003C, MSB107B, MSB107CC, and MSB107C) are currently being used by SRS to monitor the effect of the oxidant injections on the VOC plume of the Western Sector of the M-Area HWMF. Figure 1 shows the project location in reference to the M-Area Settling Basin. This is the second of three planned interim reports to track the performance of the project. The purpose of this document is to report groundwater monitoring data collected during the baseline monitoring before oxidant injections occurred and the fifteen months after oxidant injections were completed.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Cross-Well Seismic Monitoring of CO 2 Injected Into the A-1 Carbonate and Brown Niagaran Formations at the Chester 16 Reef

The Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) was founded in 2003 as part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership initiative. Since its founding, MRCSP has made significant strides toward making CCUS a viable option for states in the region. The public/private consortium, funded through the DOE Regional Carbon Sequestration Initiative, brings together nearly 40 industry partners and 10 states. Battelle, as the project lead, oversees research, development and operations and coordinates activities among the partners. The incremental, phased approach has built a valuable knowledge base for the industry and paved the way for commercial-scale adoption of CCUS technologies. From 2008 to 2020, MRCSP Phase III focused on the development of large-scale injection projects. This report is part of a series of reports prepared under the Midwestern Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) Phase III (Development Phase). These reports summarize and detail the findings of the work conducted under the Phase III project. A cross-well seismic survey was acquired in the Chester 16 reef to attempt to locate 85,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) that were injected into the A-1 Carbonate and Brown Niagaran Formations earlier. The technique of conducting multiple cross-well seismic surveys over time, including a pre-CO 2 injection (baseline) survey, has been used elsewhere to monitor CO 2 injected into the subsurface. In this study, a baseline cross-well survey was not obtained; nevertheless, it was possible to generate an image that is a plausible representation of the CO 2 plume. This conclusion is supported by other monitoring and modeling results from the Chester 16 reef that provide an independent indication about the likely position of the injected CO 2 .

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2015

SECARB Second Injection Period Reservoir Modeling Report

The Southeast Carbon Sequestration Partnership Phase III Anthropogenic Test at Citronelle Field is the United States’ largest CO 2 capture and transportation, injection, storage and monitoring project using CO 2 derived from a coal-fired power station. The project represents a U.S. Department of Energy research and development initiative designed to demonstrate deep underground injection and containment of 100,000 tonnes or more of anthropogenic-source CO 2 . A series of reservoir modeling runs will be performed during the pre-injection, injection, and post-injection phases of the project and will be used to predict plume migration and areal extent. Pressure, temperature, and downhole measurements (seismic, fluid and logging), all data collected as a part of the monitoring program, are utilized as reservoir performance parameters to tune the existing geophysical and geochemical simulation models.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2021

SECARB Post Injection Assessment Report

The Southern States Energy Board (SSEB) managed the overall Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (SECARB) Phase III project and The Bureau of Economic Geology (BEG), at the University of Texas at Austin, managed all activities associated with the Early Test field site near Cranfield, Mississippi (the Early Test or Cranfield Project). The SECARB project at Cranfield was focused downdip of the oil rim and on demonstrating the stacked nature of the storage potential at this location: enhanced oil recovery (EOR) up-dip and saline downdip. Because the injection for EOR continued after the SECARB project ended, no actual post-injection period occurred. However, information collected during the SECARB-monitored injection period, including pressure and CO2 plume position, was utilized in an EOR carbon lifecycle assessment. The carbon lifecycle assessment provided insight on tracking injection fronts and production efficiencies across the field. To complete the post injection assessment, taking into account the continuing EOR period after closeout of SECARB field activities, this report provides data and analysis done under another DOE-funded project. The follow up project focused on the carbon lifecycle of EOR and included an assessment of EOR at as-operated and under possible future scenarios. This work was published by Hossieni et al. (2018) and Hosseininoosheri (2019).

