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At least 505 records · Page 28

Geostationary microwave imagers detection criteria

Geostationary orbit is investigated as a vantage point from which to sense remotely the surface features of the planet and its atmosphere, with microwave sensors. The geometrical relationships associated with geostationary altitude are developed to produce an efficient search pattern for the detection of emitting media and metal objects. Power transfer equations are derived from the roots of first principles and explain the expected values of the signal-to-clutter ratios for the detection of aircraft, ships, and buoys and for the detection of natural features where they are manifested as cold and warm eddies. The transport of microwave power is described for modeled detection where the direction of power flow is explained by the Zeroth and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. Mathematical expressions are derived that elucidate the detectability of natural emitting media and metal objects. Signal-to-clutter ratio comparisons are drawn among detectable objects that show relative detectability with a thermodynamic sensor and with a short-pulse radar.

Stacey, J. M.↗

Effect of sensor and actuator errors on static shape control for large space structures

An analytical study was performed to predict and assess the effect of actuator and sensor errors on the performance of a shape control procedure for flexible space structures using applied temperatures. Approximate formulas were derived for the expected value and variance of the rms distortion ratio (ratio of rms distortions with and without corrections) based on the assumption of zero-mean normally distributed random errors in measured distortions and actuator output temperatures. Studies were carried out for a 55-meter radiometer antenna reflector distorted from its ideal parabolic shape by nonuniform orbital heating. The first study consisted of varying the sensor and actuator errors for the case of 12 actuators and computing the distortion ratio. In the second study, sensor and actuator errors were prescribed and the effect of increasing the number of actuators was evaluated.

Haftka, Raphael T.↗

Neutron and antineutron production in accretion onto compact objects

Nuclear reactions in the hot accretion plasma surrounding a collapsed star are a source of neutrons, primarily through spallation and pion-producing reactions, and antineutrons, principally through the reaction p+p yields p+p+n+anti-n. We calculate spectra of neutrons and antineutrons produced by a variety of nonthermal energetic particle distributions in which the target particles are either at rest or in motion. If only neutral particles are free to escape the interaction site, a component of the proton and antiproton fluxes in the cosmic radiation results from the neutrons and antineutrons which leave the accretion plasma and subsequently decay in the interstellar medium. This additional antiproton component could account for the enhanced flux of antiprotons in the cosmic radiation, compared to values expected from the standard leaky-box model of cosmic-ray propagation and confinement. Moreover, the low-energy antiproton flux measured by Buffington et al. (1981) could result from target-particle motion in the accretion plasma. This model for the origin of antiprotons predicts a narrow 2.223 MeV line which could be observable.

Dermer, Charles D.↗

Quasi-Lagrangian measurements of density surface fluctuations and power spectra in the stratosphere

Pressure and temperature data from eight superpressure balloon flights at 26 km in the southern hemisphere stratosphere are analyzed. The balloons, which float on a constant density surface, travel steadily westward during summer and eastward during winter, as expected from local climatology. Two types of fluctuations are observed: neutral buoyancy oscillations (NBO) of around 4 min, and 0.1- to 1-hour oscillations that are characterized as small-amplitude density surface fluctuations. Lapse rates and densities are calculated and found to agree well with the expected values. Examples of wave damping and simultaneous fluctuation at two nearby balloons are presented. Spectral analysis is performed clearly showing the NBO and that the majority of the power is in the mesoscale range. Spectral slopes of power versus frequency are measured to be on the average -2.18 + or - 0.24 for pressure and -1.72 + or - 0.24 for temperature. These slopes are compared to the predictions of turbulence theories and the theory of a universal gravity wave spectrum.

