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At least 505 records · Page 28

Thinking Inside the Box: A Hands-On Student Activity for Building a Contamination Containment Glovebox to Encourage Problem Solving in a Collaborative Environment

Contamination containment gloveboxes are sealed containers where operators outside the glovebox can safely manipulate hazardous or contamination-sensitive materials inside the glovebox through glove ports on the container. Containment gloveboxes are used in the space industry to study sample materials returned from space such as lunar, asteroid, and comet materials, to manufacture sensitive instruments and space ight hardware, and to perform contamination-sensitive experiments. A hands-on activity has been developed by contamination control engineer and STEM education experts as part of the Virginia Earth System Science Scholars (VESSS) summer academy program to teach high school students about gloveboxes and about problem solving in a collaborative environment. In this activity, student teams are given a list of common household materials (e.g. plastic bags, plastic straws, aluminum foil, tape, disposable gloves, etc.) for building their own glovebox. Students work together to sketch and design their glovebox before being provided a kit of materials, which they must purchase along with any extra materials with a mock team budget. They are given 30 minutes to build their glovebox, however, they do not know what will be placed inside the glovebox or what operations they will need to perform within the glovebox. At the end of the build time, teams are given a small, sealed paper envelope which they place in the glovebox. Each team selects a team member to be designated as the operator, and the operator places their hands in the gloves of the glovebox. The operator uses their gloves to open the envelope in the glovebox, and they discover they have 20 minutes to assemble a jigsaw puzzle. However, the puzzle is \contaminated" with talcum powder. After the 20 minute time period, teams are judged on how well they completed and cleaned the contaminated puzzle. In a post-activity debrief, teams discuss lessons learned such as how the actual built box di ered from the sketched design, the challenge of managing a budget for materials, how the team dealt with surprises, and if their glovebox allowed enough room for the operator to perform the task. This activity has been part of the VESSS summer academy since 2016, and teaches students teamwork, creativity, hands-on experimentation, communication, and reasoning skills. In a demonstration at IAC, a volunteer from the audience will be chosen to assemble a glovebox during the presentation using the same kit of materials and will demonstrate handling puzzle pieces in the completed glovebox.

Elaine Seasly↗

Assessing the Oxygen Permeability of Candidate Asteroid Sample Containers With Optochemical Sensors

The Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation Office at NASA Johnson Space Center currently curates 500 mg (10%) of carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu regolith collected by the Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency’s Hayabusa II spacecraft and returned to Earth in 2021. In September 2023, NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft returned at least 70 grams of regolith collected from the surface of Carbonaceous Asteroid Bennu. These new astromaterials collections are stored and handled in gloveboxes and desiccators that are continuously purged with ultrapure nitrogen in order to minimize contamination and alteration of extraterrestrial samples from terrestrial environments, e.g., reaction with terrestrial oxygen and water. Ito et al. have previously reported on the development of containers to transport samples between facilities in inert, sealed environments; Hayabusa2 samples allocated to investigators by JAXA’s Extraterrestrial Sample Curation Center (ESCuC) are shipped in these Facility-to-Facility Transfer Containers (FFTCs). NASA curation has also been investigating sealed containers for storage, transportation, and allocation of Bennu and Ryugu regolith in sealed anoxic environments. In order to assess the ability of candidate sample containers to maintain nitrogen environments, we have utilized optochemical sensors to measure trace oxygen levels within sealed volumes.