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2024

The Case for Reducing Emissions from Heavy-Duty Off-Road Applications via Ducted Fuel Injection

Designers of heavy-duty diesel engines use a variety of techniques to improve efficiency and reduce pollutant emissions. Ducted fuel injection (DFI), high fuel injection pressures, optimized injection orifices, multiple injection sites, and oxygenated fuels are a few techniques used by designers to improve fuel/charge-gas mixtures within the combustion chamber to improve efficiency and emissions results. Ducted fuel injection (DFI) has been proven to substantially reduce soot for low- and mid-load conditions in heavy duty engines, without significantly increasing nitrogen oxides (NO x ). This study investigates the performance of DFI utilizing conventional diesel fuel and the potential the technique has for future research utilizing varieties of test fuels and operating parameter values. Optimization for high engine efficiency and low emissions will help facilitate DFI deployment for substantial environmental benefits in heavy-duty sectors where electrification and/or carbon-free fuels aren’t feasible.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Estimation of the Required Dipole Corrector Magnetic Field for PIP-II Injection Based on Beam Studies

The Fermilab Booster will accept a 600 µs beam pulse from the new superconducting Linac for PIP-II operations. The Booster is a rapid-cycling synchrotron that uses a resonant magnet circuit ramping at 15 Hz. For PIP-II, the cycle rate will increase to 20 Hz, and the injection pulse length will expand from 40 µs to 600 µs due to the lower output current from the new Linac. Because the Booste main bending field follows a sinusoidal waveform, the magnetic field is not constant during the extended injection window. The longer pulse length and higher repetition rate modify the beam orbit and can lead to increased beam losses. The Booster contains 48 dipole-corrector packages distributed across its 24 periods. Each package includes horizontal and vertical dipoles, quadrupole, sextupole, skew-quadrupole, and skew-sextupole elements. By driving the dipole correctors with an appropriately shaped sinusoidal waveform during injection, we can compensate the changing main field and create an effectively flat bending field—referred to as flat injection. Over the past several years, machine studies have been performed to characterize the required correction fields and to determine the corresponding power-supply specifications needed for PIP-II operation. In this presentation, we will summarize the study results and discuss the estimated magnetic field requirements and power supply parameters for achieving flat injection in the Booster.

Seiya, K. [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000250576943)↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Thermal Response of a Packed Bed Thermal Energy Storage System upon Saturated Steam Injection Using Distributed Temperature Sensing

The effectiveness of a thermal energy storage (TES) system is typically characterized with the help of thermal stratification or temperature gradients along the direction of heat injection, which is typically the flow direction of heat transfer fluid. The steepness of temperature gradients are a direct indicator of the effectiveness or efficiency of the heat storage or dispatch process. The temperature gradient evolution along the packed bed of ceramic particles upon saturated steam injection is presented in this work. Distributed temperature sensing based on optical frequency domain reflectometry was deployed in a packed bed of ceramic particles to capture the thermal front evolution in the axial direction. The physical processes accompanying steam injection in packed beds are complex due to phase change, transitioning two-phase flow, and changes in condensate accumulation. Therefore, the variation of thermal response of the TES system for various steam injection flow rates was experimentally studied using a high-resolution distributed temperature sensing system in a chemically inert alumina particle-packed bed. Distinct zones of different heat transfer modes were observed during the steam injection experiments. A distinct conduction zone, evident from diffuse thermal fronts, was observed at low flow rates, and these thermal gradients became sharper as the flow rate increased. The diffuse thermal fronts in the heat storage media suggest a low exergy efficiency of the TES system, as energy losses started initiating before a significant fraction of the bed was saturated with steam.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Investigation of the Effect of Injected CO 2 on the Morrow B Sandstone through Laboratory Batch Reaction Experiments: Implications for CO 2 Sequestration in the Farnsworth Unit, Northern Texas, USA

About one million tons of CO 2 have been injected into the Farnsworth unit to date. The target reservoir for CO 2 injection is the Morrow B Sandstone, which is primarily made of quartz with lesser amounts of albite, calcite, chlorite, and clay minerals. The impact of CO 2 injection on the mineralogy, porosity, and pore water composition of the Morrow B Sandstone is a major concern. Although numerical modeling studies suggest that porosity changes will be minimal, significant alterations to mineralogy and pore water composition are expected. Given the implications for CO 2 storage effectiveness and risk assessment, it is crucial to verify the accuracy of theoretical model predictions through laboratory experiments. To this end, batch reaction experiments were conducted to model conditions near an injection well in the Morrow B Sandstone and at locations further away, where the CO 2 has been diluted by formation water. The laboratory experiments involved submerging thin sections of both coarse- and fine-grained facies of the Morrow B Sandstone in formation water samples with varying levels of CO 2 . The experiments were conducted at the reservoir temperature of 75 °C. Two experimental runs were conducted, one lasting for 61 days and the other for 72 days. The initial fluid composition used in the second run was the same as in the first. The mineralogy changes in the thin sections were analyzed using SEM and the Tescan Integrated Mineral Analyzer (TIMA), while changes in the composition of the formation water were determined using ICP-AES. During each experiment, a thin layer of white fine-grained particles consisting mainly of dolomite and silica formed on the surface of the thin sections, leading to significant reductions in Ca, Mg, and Sr in the formation water. This outcome is consistent with numerical model predictions that dolomite would be the primary mineral that would react with injected CO 2 and that silica would be oversaturated in the formation water. Changes in mineral abundance in the thin sections themselves were much less systematic than in the theoretical modeling experiments, perhaps reflecting heterogeneities in the mineral grain size surface area to volume ratios and mineral distributions in the thin sections not considered in the numerical models.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Hydrogen, Methane, Brine Flow Behavior, and Saturation in Sandstone Cores During H 2 and CH 4 Injection and Displacement