Quinn, Elizabeth P.↗

Heavy ozone distribution in the stratosphere from far-infrared observations

The distribution of isotopically heavy ozone in the stratosphere has been obtained from analysis of balloon-based high-resolution thermal emission spectra in the far infrared. The mixing ratio profiles of (O-16)(O-16)(O-18) and (O-16)(O-18)(O-16), retrieved from inversion of several limb sequences of a number of spectral lines in the 39-76/cm region, indicate enhancements over the expected values in the 25- to 37-km altitude range. The ratio of total heavy isotopic ozone (10-50)3 to normal (O-48)3 shows enhancements of about 45 percent at 37 km, decreasing to a minimum of about 13 percent at 29 km, and increasing to about 18 percent at 25 km. The results from this work are compared with Mauersberger's (1987) in situ mass spectrometer measurements.

Abbas, M. M.↗

A millimeter wave Josephson mixer employing a high-T(c) GdBaCuO point contact

A Josephson effect heterodyne mixer for the millimeter wave band was investigated employing high-T(c) GdBaCuO point contacts. Mixer performance was in qualitative agreement with theory. A mixing response was observed up to 55 K, the highest operating temperature achieved for such a device to date. The voltage separation of RF-induced steps gave a value of h/2e = 2.08 x 10 to the -15th V s, which is in excellent agreement with the value expected for Cooper pairs. In addition, the temperature dependence of the I(0)R product was found to agree with Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory in the weak coupling limit.

Olsson, H. K.↗

Be-10 and Al-26 contents of eucrites - Implications for production rates and exposure ages

This paper presents the Be-10 contents of 20 and the Al-26 contents of nine eucrites. Most have Be-10 production rates between 16 and 26 dpm/kg. The average value of 21.8 dpm/kg agrees to within 10 percent with the value expected and does not support the suggestion that the eucrites received an unusually low flux of cosmic rays during the last few million years. Measured Be-10 and Al-26 contents are consistent with semiempirical calculations of nuclear production rates. The Al-26 contents provide a basis for computing shielding-corrected Ar-38 exposure ages of eucrites which show little evidence for clustering. Relatively more eucrites than diogenites are younger than 20 Ma.

Aylmer, D.↗

Fourier transform spectroscopy of the nu3 band of the N3 radical

The nu3 transitions of N3 radicals produced by HN3-Cl reactions in a multipass cell (effective path length 100 m) are investigated experimentally using a Fourier-transform spectrometer with maximum resolution 0.004/cm. A total of 176 rotation-vibration lines are listed in a table and used, in combination with published data on 240 optical lines (Douglas and Jones, 1965), to determine the nu3 molecular constants. The lower-than-expected value of the nu3 fundamental frequency (1644.6784/cm) is attributed to the vibronic interaction discussed by Kawaguchi et al. (1981).

Brazier, C. R.↗

Heat transfer with very high free-stream turbulence and streamwise vortices

Results are presented for two experimental programs related to augmentation of heat transfer by complex flow characteristics. In one program, high free stream turbulence (up to 63 percent) was shown to increase the Stanton number by more than a factor of 5, compared with the normally expected value based on x-Reynolds number. These experiments are being conducted in a free-jet facility, near the margins of the jet. To a limited extent, the mean velocity, turbulence intensity, and integral length scale can be separately varied. The results show that scale is a very important factor in determining the augmentation. Detailed studies of the turbulence structure are being carried out using an orthogonal triple hot-wire anemometer equipped with a fourth wire for measuring temperature. The v' component of turbulence appears to be distributed differently from u' or w'. In the second program, the velocity distributions and boundary layer thicknesses associated with a pair of counter-rotating, streamwise vortices were measured. There is a region of considerably thinned boundary layer between the two vortices when they are of approximately the same strength. If one vortex is much stronger than the other, the weaker vortex may be lifted off the surface and absorbed into the stronger.

