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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Guarded Hot Cylinder Apparatus for Characterization of Thermal Insulation Systems and Materials at Liquid Hydrogen Temperatures

As interest in liquid hydrogen (LH2) continues to grow within the energy and mobility sectors, so does the demand for testing capabilities at deep cryogenics temperatures. However, cost-, complexity-, and safety-related challenges associated with handling LH2 effectively limit the landscape of possible options. As an alternative, LH2 temperatures can be accessed via a helium-based cryogenic refrigerator, or “cryocooler”. Recently, NASA and its partners CB&I and Shell began the development of a cryocooler-based calorimeter to characterize the thermal performance of insulations and other materials down to 20 K. Deemed the Guarded Hot Cylinder (GHC), the apparatus utilizes a small vacuum chamber in conjunction with a GM cryocooler and trim heater to control the cold boundary temperature. A sealed, cylindrical copper cup bolts to the cryocooler and houses the material specimen, with an internal, cylindrical test heater assembly to maintain the warm boundary. The steady-state heat load, traveling radially through the specimen, is measured via the electrical input power to the test heater and then used to evaluate the material’s absolute thermal performance. Initial checkout and validation of the GHC using a common bulk-fill insulation material showed close agreement with published data from standardized LN2 boiloff calorimetry testing. The instrument is now considered a lab standard, with the goal of incorporating it into the ASTM C1774 standard in the future, and it is in continuous use, examining insulation materials for next-generation LH2 applications.

Swanger, Adam (ORCID:000000021487592X)↗
DOE OSTI2022

RADiCAL—Precision Timing, Ultracompact, Radiation-Hard Electromagnetic Calorimetry

To address the challenges of providing high-performance calorimetry in future hadron collider experiments under conditions of high luminosity and high radiation (FCC-hh environments), we conducted R&D on advanced calorimetry techniques suitable for such operation, based on scintillation and wavelength-shifting technologies and photosensor (SiPM and SiPM-like) technology. In particular, we focused our attention on ultra-compact radiation-hard EM calorimeters based on modular structures (RADiCAL modules) consisting of alternating layers of the very dense absorber and scintillating plates, read out via radiation hard wavelength shifting (WLS) solid fiber or capillary elements to photosensors positioned either proximately or remotely, depending upon their radiation tolerance. RADiCAL modules provide the capability to measure simultaneously and with high precision the position, energy and timing of EM showers. This paper provides an overview of the instrumentation and photosensor R&D associated with the RADiCAL program.

Anderson, Thomas↗
DOE OSTI2022

Preliminary Results from ADRIANO2 Test Beams

A novel high-granularity, dual-readout calorimetric technique (ADRIANO2) is under development as part of the research program of T1604 Collaboration. (Talk Presented at the 19th International Conference on Calorimetry in Particle Physics (CALOR 2022), University of Sussex, Sussex, UK, 16–20 May 2022). The building block of such a calorimeter consists of a pair of optically isolated, small size tiles made of scintillating plastic and lead glass. The prompt Čerenkov light from the glass can be exploited to perform high resolution timing measurements, while the high granularity provides good resolution of the spatial components of the shower. Dual-readout compensation and particle flow techniques can be applied simultaneously to the scintillation and to the Čerenkov section, providing excellent energy resolution as well as PID particle identification. These characteristics make ADRIANO2 a 6-D detector, suited for High Energy as well as High Intensity experiments. A report on the status of the ADRIANO2 project, preliminary measurements of light yield, and current and future R&D plans by T1604 Collaboration are discussed.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

The SiD Digital ECal Based on Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors

The SiD detector concept capitalizes on high granularity in its tracker and calorimeter to achieve the momentum resolution and particle flow calorimetry physics goals in a compact design. The collaboration has had a long interest in the potential for improved granularity in both the tracker and ECal with an application of monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS) and a study of MAPS in the SiD ECal was described in the ILC TDR. Work is progressing on the MAPS application in an upgraded SiD design with a prototyping design effort for a common SiD tracker/ECal design based on stitched reticules to achieve 10 × 10 cm2 sensors with 25 × 100 micron2 pixels. Application of large area MAPS in these systems would limit delicate and expensive bump-bonding, provide possibilities for better timing, and should be significantly cheaper than the TDR concept due to being a more conventional CMOS foundry process. The small pixels significantly improve shower separation. Recent simulation studies confirm previous performance projections, indicating electromagnetic energy resolution based on digital hit cluster counting provides better performance than the SiD TDR analog design based on 13 mm2 pixels. Furthermore, the two shower separation is excellent down to the millimeter scale. Geant4 simulation results demonstrate these expectations.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Hadron-Induced Radiation Damage in Fast Heavy Inorganic Scintillators