Large-scale underground hydrogen storage (UHS) is a critical component in the emerging hydrogen economy. Knowledge of multiphase flow behavior involving hydrogen in storage reservoir formations is crucial to characterizing hydrogen transport properties and essential for the deliverability and storage operations of UHS. There are still many gaps in fully understanding hydrogen–methane–brine multiphase phase flow that require further investigation. In this work, H 2 and CH 4 were injected through brine-saturated sandstone cores using a tri-axial core holder system fitted with flow rate meters and pressure transducers, while the effluent gas concentrations were analyzed using an online micro gas chromatograph. Brine displacement, permeability, and gas breakthrough curves were measured. We studied the flow behavior of hydrogen and methane in sandstone cores through testing brine displacement by gas injection and comparing the hydrogen displacement of methane with the methane displacement of hydrogen. We also tested the differences between horizontal and vertical flow in brine displacement. The results showed that brine displacement was more efficient in a core with higher permeability and porosity, resulting in a higher initial gas saturation. A higher gas injection rate brought about faster gas breakthrough measured by pore volume and sharper concentration curves. Hydrogen did not exhibit abnormal flow in the sandstone when the flow was horizontal and downward vertical. Gas overriding was observed in brine displacements when the flow was horizontal, with hydrogen showing this behavior more profoundly compared to methane. Downward vertical gas injection induced higher efficiency brine displacement compared to horizontal displacement and resulted in a higher initial gas saturation in the sandstone cores. These findings address critical knowledge gaps regarding gas flow patterns and displacement behaviors during hydrogen injection and recovery phases in UHS facilities using methane as the cushion gas. The insights from this research offer valuable guidance for optimizing UHS systems, ensuring operational efficiency, and advancing sustainable energy solutions in alignment with decarbonization goals.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2024

Volumetric carrier injection in InGaN quantum well light emitting diodes

InGaN/GaN quantum well (QW) light emitting diodes (LEDs) are essential components of solid-state lighting and displays. However, the efficiency of long wavelength (green to red) devices is inferior to that of blue LEDs. To a large degree, this occurs because the equilibration of injected holes between multiple QWs of the active region is hindered by GaN quantum confinement and polarization barriers. This drawback could be overcome by volumetric hole injection into all QWs through semipolar QWs present on the facets of V-defects that form at threading dislocations in polar GaN-based structures. In this work, we have tested the viability of this injection mechanism and studied its properties by time-resolved and near-field spectroscopy techniques. Here, we have found that indeed the hole injection via the V-defects does take place, the mechanism is fast, and the hole spread from the V-defect is substantial, making this type of injection feasible for efficient long wavelength GaN LEDs.

InGaN/GaN quantum wells↗
DOE OSTI2012

Microchip capillary electrophoresis absent electrokinetic injection

Microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE) utilizing a sample injector based on a mechanical valve rather than electrokinetic injection can provide improved sample injections, enhanced capabilities, and can eliminate the need for changing the electric field in the separation channel to induce sample injection. In one instance CE electrodes continuously apply an electric field for CE separation along a separation channel. A sample channel is connected to the separation channel at an intersection and has a sample pressure that is greater than that which is present in the separation channel near the intersection. The sample channel does not have electrodes that apply voltages for electrokinetic injection. A sample injector in the sample channel or at the intersection comprises a mechanical valve to control sample injection from the sample channel to the separation channel.