C J Snead↗

Waste Container Filtration to Minimize Microbial Escape During Long-Term Storage on Mars

In the search for life on Mars, keeping its surface pristine and free of microbes due to human presence is of utmost importance. Astronauts will use emptied logistics containers during their Mars stay to store waste. These containers will be left on the planet’s surface and are a potential source of microorganism contamination. It is desired for these containers to be free from leaks for a minimum of 50 years. If leaks do occur, a likely location will be at any ports. At these locations the mating surfaces will be sealed using a flexible gasket material like a thin metal or a polymer. Eventually these seals will fail. To mitigate these effects, a particulate filter can be employed to equilibrate the pressure between the Martin environment and inside the container. To meet planetary protection requirements, the filter can only allow particulates smaller than 0.2 m diameter to pass. This paper discusses why a particulate filter may be needed and how such a filter could be tested to survive and operate in the harsh Martian environment.

planetary protection↗

Waste Container Filtration to Minimize Microbial Escape During Long-Term Storage on Mars

In the search for life on Mars, keeping its surface pristine and free of microbes due to human presence is of utmost importance. Astronauts will use emptied logistics containers during their Mars stay to store waste. These containers will be left on the planet’s surface and are a potential source of microorganism contamination. It is desired for these containers to be free from leaks for a minimum of 50 years. If leaks do occur, a likely location will be at any ports. At these locations the mating surfaces will be sealed using a flexible gasket material like a thin metal or a polymer. Eventually these seals will fail. To mitigate these effects, a particulate filter can be employed to equilibrate the pressure between the Martin environment and inside the container. To meet planetary protection requirements, the filter can only allow particulates smaller than 0.2 μm diameter to pass. This paper discusses why a particulate filter may be needed and how such a filter could be tested to survive and operate in the harsh Martian environment.

planetary protection↗

Effects of Limiting Container Diameter on Crater Morphometry in Laboratory Impact Experiments.

Laboratory impact experiments provide a mechanism to test and understand impact events that affect every planetary object in our Solar System. Impact experiments have been conducted on a wide variety of mediums (e.g., sand, ice, solid rock, regolith simulant [1–4]) in a variety of container sizes, depending on the laboratory. While the specific parameters of each impact experiment vary greatly from impacting medium, projectile type and size, speed, etc., there has not been any in depth analysis of the effects that limiting container dimensions might have on the resulting subsurface flow field and ultimately the crater structure. Here we asses the effects of container diameter by conducting a series of cratering experiments on five different container sizes. The results of this study will be informative to the impact community such that closer consideration will be taken regarding the selection of container size to insure the most high quality results with less interference from the boundary conditions.

Megan D. Mouser↗

A Case Study of AI-assisted Creation of a Thermodynamics Model of Precipitation Formation During Rapid Depressurization of a Vented Container

Precipitation may form in humid containers undergoing rapid depressurization. This precipitation may be liquid, i.e. fog, if the dewpoint is crossed above the freezing point of water, or direct snow crystallization if the dewpoint is crossed below the freezing point. Accurate modeling of this effect is potentially important for rapidly ascending vented containers in aircraft, spacecraft, and launch vehicles, as well as rapidly depressurizing vacuum chambers. A transient thermodynamics model of precipitation formation during the rapid depressurization of a container was developed in python. The model is written for a generic container and includes an optional water pool and water vapor source. Details of the model and results from several example cases spanning the full capabilities of the model, including a validation case, will be presented. Although the model is not novel, in contrast to prior works, this one was treated as a case study of the assistance of AI Large Language Models (LLMs) to create physical models. Impressions, performance, time, and cost of using AI for this task will be discussed.

precipitation↗

HAZARDS OF THERMAL EXPANSION FOR RADIOLOGICAL CONTAINER ENGULFED IN FIRE

Fire accidents pose a serious threat to nuclear facilities. It is imperative that transport casks or shielded containers designed to transport/contain radiological materials have the ability to withstand a hypothetical fire. A numerical simulation was performed for a shielded container constructed of stainless steel and lead engulfed in a hypothetical fire as outlined by 10 CFR §71.73. The purpose of this analysis was to determine the thermal response of the container during and after the fire. The thermal model shows that after 30 minutes of fire, the stainless steel will maintain its integrity and not melt. However, the lead shielding will melt since its temperature exceeds the melting point. Due to the method of construction of the container under consideration, ample void space must be provided to allow for thermal expansion of the lead upon heating and melting, so as to not overstress the weldment.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Method for determining asphaltene stability of a hydrocarbon-containing material

