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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 505 records · Page 28
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Variational, stable, and self-consistent coupling of 3D electromagnetics to 1D transmission lines in the time domain

This work presents a new multiscale method for coupling the 3D Maxwell's equations to the 1D telegrapher's equations. While Maxwell's equations are appropriate for modeling complex electromagnetics in arbitrary-geometry domains, simulation cost for many applications (e.g. pulsed power) can be dramatically reduced by representing less complex transmission line regions of the domain with a 1D model. By assuming a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) ansatz for the solution in a transmission line region, we reduce the Maxwell's equations to the telegrapher's equations. Here, we propose a self-consistent finite element formulation of the fully coupled system that uses boundary integrals to couple between the 3D and 1D domains and supports arbitrary unstructured 3D meshes. Additionally, by using a Lagrange multiplier to enforce continuity at the coupling interface, we allow for an absorbing boundary condition to also be applied to non-TEM modes on this boundary. We demonstrate that this feature reduces non-physical reflection and ringing of non-TEM modes off of the coupling boundary. By employing implicit time integration, we ensure a stable coupling, and we introduce an efficient method for solving the resulting linear systems. We demonstrate the accuracy of the new method on two verification problems, a transient O-wave in a rectilinear prism and a steady-state problem in a coaxial geometry, and show the efficiency and weak scalability of our implementation on a cold test of the Z-machine MITL and post-hole convolute.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Microwave absorbance properties of zirconium–manganese substituted cobalt nanoferrite as electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbers

Highlights: • Good candidates for EM materials with low reflectivity. • Good candidates for broad bandwidth at microwave frequency. • Microwave absorbing bandwidth was modulated simply by manipulating the Zr–Mn. • Higher the Zr–Mn content, the higher absorption rates for the electromagnetic radiation. • The predicted reflection loss shows that this can be used for thin ferrite absorber. - Abstract: Nanocrystalline Zr–Mn (x) substituted Co ferrite having chemical formula CoFe{sub 2−2x}Zr{sub x}Mn{sub x}O{sub 4} (x = 0.1–0.4) was prepared by co-precipitation technique. Combining properties such as structural, electrical, magnetic and reflection loss characteristics. Crystal structure and surface morphology of the calcined samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). By using two point probe homemade resistivity apparatus to find resistivity of the sample. Electromagnetic (EM) properties are measured through RF impedance/materials analyzer over 1 MHz–3 GHz. The room-temperature dielectric measurements show dispersion behavior with increasing frequency from 100 Hz to 3 MHz. Magnetic properties confirmed relatively strong dependence of saturation magnetization on Zr–Mn composition. Curie temperature is also found to decrease linearly with addition of Zr–Mn. Furthermore, comprehensive analysis of microwave reflection loss (RL) is carried out as a function of substitution, frequency, and thickness. Composition accompanying maximum microwave absorption is suggested.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Multi-objective optimization with an integrated electromagnetics and beam dynamics workflow

In particle accelerators, RF cavities are used to accelerate charged particle beams to designed high energy for physical applications. In a typical accelerator design, the optimization of RF cavities and the optimization of beam dynamics are carried out in separate studies. For a more general and unrestricted accelerator design, a coupled optimization of the RF cavities and the beam parameters is required. For this coupled optimization problem, we have developed an integrated electromagnetics and beam dynamics workflow management system. Within this system, the geometries for a set of cavity components are first adjusted; the field modes are then computed with an electromagnetics program, and imported into a beam dynamics program for beam dynamics simulation. This workflow is encapsulated into a parallel multi-objective optimizer to achieve the integrated accelerator design optimization. A multi fidelity strategy is developed to improve the speed of the optimizer. Furthermore, this integrated global optimization capability is illustrated using a photoinjector design example and yields an improved design.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

A compact electromagnetic neutron nutator for precise neutron spin manipulation

A superconducting electromagnetic nutator (EMN) capable of generating a magnetic field vector along an arbitrary direction on a 2D plane has been designed. Its performance in precisely manipulating the neutron polarization vector has been tested at the HB2-D polarized development beamline at the High Flux Isotope Reactor. Unlike mechanical nutators that require physical handling or motor-driven actuation to rotate the magnetic field, the magnitude and orientation of the magnetic field produced by the EMN can be controlled electromagnetically. Further, the compact design (~15 mm depth, not including cryogenic housing) of this device ensures ease of coupling within existing superconducting neutron spin manipulation devices, such as magnetic Wollaston prisms (MWP), resonant radio frequency (RF) flippers, spherical neutron polarimetry (SNP) devices, etc.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Charge-dependent flow induced by electromagnetic fields in heavy ion collisions