Fast and heavy inorganic scintillators with suitable radiation tolerance are required to face the challenges presented at future hadron colliders of high energy and intensity. Up to 5 GGy and 5 × 1018 neq/cm2 of one-MeV-equivalent neutron fluence is expected by the forward calorimeter at the Future Hadron Circular Collider. This paper reports the results of an investigation of proton- and neutron-induced radiation damage in various fast and heavy inorganic scintillators, such as LYSO:Ce crystals, LuAG:Ce ceramics, and BaF2 crystals. The experiments were carried out at the Blue Room with 800 MeV proton fluence up to 3.0 × 1015 p/cm2 and at the East Port with one MeV equivalent neutron fluence up to 9.2 × 1015 neq/cm2, respectively, at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center. Experiments were also carried out at the CERN PS-IRRAD proton facility with 24 GeV proton fluence up to 8.2 × 1015 p/cm2. Research and development will continue to develop LuAG:Ce ceramics and BaF2:Y crystals with improved optical quality, F/T ratio, and radiation hardness.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Fabrication and Characterization of Non-Equilibrium Plasma-Treated PVDF Nanofiber Membrane-Based Sensors

The effect of a self-pulsing non-equilibrium plasma discharge on piezoelectric PVDF nanofiber membrane was investigated. The plasma discharge was generated in air with a DC power source, with a discharge current of 0.012 mA, a nominal interelectrode separation of 1 mm, and discharge voltage of ~970 V. In a continuous fabrication process, the electrospinning method was used to generate thin nanofiber membrane with a flow rate of 0.7–1 mL h -1 and 25–27 kV voltage to obtain the nanofiber with high sensitivity and a higher degree of alignment and uniformity over a larger area. Plasma treatment was applied on both single layer and multi-layer (three layers) nanomembranes. In addition, simultaneously, the nanofiber membranes were heat-treated at a glass transition temperature (80–120 °C) and then underwent plasma treatment. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that the area under the curve at 840 and 1272 cm -1 (β phase) increased due to the application of plasma and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) indicated an increase in the degree of crystallinity. Finally, PVDF sensors were fabricated from the nanofibers and their piezoelectric properties were characterized. The results suggested that compared to the pristine samples the piezoelectric properties in the plasma and plasma-heat-treated sensors were enhanced by 70% and 85% respectively.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

The CMS Magnetic Field Measuring and Monitoring Systems

This review article describes the performance of the magnetic field measuring and monitoring systems for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector. To cross-check the magnetic flux distribution obtained with the CMS magnet model, four systems for measuring the magnetic flux density in the detector volume were used. The magnetic induction inside the 6 m diameter superconducting solenoid was measured and is currently monitored by four nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probes installed using special tubes outside the barrel hadron calorimeter. Two more NRM probes were installed at the faces of the tracking system. The field inside the superconducting solenoid was precisely measured in 2006 in a cylindrical volume of 3.448 m in diameter and 7 m in length using 10 three-dimensional (3D) B-sensors based on the Hall effect. These B-sensors were installed on each of the two propeller arms of an automated field-mapping machine. In addition to these measurement systems, a system for monitoring the magnetic field during the CMS detector operation has been developed. Inside the solenoid in the horizontal plane, 4 3D B-sensors were installed at the faces of the tracking detector. Twelve 3D B-sensors were installed on the surfaces of the flux-return yoke nose disks. Seventy 3D B-sensors were installed in the air gaps of the CMS magnet yoke. A specially developed flux loop technique was used for the most complex measurements of the magnetic flux density inside the steel blocks of the CMS magnet yoke. The flux loops are installed in 22 sections of the flux-return yoke blocks. The areas enclosed by these coils varied from 0.3 to 1.59 m$^{2}$ in the blocks of the barrel wheels and from 0.5 to 1.12 m$^{2}$ in the blocks of the yoke endcap disks. The development of these systems and the results of the magnetic flux density measurements across the CMS magnet are presented and discussed in this review article.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

High-resolution Laboratory Measurements of K-shell X-Ray Line Polarization and Excitation Cross Sections in Helium-like S XV Ions