Moffat, Robert J.↗

Analysis of modified SMI method for adaptive array weight control

An adaptive array is applied to the problem of receiving a desired signal in the presence of weak interference signals which need to be suppressed. A modification, suggested by Gupta, of the sample matrix inversion (SMI) algorithm controls the array weights. In the modified SMI algorithm, interference suppression is increased by subtracting a fraction F of the noise power from the diagonal elements of the estimated covariance matrix. Given the true covariance matrix and the desired signal direction, the modified algorithm is shown to maximize a well-defined, intuitive output power ratio criterion. Expressions are derived for the expected value and variance of the array weights and output powers as a function of the fraction F and the number of snapshots used in the covariance matrix estimate. These expressions are compared with computer simulation and good agreement is found. A trade-off is found to exist between the desired level of interference suppression and the number of snapshots required in order to achieve that level with some certainty. The removal of noise eigenvectors from the covariance matrix inverse is also discussed with respect to this application. Finally, the type and severity of errors which occur in the covariance matrix estimate are characterized through simulation.

Dilsavor, R. L.↗

Recent advances in solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell technology with low platinum loading electrodes

High power density fuel cell systems for defense and civilian applications are being developed. Taking into consideration the main causes for efficiency losses (activation, mass transport and ohmic overpotentials) the only fuel cell systems capable of achieving high power densities are the ones with alkaline and solid polymer electrolyte. High power densities (0.8 W/sq cm at 0.8 V and 1 A/sq cm with H2 and O2 as reactants), were already used in NASA's Apollo and Space Shuttle flights as auxiliary power sources. Even higher power densities (4 W/sq cm - i.e., 8 A sq cm at 0.5 V) were reported by the USAF/International Fuel Cells in advanced versions of the alkaline system. High power densities (approximately 1 watt/sq cm) in solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells with ten times lower platinum loading in the electrodes (i.e., 0.4 mg/sq cm) were attained. It is now possible to reach a cell potential of 0.620 V at a current density of 2 A/sq cm and at a temperature of 95 C and pressure of 4/5 atm with H2/O2 as reactants. The slope of the linear region of the potential-current density plot for this case is 0.15 ohm-sq cm. With H2/air as reactants and under the same operating conditions, mass transport limitations are encountered at current densities above 1.4 A/sq cm. Thus, the cell potential at 1 A/sq cm with H2/air as reactants is less than that with H2/O2 as reactants by 40 mV, which is the expected value based on electrode kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction, and at 2 A/sq cm with H2/air as reactant is less than the corresponding value with H2/O2 as reactants by 250 mV, which is due to the considerably greater mass transport limitations in the former case.

Srinivasan, Supramaniam↗

Analysis of Modified SMI Method for Adaptive Array Weight Control

An adaptive array is used to receive a desired signal in the presence of weak interference signals which need to be suppressed. A modified sample matrix inversion (SMI) algorithm controls the array weights. The modification leads to increased interference suppression by subtracting a fraction of the noise power from the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix. The modified algorithm maximizes an intuitive power ratio criterion. The expected values and variances of the array weights, output powers, and power ratios as functions of the fraction and the number of snapshots are found and compared to computer simulation and real experimental array performance. Reduced-rank covariance approximations and errors in the estimated covariance are also described.

Dilsavor, Ronald Louis↗

On-orbit results of the LIPS 3/InP homojunction solar cell experiment

The flight performance of NASA Lewis Research Center's indium phosphide homojunction solar cell module on the LIPS 3 satellite is presented. A module of four n+p cells was fabricated and has been on-orbit on the LIPS 3 spacecraft since 1987. The experimental objective is the measurement of InP cell performance in the natural radiation environment of the 1100 kilometer altitude, 60 deg inclination, circular orbit. Flight data from the first year is near expected values, with no degradation in short-circuit current. The temperature dependence of current-voltage parameters is included along with the laboratory radiation tolerance studies necessary for normalization and analysis of the data. Details of the cell structure and flight module design are also discussed.