A method for determining asphaltene stability in a hydrocarbon-containing material having solvated asphaltenes therein is disclosed. In at least one embodiment, it involves the steps of: (a) precipitating an amount of the asphaltenes from a liquid sample of the hydrocarbon-containing material with an alkane mobile phase solvent in a column; (b) dissolving a first amount and a second amount of the precipitated asphaltenes by changing the alkane mobile phase solvent to a final mobile phase solvent having a solubility parameter that is higher than the alkane mobile phase solvent; (c) monitoring the concentration of eluted fractions from the column; (d) creating a solubility profile of the dissolved asphaltenes in the hydrocarbon-containing material; and (e) determining one or more asphaltene stability parameters of the hydrocarbon-containing material.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Heating and Cooling System Design for a Modern Transportable Container

Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) has been tasked with the design of a modern transportable container (MTC) for use in high reliability transportation environments. The container is required to transport cargo capable of generating its own heat and operate under the United States’ climatic extremes. In response to these requirements, active heating and cooling is necessary to maintain a controlled environment inside the container. The following thesis project documents the design of an active heating, active cooling, and combined active heating and cooling system (now referred to as active heating and cooling systems) through computational thermal analyses, scoping of commercial system options, and mechanical integration with the container’s structure.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Electrochemical method for synthesizing metal-containing particles and other objects

The invention is directed to a method for producing metal-containing (e.g., non-oxide, oxide, or elemental) nano-objects, which may be nanoparticles or nanowires, the method comprising contacting an aqueous solution comprising a metal salt and water with an electrically powered electrode to form said metal-containing nano-objects dislodged from the electrode, wherein said electrode possesses a nanotextured surface that functions to confine the particle growth process to form said metal-containing nano-objects. The invention is also directed to the resulting metal-containing compositions as well as devices in which they are incorporated.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Containers and systems for the measurement of radioactive gases and related methods

Containers for a fluid sample containing a radionuclide for measurement of radiation from the radionuclide include an outer shell having one or more ports between an interior and an exterior of the outer shell, and an inner shell secured to the outer shell. The inner shell includes a detector receptacle sized for at least partial insertion into the outer shell. The inner shell and outer shell together at least partially define a fluid sample space. The outer shell and inner shell are configured for maintaining an operating pressure within the fluid sample space of at least about 1000 psi. Systems for measuring radioactivity in a fluid include such a container and a radiation detector received at least partially within the detector receptacle. Methods of measuring radioactivity in a fluid sample include maintaining a pressure of a fluid sample within a Marinelli-type container at least at about 1000 psi.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Systems and methods for enhancing isolation of high-temperature reactor containments

A high-temperature containment-isolation system for transferring heat from a nuclear reactor containment to a high-pressure heat exchanger is presented. The system uses a high-temperature, low-volatility liquid coolant such as a molten salt or a liquid metal, where the coolant flow path provides liquid free surfaces a short distance from the containment penetrations for the reactor hot-leg and the cold-leg, where these liquid free surfaces have a cover gas maintained at a nearly constant pressure and thus prevent high-pressures from being transmitted into the reactor containment, and where the reactor vessel is suspended within a reactor cavity with a plurality of refractory insulator blocks disposed between an actively cooled inner cavity liner and the reactor vessel.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Sulfur containing nanoporous materials, nanoparticles, methods and applications