We report measurements of electron-impact excitation cross sections for the strong K-shell n = 2 → 1 transitions in S xv, using the LLNL EBIT-I electron beam ion trap, two crystal spectrometers, and the EBIT Calorimeter Spectrometer. The cross sections are determined by direct normalization to the well-known cross sections of radiative electron capture, measured simultaneously. Using contemporaneous polarization measurements with the two crystal spectrometers, whose dispersion planes are oriented parallel and perpendicular to the electron beam direction, the polarization of the direct excitation line emission is determined, and in turn the isotropic total cross sections are extracted. We further experimentally investigate various line-formation mechanisms, finding that radiative cascades and collisional inner-shell ionization dominate the degree of linear polarization and total line-emission cross sections of the forbidden line, z.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Gamma-Ray Emission from Galaxies Hosting Molecular Outflows

Many star-forming galaxies and those hosting active galactic nuclei show evidence of massive outflows of material in a variety of phases including ionized, neutral atomic, and molecular. Molecular outflows in particular have been the focus of recent interest as they may be responsible for removing gas from the galaxy, thereby suppressing star formation. As material is ejected from the cores of galaxies, interactions of the outflowing material with the interstellar medium can accelerate cosmic rays and produce high-energy gamma rays. In this work, we search for gamma-ray emission from a sample of local galaxies known to host molecular outflows using data collected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope. We employ a stacking technique in order to search for and characterize the average gamma-ray emission properties of the sample. Gamma-ray emission is detected from the galaxies in our sample at the 4.4σ level with a power-law photon index of Γ ≈ 2 in the 1–800 GeV energy range. The emission is found to correlate with tracers of star formation activity, namely the 8–1000 μm infrared luminosity. We also find that the observed signal can be predominantly attributed to H II galaxies hosting energy-driven outflows. While we do not find evidence suggesting that the outflows are accelerating charged particles directly, galaxies with molecular outflows may produce more gamma rays than galaxies without outflows. In particular, the set consisting of gamma-ray-detected galaxies with molecular outflows are nearly perfect calorimeters and may be future targets for searches of high-energy neutrinos.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Laboratory Measurements of n >= 3 K-shell Transition Energies of Sulfur Ions from F-like S viii to Li-like S xiv

Inner-shell transitions are ubiquitous in nonequilibrium collisionally ionized plasmas, such as supernova remnants, and in photoionized plasmas, such as outflows from active galactic nuclei and X-ray binaries. Inner-shell X-ray emission can help determine key parameters of these systems, such as ionization time, τ, and ionization parameter, ξ. Despite their importance, only theoretical inner-shell transition energies are available for many ions. To provide experimental benchmarks, we have measured the dominant n → 1 K-shell transitions of sulfur ions where n ≥ 3 from Li-like S xiv to F-like S viii using LLNL’s SuperEBIT electron beam ion trap and the NASA/GSFC EBIT Calorimeter Spectrometer (ECS). We identify over 30 spectral features and measure their energies with uncertainties in the ∼0.1–1 eV range. We compare these results to Flexible Atomic Code (FAC) and multireference Møller–Plesset (MR-MP) calculations and find differences between theory and experiment of ∼1 eV for FAC and <0.5 eV for most MR-MP calculations. We also compare these results to two widely used atomic databases, AtomDB and CHIANTI, and find discrepancies as high as 7 eV. Furthermore, many transitions are missing from these databases despite being prominent in our data.

Atomic data benchmarking↗
DOE OSTI2020

Toward the Frontiers of Particle Physics With the Muon $g\textrm{-}2$ Experiment

The Muon $g\textrm{-}2$ Experiment (E989) at Fermilab has a goal of measuring the muon anomaly ($a_\mu$) with unprecedented precision using positive muons. This measurement is motivated by the difference between the previous Brookhaven $a_\mu$ measurement and Standard Model prediction exceeding three standard deviations, which hints at the possibility of physics beyond the Standard Model. Muons are circulated in a storage ring, and the measurement requires a precise determination of the muon anomalous precession frequency (spin precession relative to momentum) from the resulting decay positron time and energy measurements collected with calorimeters. The average magnetic field seen by the muons needs to be known with high precision, and so the storage ring magnetic field is shimmed to be very uniform and is continually monitored with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probes. Detailed Muon Campus beamline and muon storage ring simulations are also required for quantifying beam dynamics and spin-related systematic effects in the determination of the muon anomalous precession frequency, e.g. muon losses during the measurement window. At the time of the conference, the experiment has recently commenced Run-3, and the release of Run-1 physics results is planned for 2020.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Laser Response in ECAL Crystals in CMS Detector