The colliding heavy ions create extremely strong magnetic and electric fields that significantly affect the evolution of the produced quark-gluon plasma (QGP). The knowledge of these fields is essential for establishing the role of topological fluctuations in the QGP through the chiral magnetic effect and related anomaly-induced phenomena. In this talk, we describe our work on the evolution of the QGP in electric and magnetic fields in the framework of hydrodynamics supplemented, in a perturbative fashion, by the dynamical electromagnetism. The evolution of the QGP fluid is described within the iEBE-VISHNU framework. We find that the electromagnetically induced currents result in a charge-odd directed flow Δv 1 and a charge-odd Δv 3 flow both of which are odd in rapidity. Furthermore, while the predicted magnitude of these charge-odd flows agrees with the data from RHIC and LHC, the sign of the predicted asymmetry between the flows of positive and negative hadrons is opposite to the data.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Bound states and electromagnetic radiation of relativistically rotating cylindrical wells

Here, we compute the effect of rigid rotation on the non-relativistic bound states. The energy levels of the bound states increase with the angular velocity of rotation until at certain value of the angular velocity they are completely pushed out into the continuum which corresponds to dissociation of the bound states. When the angular velocity exceeds the critical value at which the ground state disappears into the continuum, no bound state is possible. This effect should have important consequences for the phenomenology of the quark-gluon plasma. One of the ways to study it experimentally is to observe the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a rotating bound state. We compute the corresponding intensity of electromagnetic radiation and show that it strongly depends on the angular velocity of rotation.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Gauge-free electromagnetic gyrokinetic theory

A new gauge-free electromagnetic gyrokinetic theory is developed, in which the gyrocenter equations of motion and the gyrocenter phase-space transformation are expressed in terms of the perturbed electromagnetic fields, instead of the usual perturbed potentials. Gyrocenter polarization and magnetization are derived explicitly from the gyrocenter Hamiltonian, up to first order in the gyrocenter perturbation expansion. In conclusion, expressions for the sources in Maxwell's equations are derived in a form that is suitable for simulation studies, as well as kinetic-gyrokinetic hybrid modeling.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2020

Characterizing the diverse hydrogeology underlying rivers and estuaries using new floating transient electromagnetic methodology

We report the hydrogeology below large surface water features such as rivers and estuaries is universally under-informed at the long reach to basin scales (tens of km+). This challenge inhibits the accurate modeling of fresh/saline groundwater interfaces and groundwater/surface water exchange patterns at management-relevant spatial extents. Here we introduce a towed, floating transient electromagnetic (TEM) system (i.e. FloaTEM) for rapid (up to 15 km/h) high resolution electrical mapping of the subsurface below large water bodies to depths often a factor of 10 greater than other towed instruments. The novel FloaTEM system is demonstrated at a range of diverse 4th through 6th-order riverine settings across the United States including 1) the Farmington River, near Hartford, Connecticut; 2) the Upper Delaware River near Barryville, New York; 3) the Tallahatchie River near Shellmound, Mississippi; and, 4) the Eel River estuary, on Cape Cod, near Falmouth, Massachusetts. Airborne frequency-domain electromagnetic and land-based towed TEM data are also compared at the Tallahatchie River site, and streambed geologic scenarios are explored with forward modeling. A range of geologic structures and pore water salinity interfaces were identified. Process-based interpretation of the case study data indicated FloaTEM can resolve varied sediment-water interface materials, such as the accumulation of fines at the bottom of a reservoir and permeable sand/gravel riverbed sediments that focus groundwater discharge. Bedrock layers were mapped at several sites, and aquifer confining units were defined at comparable resolution to airborne methods. Terrestrial fresh groundwater discharge with flowpaths extending hundreds of meters from shore was also imaged below the Eel River estuary, improving on previous hydrogeological characterizations of that nutrient-rich coastal exchange zone. In summary, the novel FloaTEM system fills a critical gap in our ability to characterize the hydrogeology below surface water features and will support more accurate prediction of groundwater/surface water exchange dynamics and fresh-saline groundwater interfaces.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Towards critical and supercritical electromagnetic fields