Brinker, David J.↗

The effect of spatial and temporal wet-troposphere fluctuations on connected element interferometry

Numerical integrations of the structure function of tropospheric inhomogeneities have been performed to assess the impact of water vapor fluctuations on connected element interferometry (CEI). The expectation value of the RMS troposphere error for a differential spacecraft-quasar observation is derived by integrating the spatial refractivity structure function along raypaths to both the spacecraft and quasar from two spatially separated sites. Correlations between the tropospheric conditions at the two sites, which can become significant for short baseline observations, are fully accounted for in this calculation. Temporal effects are treated by assuming a frozen-flow model in which a fixed spatial distribution blows over both sites. Two nominal observation scenarios are considered, along with variations to study the dependence of the resultant differential troposphere errors on baseline length, observation time, source separation angle, and elevation. Consecutive differential observations are found to be almost completely uncorrelated, implying that averaging many repeated differential observations can quickly reduce the troposphere error.

Edwards, C. D.↗

The behavior of outgassed materials in thermal vacuums

Scientists at the NASA White Sands Test Facility (WSTF) are investigating the relationship between outgassing and condensation for aerospace materials in space-like environments. The WSTF throughput test method was validated by previous testing at WSTF using palmitic acid. Data from these tests were compared with data from other preliminary tests by using adipic and behenic acids. The comparison indicates that surface forces between outgassed molecules and the condensing surfaces cause the condensation flux to be different from the incident flux. These forces can also cause the evaporative flux to be different from the expected value. These discrepancies are discussed in terms of both potential and dynamic interactions of outgassed molecules with surfaces. Although these surface forces are noticeable, their overall effect on the test is minimal.

Mahone, William↗

Cloud-radiative forcing and climate - Results from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment

The spaceborne Earth Radiation Budget Experiment was begun in 1984 to obtain quantitative estimates of the global distributions of cloud-radiative forcing. The magnitude of the observed net cloud forcing is about four times greater than the expected value of radiative forcing from a doubling of CO2; the shortwave and longwave components of cloud forcing are about 10 times as large as those for a CO2 doubling. Small changes in the cloud-radiative forcing fields can therefore play a significant role as a climate-feedback mechanism.

Ramanathan, V.↗

Enhancing aerospace systems autonomy through predictive monitoring

The quick and reliable detection of anomalous behavior in aerospace systems is addressed. Ways to adjust nominal sensor value expectations dynamically, taking into account the changing operating context of the system, are considered. How to utilize sensors selectively, determining which subset of the available sensors to use at any given time to verify nominal operation efficiently without processing a prohibitive amount of data, is examined.

Doyle, Richard J.↗

Active Control of the Forced and Transient Response of a Finite Beam

When studying structural vibrations resulting from a concentrated source, many structures may be modelled as a finite beam excited by a point source. The theoretical limit on cancelling the resulting beam vibrations by utilizing another point source as an active controller is explored. Three different types of excitation are considered, harmonic, random, and transient. In each case, a cost function is defined and minimized for numerous parameter variations. For the case of harmonic excitation, the cost function is obtained by integrating the mean squared displacement over a region of the beam in which control is desired. A controller is then found to minimize this cost function in the control interval. The control interval and controller location are continuously varied for several frequencies of excitation. The results show that control over the entire beam length is possible only when the excitation frequency is near a resonant frequency of the beam, but control over a subregion may be obtained even between resonant frequencies at the cost of increasing the vibration outside of the control region. For random excitation, the cost function is realized by integrating the expected value of the displacement squared over the interval of the beam in which control is desired. This is shown to yield the identical cost function as obtained by integrating the cost function for harmonic excitation over all excitation frequencies. As a result, it is always possible to reduce the cost function for random excitation whether controlling the entire beam or just a subregion, without ever increasing the vibration outside the region in which control is desired. The last type of excitation considered is a single, transient pulse. A cost function representative of the beam vibration is obtained by integrating the transient displacement squared over a region of the beam and over all time. The form of the controller is chosen a priori as either one or two delayed pulses. Delays constrain the controller to be causal. The best possible control is then examined while varying the region of control and the controller location. It is found that control is always possible using either one or two control pulses. The two pulse controller gives better performance than a single pulse controller, but finding the optimal delay time for the additional controllers increases as the square of the number of control pulses.

Post, John Theodore↗