The dataset contains the Laser responses of the Lead-Tungstate crystals in the Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) of the CMS Experiment recorded during the Run 2 (2016-2018) of LHC running. The datasets consists of two tar folders: one corresponding to the "plus" side of the detector and one corresponding to the "minus" side. Each folder contains files in csv format, each file corresponding to the histories of all crystals in each "ieta" ring. The detailed description of the columns can be found under the section names "dataset" on Github pages at https://fair-umn.github.io/fair_ecal_monitoring.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Global polarization of hyperons and spin alignment of vector mesons in quark matters

Relativistic heavy ion collider (RHIC) as a dedicated nuclear facility has made a few major discoveries in physics. This year marks the 30th year STAR Collaboration formation and the 23th year of STAR detector operation and data collection at RHIC. In the last two decades, STAR has collected many datasets, exhibiting scientific versatility and flexibility of the RHIC facility. The total dataset in the first year is less than 1 million good events, and currently there are about 1 billion events per dataset. The Global Hyperon Polarization was proposed in 2004. This immediately prompted the STAR Collaboration to search for this phenomenon from the early datasets. The null results were presented at Quark Matter Conference in Shanghai in 2006 and subsequently published. Although there were peripheral and continuous efforts in the following decade, no positive result has been observed experimentally. This situation changed in the following decade with the upgrade of high data rate and time-of-flight (TOF) detector and the progress of the Beam Energy Scan Phase I (BES-I). The experimental discoveries of the global polarization of hyperons in 2017 and the spin alignment of vector mesons in 2023 at RHIC-STAR confirm the theory which was established nearly twenty years ago. The theory and these measurements open the way to studying the properties of the hot and dense nuclear matter created in high-energy heavy ion collisions from a new degree of freedom, spin. We briefly review these discoveries from the proposals of theory to the experimental measurements, and summarize the related measurements at the existing facilities and the theoretical explanations to the original proposal. The basic understanding and the original proposal are still valid and fundamental, that is, the angular momentum of system can transform into a spin effect observable in experiment. However, it appears that in each case a new model is needed to explain the new experimental observation. We need a more basic theory to help us unify all these spin related phenomena. Over the past five years, STAR has successfully installed 3 new detectors and we have begun to see the physical analysis results from datasets with those new functions. What makes the STAR detector viable after 20 years of operation is its continuous evolution through successful upgrades, with new scientific programs added year by year. The next big thing is to forward upgrade a tracking system (3 layers of silicon strips and 4 layers of sTGC chambers) and a calorimetry system (electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters). In addition to studying the spin structure of protons by using the polarized proton beams at RHIC, the upgrades also provide a unique ability to investigate the origin of Λ Global Polarization as a function of rapidity and rapidity (de-)correlations in Au+Au collisions.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2020

The Detectors of the Mu2e Experiment

The Mu2e experiment aims to test Charge Lepton Flavour Violation to an unprecedented level, enhancing the current sensitivity by four orders of magnitude for the neutrinoless conversion of muons into electrons. A series of graded solenoids convey an intense, pulsed muon beam to an aluminum target. The main detector components are a low mass straw drift tubes tracker, a pure Cesium Iodide calorimeter and an extruded plastic scintillator cosmic ray veto. Requirements, tests on prototypes and status of the production will be discussed.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Graph Neural Networks for Particle Reconstruction in High Energy Physics detectors

Pattern recognition problems in high energy physics are notably different from traditional machine learning applications in computer vision. Reconstruction algorithms identify and measure the kinematic properties of particles produced in high energy collisions and recorded with complex detector systems. Two critical applications are the reconstruction of charged particle trajectories in tracking detectors and the reconstruction of particle showers in calorimeters. These two problems have unique challenges and characteristics, but both have high dimensionality, high degree of sparsity, and complex geometric layouts. Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are a relatively new class of deep learning architectures which can deal with such data effectively, allowing scientists to incorporate domain knowledge in a graph structure and learn powerful representations leveraging that structure to identify patterns of interest. In this work we demonstrate the applicability of GNNs to these two diverse particle reconstruction problems.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