Abstract The availability of ever stronger, laser-generated electromagnetic fields underpins continuing progress in the study and application of nonlinear phenomena in basic physical systems, ranging from molecules and atoms to relativistic plasmas and quantum electrodynamics. This raises the question: how far will we be able to go with future lasers? One exciting prospect is the attainment of field strengths approaching the Schwinger critical field ${E}_{\mathrm{cr}}$ in the laboratory frame, such that the field invariant ${E}^2-{c}^2{B}^2>{E}_{\mathrm{cr}}^2$ is reached. The feasibility of doing so has been questioned, on the basis that cascade generation of dense electron–positron plasma would inevitably lead to absorption or screening of the incident light. Here we discuss the potential for future lasers to overcome such obstacles, by combining the concept of multiple colliding laser pulses with that of frequency upshifting via a tailored laser–plasma interaction. This compresses the electromagnetic field energy into a region of nanometre size and attosecond duration, which increases the field magnitude at fixed power but also suppresses pair cascades. Our results indicate that laser facilities with peak power of tens of PW could be capable of reaching ${E}_{\mathrm{cr}}$ . Such a scenario opens up prospects for the experimental investigation of phenomena previously considered to occur only in the most extreme environments in the universe.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2017

Electromagnetic zonal flow residual responses

We report the collisionless axisymmetric zonal flow residual calculation for a tokamak plasma is generalized to include electromagnetic perturbations. We formulate and solve the complete initial value zonal flow problem by retaining the fully self-consistent axisymmetric spatial perturbations in the electric and magnetic fields. Simple expressions for the electrostatic, shear and compressional magnetic residual responses are derived that provide a fully electromagnetic test of the zonal flow residual in gyrokinetic codes. Unlike the electrostatic potential, the parallel vector potential and the parallel magnetic field perturbations need not relax to flux functions for all possible initial conditions.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

A quasi-linear model of electromagnetic turbulent transport and its application to flux-driven transport predictions for STEP

A quasi-linear reduced transport model is developed from a database of high-β electromagnetic nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations performed with spherical tokamak for energy production (STEP) relevant parameters. The quasi-linear model is fully electromagnetic and accounts for the effect of equilibrium flow shear using a novel approach. Its flux predictions are shown to agree quantitatively with predictions from local nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations across a broad range of STEP-relevant local equilibria. This reduced transport model is implemented in the T3D transport solver that is used to perform the first flux-driven simulations for STEP to account for transport from hybrid kinetic ballooning mode turbulence, which dominates over a wide region of the core plasma. Nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations of the final transport steady state from T3D return turbulent fluxes that are consistent with the reduced model, indicating that the quasi-linear model may also be appropriate for describing the transport steady state. Within the assumption considered here, our simulations support the existence of a transport steady state in STEP with a fusion power comparable to that in the burning flat top of the conceptual design, but do not demonstrate how this state can be accessed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

The gyrokinetic field invariant and electromagnetic temperature-gradient instabilities in ‘good-curvature’ plasmas

Curvature-driven instabilities are ubiquitous in magnetised fusion plasmas. By analysing the conservation laws of the gyrokinetic system of equations, we demonstrate that the well-known spatial localisation of these instabilities to regions of ‘bad magnetic curvature’ can be explained using the conservation law for a sign-indefinite quadratic quantity that we call the gyrokinetic field invariant. Its evolution equation allows us to define the local effective magnetic curvature whose sign demarcates the regions of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ curvature, which, under some additional simplifying assumptions, can be shown to correspond to the inboard (high-field) and outboard (low-field) sides of a tokamak plasma, respectively. We find that, given some reasonable assumptions, electrostatic curvature-driven modes are always localised to the regions of bad magnetic curvature, regardless of the specific character of the instability. More importantly, we also deduce that any mode that is unstable in the region of good magnetic curvature must be electromagnetic in nature. As a concrete example, we present the magnetic-drift mode, a novel good-curvature electromagnetic instability, and compare its properties with the well-known electron-temperature-gradient instability. Finally, we discuss the relevance of the magnetic drift mode for high-β fusion plasmas, and in particular its relationship with microtearing modes.

fusion plasma↗
DOE OSTI2021

Electromagnetic power of lightning superbolts from Earth to space

Lightning superbolts are the most powerful and rare lightning events with intense optical emission, first identified from space. Superbolt events occurred in 2010-2018 could be localized by extracting the high energy tail of the lightning stroke signals measured by the very low frequency ground stations of the World-Wide Lightning Location Network. Here, we report electromagnetic observations of superbolts from space using Van Allen Probes satellite measurements, and ground measurements, and with two events measured both from ground and space. From burst-triggered measurements, we compute electric and magnetic power spectral density for very low frequency waves driven by superbolts, both on Earth and transmitted into space, demonstrating that superbolts transmit 10-1000 times more powerful very low frequency waves into space than typical strokes and revealing that their extreme nature is observed in space. We find several properties of superbolts that notably differ from most lightning flashes; a more symmetric first ground-wave peak due to a longer rise time, larger peak current, weaker decay of electromagnetic power density in space with distance, and a power mostly confined in the very low frequency range. Their signal is absent in space during day times and is received with a long-time delay on the Van Allen Probes. These results have implications for our understanding of lightning and superbolts, for ionosphere-magnetosphere wave transmission, wave propagation in space, and remote sensing of extreme events.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Electromagnetic signatures of a chiral quantum spin liquid