Sulfur containing nanoparticles that may be used within cathode electrodes within lithium ion batteries include in a first instance porous carbon shape materials (i.e., either nanoparticle shapes or "bulk" shapes that are subsequently ground to nanoparticle shapes) that are infused with a sulfur material. A synthetic route to these carbon and sulfur containing nanoparticles may use a template nanoparticle to form a hollow carbon shape shell, and subsequent dissolution of the template nanoparticle prior to infusion of the hollow carbon shape shell with a sulfur material. Sulfur infusion into other porous carbon shapes that are not hollow is also contemplated. A second type of sulfur containing nanoparticle includes a metal oxide material core upon which is located a shell layer that includes a vulcanized polymultiene polymer material and ion conducting polymer material. The foregoing sulfur containing nanoparticle materials provide the electrodes and lithium ion batteries with enhanced performance.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Controllable reductive method for synthesizing metal-containing particles

The invention is directed to a method for producing metal-containing particles, the method comprising subjecting an aqueous solution comprising a metal salt, E.sub.h, lowering reducing agent, pH adjusting agent, and water to conditions that maintain the E.sub.h value of the solution within the bounds of an E.sub.h-pH stability field corresponding to the composition of the metal-containing particles to be produced, and producing said metal-containing particles in said aqueous solution at a selected E.sub.h value within the bounds of said E.sub.h-pH stability field. The invention is also directed to the resulting metal-containing particles as well as devices in which they are incorporated.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Containment Sodium Chemistry Models in MELCOR.

To meet regulatory needs for sodium fast reactors’ future development, including licensing requirements, Sandia National Laboratories is modernizing MELCOR, a severe accident analysis computer code developed for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Specifically, Sandia is modernizing MELCOR to include the capability to model sodium reactors. However, Sandia’s modernization effort primarily focuses on the containment response aspects of the sodium reactor accidents. Sandia began modernizing MELCOR in 2013 to allow a sodium coolant, rather than water, for conventional light water reactors. In the past three years, Sandia has been implementing the sodium chemistry containment models in CONTAIN-LMR, a legacy NRC code, into MELCOR. These chemistry models include spray fire, pool fire and atmosphere chemistry models. Only the first two chemistry models have been implemented though it is intended to implement all these models into MELCOR. A new package called “NAC” has been created to manage the sodium chemistry model more efficiently. In 2017 Sandia began validating the implemented models in MELCOR by simulating available experiments. The CONTAIN-LMR sodium models include sodium atmosphere chemistry and sodium-concrete interaction models. This paper presents sodium property models, the implemented models, implementation issues, and a path towards validation against existing experimental data.

Louie, David↗

Detecting and quantifying materials in containers utilizing an inverse algorithm with adaptive regularization

A method, system and computer program product for automatically detecting and quantifying materials in containers (e.g., luggage, storage containers, equipment or componentry for processing or handling). An X-ray radiograph of a container is generated. A set of materials of interest (e.g., plutonium, steel) is selected to determine if the object comprises or contains materials of interest. An estimate of the areal densities or thicknesses of each of the selected materials of interest is obtained by minimizing an objective function with respect to the areal densities or thicknesses for each of the selected materials of interest. Adaptive regularization is implemented in the objective function to improve optimization results by adding a constraint to the objective function, where the constraint penalizes the objective function for solutions that do not line up with a prior belief about the solution form (e.g., the solution should not be negative or especially noisy).

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Methods of forming aromatic containing compounds

Methods that include acylating an aromatic containing compound by reacting the aromatic containing compound with an anhydride containing compound to form an acylated aromatic containing compound.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Stretchable electronic systems with containment chambers

The present invention provides electronic systems, including device arrays, comprising functional device(s) and/or device component(s) at least partially enclosed via one or more containment chambers, such that the device(s) and/or device component(s) are at least partially, and optionally entirely, immersed in a containment fluid. Useful containment fluids for use in containment chambers of electronic devices of the invention include lubricants, electrolytes and/or electronically resistive fluids. In some embodiments, for example, electronic systems of the invention comprise one or more electronic devices and/or device components provided in free-standing and/or tethered configurations that decouple forces originating upon deformation, stretching or compression of a supporting substrate from the free standing or tethered device or device component.

Rogers, John A.↗