A High Precision Measurement of the Proton Charge Radius at JLab

The elastic electron-proton (e-p) scattering and the spectroscopy of hydrogen atoms are the two traditional methods to determine the proton charge radius (r p ). In 2010, a new method using muonic hydrogen (µH) 1 spectroscopy reported a r p result that was nearly ten times more precise but significantly smaller than the values from the compilation of all previous r p measurements. This discrepancy is often referred to as the "proton charge radius puzzle". In order to investigate the puzzle, the PRad experiment (E12-11-106) was first proposed in 2011 and performed in 2016 in Hall B at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, with both 1.1 and 2.2 GeV electron beams. The experiment measured the e-p elastic scattering cross sections in an unprecedented low values of momentum transfer squared region (Q 2 = 2.1× 10 -4 -0.06 (GeV/c) 2 ), with a sub-percent precision. The PRad experiment utilized a calorimetric method that was magnetic-spectrometer-free. Its detector setup included a large acceptance and high resolution calorimeter (HyCal), and two large-area, high spatial-resolution Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors. To have a better control over the systematic uncertainties, the absolute e-p elastic scattering cross section was normalized to that of the well-known Møller scattering process, which was measured simultaneously during the experiment. For each beam energy, all data with different Q 2 were collected simultaneously with the same detector setup, therefore sharing the same integrated luminosity. The windowless H 2 gas-flow target utilized in the experiment largely removed a typical background source, the target cell windows. The proton charge radius was determined as r p = 0.831±0.007 stat. ±0.012 p fm, which is smaller than the average r p from previous e-p elastic scattering experiments, but in agreement with the µH spectroscopic results within the experimental uncertainties.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2020

Measurement of 3-Flavour Neutrino Oscillation Parameters in the NOvA Experiment

NOvA is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment consisting of two functionally identical tracking calorimeters, a Near and Far Detector, that measure neutrino interactions induced by the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory’s NuMI beam at baselines of 1 km and 810 km, respectively. The NuMI beam can be configured to produce either a primary ν µ neutrino or $\bar{ν}$ µ anti-neutrino beam. Neutrino oscillations are observed and measured by the analysis of ν µ + $\bar{ν}$ µ disappearance and νe + $\bar{ν}$ e appearance in the beam, comparing the neutrino energy spectra in the Near and Far detectors means that neutrino oscillation parameters sin 2 θ 23 , |Δ$m^2_{32}$|, and δ CP can be constrained. This thesis presents the 2018 NOvA ν µ +$\bar{ν}$ µ disappearance, ν e +$\bar{ν}$ e appearance, and combined analyses using both neutrino and anti-neutrino data, where oscillation fits have been performed, where possible, on an event-by-event basis rather than on a bin-by-bin basis as has conventionally been used in NOvA oscillation analyses. This allows for better precision in applying both neutrino oscillation probabilities and systematic uncertainties. Furthermore, oscillation analyses for the disappearance, appearance, and combined channels are presented using an unbinned likelihood fit and compared with the equivalent binned χ 2 likelihood fit used in the standard analysis. The 14 ktonne detector equivalent beam exposures used for this thesis are 8.85 × 10 20 and 6.91 × 10 20 protons on target for neutrino and antineutrino data respectively, corresponding to 5 years of NOvA data taking. A combined ν µ + $\bar{ν}$ µ disappearance and ν e + $\bar{ν}$ e appearance fit to the Far Detector data, assuming normal mass ordering and using the event-by-event oscillation and unbinned fitting methodologies, produces oscillation parameter constraints of Δ$m^2_{32}$ = (2.50$^{+0.08}_{-0.06}$) × 10 -3 eV 2 , sin 2 θ 23 = 0.59$^{+0.02}_{-0.04}$, and δ CP = 0.72$^{+0.5}_{-0.9}$π.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Trigger-DAQ and Slow Controls Systems in the Mu2e Experiment

The muon campus program at Fermilab includes the Mu2e experiment that will search for a charged-lepton flavor violating processes where a negative muon converts into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus, improving by four orders of magnitude the search sensitivity reached so far. Mu2e's Trigger and Data Acquisition System (TDAQ) uses otsdaq as its solution. Developed at Fermilab, otsdaq uses the artdaq DAQ framework and art analysis framework, under the-hood, for event transfer, filtering, and processing. otsdaq is an online DAQ software suite with a focus on flexibility and scalability, while providing a multi-user, web-based, interface accessible through the Chrome or Firefox web browser. The detector Read Out Controller (ROC), from the tracker and calorimeter, stream out zero-suppressed data continuously to the Data Transfer Controller (DTC). Data is then read over the PCIe bus to a software filter algorithm that selects events which are finally combined with the data flux that comes froma Cosmic Ray Ve to System (CRV). A Detector Control System (DCS) for monitoring, controlling, alarming, and archiving has been developed using the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) Open Source Platform. The DCS System has also been itegrated into otsdaq. The installation of the TDAQ and the DCS systems in the Mu2e building is planned for 2021-2022, and a prototype has been built at Fermilab's Feynman Computing Center. We report here on the developments and achievements of the integration of Mu2e's DCS system into the online otsdaq software.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