Sun, Xuefei↗
DOE OSTI2014

MODELING POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF SO2 CO-INJECTED WITH CO2 ON THE KNOX GROUP, WESTERN KENTUCKY

Understanding potential long-term impacts of CO2 impurities, such as sulfur and nitrogen compounds, on deep carbon storage reservoirs is of considerable interest because co-injection of the impurities with CO2 can bring significant economic and environmental benefits. The Cambrian–Ordovician Knox Group, a thick sequence of dolostone (Beekmantown Dolomite) with minor dolomitic sandstone (Gunter Sandstone), in western Kentucky, USA, has been evaluated as a prospective CO2 sequestration target. In this study, TOUGHREACT was used to build 1-D radial models to simulate the potential impacts of co-injected CO2 and SO2 on minerals, pore fluids, and porosity and permeability in the Beekmantown Dolomite and the Gunter Sandstone. Co-injection of a mass ratio of 2.5 percent SO2 and 97.5 percent CO2, representative of flue gas from coal-fired plants, was simulated and the co-injection simulations were compared to models with CO2 only injections. The model results suggest that the major impacts of added SO2 for both the Beekmantown and the Gunter rocks were significant enhancement of dissolution of dolomite and precipitation of anhydrite, leading to noticeable increases in porosity and permeability. The Gunter Sandstone appeared to be more active with SO2 than the Beekmantown Dolomite. More dolomite was dissolved in the Gunter than in the Beekmantown with the same SO2 impurity. Consequently, porosity was raised more in the Gunter than in the Beekmantown. On the other hand, the impacts on aluminosilicate minerals appeared to be insignificant in both reservoirs, slightly changing the rates of precipitation/dissolution but the overall reaction paths remained the same.

Zhu, Junfeng↗
DOE OSTI2015

Effects of Ignition and Injection Perturbation under Lean and Dilute GDI Engine Operation

Turbocharged gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines are quickly becoming more prominent in light-duty automotive applications because of their potential improvements in efficiency and fuel economy. While EGR dilute and lean operation serve as potential pathways to further improve efficiencies and emissions in GDI engines, they also pose challenges for stable engine operation. Tests were performed on a single-cylinder research engine that is representative of current automotive-style GDI engines. Baseline cases were performed under steady-state operating conditions where combustion phasing and dilution levels were varied to determine the effects on indicated efficiency and combustion stability. Sensitivity studies were then carried out by introducing binary low-high perturbation of spark timing and injection duration on a cycle-by-cycle basis under EGR dilute and lean operation to determine dominant feedback mechanisms. Ignition perturbation was phased early/late of MBT timing, and injection perturbation was set fuel rich/lean of the given air-to-fuel ratio. COVIMEP was used to define acceptable operation limits when comparing different perturbation cases. Overall sensitivity data shows COVIMEP is more sensitive to injection perturbation over ignition perturbation. This is because of the greater effect injection perturbation has on combustion phasing, ignition delay, and combustion duration.

Wallner, Thomas↗
DOE OSTI2016

Porous media heat transfer for injection molding

The cooling of injection molded plastic is targeted. Coolant flows into a porous medium disposed within an injection molding component via a porous medium inlet. The porous medium is thermally coupled to a mold cavity configured to receive injected liquid plastic. The porous medium beneficially allows for an increased rate of heat transfer from the injected liquid plastic to the coolant and provides additional structural support over a hollow cooling well. When the temperature of the injected liquid plastic falls below a solidifying temperature threshold, the molded component is ejected and collected.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Simulation Study of Injection Performance for the Advanced Photon Source Upgrade

A vertical on-axis injection scheme has been proposed for the hybrid seven-bend-achromat (H7BA) [1] Advanced Photon Source upgrade (APSU) lattice. In order to evaluate the injection performance, various errors, such as injection beam jitter, optical mismatch and errors, and injection element errors have been investigated and their significance has been discovered. Injection efficiency is then simulated under different error levels. Based on these simulation results, specifications and an error-budget for individual systems have been defined.

Xiao, A.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Financial methods for waterflooding injectate design

A method of selecting an injectate for recovering liquid hydrocarbons from a reservoir includes designing a plurality of injectates, calculating a net present value of each injectate, and selecting a candidate injectate based on the net present value. For example, the candidate injectate may be selected to maximize the net present value of a waterflooding operation.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