Quantum spin liquids (QSL) have emerged as a captivating subject within interacting spin systems that exhibit no magnetic ordering even at the lowest temperature accessible experimentally. However, definitive experimental evidence remains elusive. In light of the recent surge in theoretical and experimental interest in the half-filled Hubbard model on a triangular lattice, which offers the potential for stabilizing a chiral QSL, we investigate the electromagnetic signatures of this phase to facilitate experimental detection. Utilizing a combination of parton mean-field theory and unbiased density-matrix renormalization group calculations, we systematically examine the electrical charge and orbital electrical current associated with a spinon excitation in the chiral QSL. Additionally, we calculate the longitudinal and transverse optical conductivities below the Mott gap. Furthermore, employing quantum field theory analysis, we unravel the connection between spinon excitations and emergent as well as physical gauge fields. Our results demonstrate that the chiral QSL phase exhibits a distinct electromagnetic response, even within a Mott insulator regime. This finding holds great potential for enabling the experimental detection of this long-sought-after phase.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Tailored Fano resonance and localized electromagnetic field enhancement in Ag gratings

Metallic gratings can support Fano resonances when illuminated with EM radiation, and their characteristic reflectivity versus incident angle lineshape can be greatly affected by the surrounding dielectric environment and the grating geometry. By using conformal oblique incidence thin film deposition onto an optical grating substrate, it is possible to increase the grating amplitude due to shadowing effects, thereby enabling tailoring of the damping processes and electromagnetic field couplings of the Fano resonances, hence optimizing the associated localized electric field intensity. To investigate these effects we compare the optical reflectivity under resonance excitation in samples prepared by oblique angle deposition (OAD) and under normal deposition (ND) onto the same patterned surfaces. We observe that by applying OAD method, the sample exhibits a deeper and narrower reflectivity dip at resonance than that obtained under ND. This can be explained in terms of a lower damping of Fano resonance on obliquely deposited sample and leads to a stronger localized electric field. This approach opens a fabrication path for applications where tailoring the electromagnetic field induced by Fano resonance can improve the figure of merit of specific device characteristics, e.g. quantum efficiency (QE) in grating-based metallic photocathodes.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

The effect of initial conditions on the electromagnetic radiation generation in type III solar radio bursts

Extensive particle-in-cell simulations of fast electron beams injected in a background magnetised plasma with a decreasing density profile were carried out. These simulations were intended to further shed light on a newly proposed mechanism for the generation of electromagnetic waves in type III solar radio bursts [D. Tsiklauri, Phys. Plasmas, 18, 052903 (2011)]. The numerical simulations were carried out using different density profiles and fast electron distribution functions. It is shown that electromagnetic L and R modes are excited by the transverse current, initially imposed on the system. In the course of the simulations, no further interaction of the electron beam with the background plasma could be observed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Self-focusing of a Gaussian electromagnetic beam in a multi-ions plasma

In this paper, the authors have developed a formulation for the dependence of electron and ion densities on the irradiance of an electromagnetic beam in a plasma with multiply charged ions, corresponding to collisional, ponderomotive, and relativistic-ponderomotive nonlinearities and different electron/ion temperatures; consequently, the corresponding expressions for the electron density modification in the presence of an electromagnetic (em) field have been derived. Paraxial approach in the vicinity of intensity maximum has been adopted to analyze the propagation characteristics of an em beam in such plasmas; on the basis of this analysis, critical curves and self-focusing curves have been computed numerically and graphically illustrated. For a numerical appreciation of the analysis, we have specifically carried out the computations for the simultaneous presence of singly and doubly charged ions in the plasma. As an important outcome, it is seen that the nonlinear effects (and hence self-focusing) get suppressed in the presence of multiply ionized ions; the conditions for the three modes of em-beam propagation viz. oscillatory focusing/defocusing and steady divergence have been discussed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Self-generation and management of spin-electromagnetic wave solitons and chaos

Self-generation of microwave spin-electromagnetic wave envelope solitons and chaos has been observed and studied. For the investigation, we used a feedback active ring oscillator based on artificial multiferroic, which served as a nonlinear waveguide. We show that by increasing the wave amplification in the feedback ring circuit, a transition from monochromatic auto-generation to soliton train waveform and then to dynamical chaos occurs in accordance with the Ruelle-Takens scenario. Management of spin-electromagnetic-wave solitons and chaos parameters by both dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability of the multiferroic waveguiding structure is demonstrated.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