Operating characteristics of a transverse-flow DF-CO2 purely chemical laser
Transverse flow deuterium fluoride-carbon dioxide chemical laser for CW output without external energy source
Cool, T. A.↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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NRAP-open-IAM: A flexible open-source integrated-assessment-model for geologic carbon storage risk assessment and management
Large-scale implementation of geologic carbon storage (GCS) to help reduce atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions requires stakeholder confidence that injected CO2 will remain contained and that potential subsurface environmental risks are acceptably small and manageable. The U.S. Department of Energy’s National Risk Assessment Partnership (NRAP) has developed an open-source integrated assessment model (NRAP-Open-IAM) to help address questions about a potential GCS site’s ability to effectively contain injected CO 2 and protect groundwater and other overlying environmentally sensitive receptors. NRAP-Open-IAM allows a user to: (1) incorporate relevant site geologic and injection scenario data; (2) characterize important site features and events;(3) couple fast prediction models of various system components of the engineered geologic system; and (4) execute stochastic, dynamic simulation of whole GCS system performance, leakage risk assessment, and uncertainty quantification. NRAP-Open-IAM is available on GitLab (https://gitlab.com/NRAP/OpenIAM), and is accompanied by multiple application examples and detailed user and developer guides.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Reconstructing Magma Storage Depths for the 2018 Kilauean Eruption from melt inclusion CO2 Contents: The importance of Vapor Bubbles
The 2018 Lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) eruption of Kīlauea Volcano and the accompanying collapse of the summit caldera marked the most destructive phase of activity on Hawai’i in the last 200 years. The integration of petrological data extracted from lava samples collected throughout the eruption with geodetic data examining the caldera collapse event, and estimates of the co-erupted flux of SO2 from the main eruptive fissure (Fissure 8), provides an exceptional opportunity to determine the reservoir geometry and magma transport paths supplying Kīlauea’s LERZ. The forsterite contents of erupted olivines and the degree of disequilibrium with their carrier melts indicate that two distinct olivine populations were erupted from Fissure 8. Melt inclusion entrapment pressures reveal that more evolved olivines (Fo<81.5) crystallized at ~2 km depth within the shallower Halema’uma’u reservoir, while more primitive olivines (Fo>81.5)crystallized within the deeper South Caldera reservoir at ~3–5 km depth. Crucially, primitive olivines experienced extensive post-entrapment crystallization, driving the growth of a vapor bubble. Raman spectroscopy reveals that this bubble contains up to 99% of the total inclusionCO2 budget (median=93%). Measurements of CO2 in only the glass phase would have underestimated entrapment depths by up to 60× (median=11×), and the importance of the SC reservoir as a source of magma to Fissure 8 would have been overlooked. Overall, we demonstrate that Raman measurements of bubbles, along with careful choice of suitably-calibrated H2O-CO2 solubility model, is vital to place accurate constraints on the depths of magma storage regions supplying volcanic eruptions.
SIMS↗
New Approach to Characterize CO2 and CH4 Emissions over Sacramento, California Using an Airborne Aircraft Measurement
Emission fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) over Sacramento, California, USA, are estimated using an aircraft equipped with a cavity ring-down greenhouse gas sensor through the Alpha Jet Atmospheric eXperiment (AJAX). To better quantify the emission fluxes over the entire city and two small point sources within the area, we designed flights in a cylindrical pattern and computed the emission fluxes from 9 flights over all seasons using the Kriging method based on Gausss divergence theorem. The concentrations at the downwind side of Sacramento show somewhat persistent patterns among the 9 flights, but the magnitudes and locations of the fluxes vary depending on the individual weather conditions and seasonality on a given flight day. The net emission fluxes tend to be smaller in summer (July) than winter (November). Both trace gas mixing ratios as well as the wind speed and direction show high spatial variability both horizontally and vertically. The local maximum emission fluxes over a landfill and a rice field measured on July 29, 2015, were 2-3 times lower than the maximum measured over the entire city. These low emission fluxes suggest that not only the local source but also the transport of greenhouse gases due to diurnal and seasonal variation in winds have a strong effect on the CO2 and CH4 flux estimation of the both local emissions and city-size emissions. Our results highlight that the aircraft-based approach is effective and useful for capturing city-size emission fluxes and estimating the greenhouse gas emissions and its sources.
airborne↗
Using In-Situ Deposition of Metallic Thin Films on Mars to Monitor Atmospheric H20
We describe the use of a novel sensor, designed to characterize the reactive nature of the Martian atmosphere, to also characterize the instantaneous abundance of atmospheric H,O. The sensor deposits, in situ, a thin silver film onto a sapphire substrate and monitors oxidation by measuring resistance of the Ag film during both deposition and subsequent oxidation [1,2]. . The evaporation source is placed in the center of a hollow, open-ended tube. On flash heating the source, evaporated metallic silver rapidly reacts with oxidizing gases in the tube, depositing on the tube walls as a resisitive Ag oxide film. Unoxidized silver deposits over the Ag oxides, once the oxidizing gases in the vicinity of the source have been consumed. Since the ends of the tube are open, atmospheric gases in the tube cause a time delay as the evaporated silver initially reacts with the available O2, and H2O; once oxidizing gases in the tube are significantly depleted, a silver film closes the chemiresistor circuit. In principle this operation mode provides a repeatable measure of the variable H2O abundance, since O2, levels are constant in the atmosphere. To explore the utility of the instrument as an H2O sensor, predict its behavior, and identify possible failure modes, we developed a numerical model of the instrument, and exercised it for Mars conditions. The model predicts the behavior of the electrical circuit, the temperature dependence of resistivity for each component, and the resultant Joule heating. The model balances Joule heating against radiation, sensible heat loss to ambient CO2, and, latent heat loss from sublimating Ag. The flux of Ag atoms from the source is tracked continuously. In the gas phase, the number density of Ag, O2, and H2O is calculated, along with their reaction rates on collision. The model suggests that Ag substantially depletes H2O only near the center of the tube. The model supports the hypothesis that the onset of high conductivity between the A u electrodes is a function of the H2O abundance in the ambient gas, but only to a limit; when H2O abundances are buffered at or above 240K (an H2O abundance that would not have occurred on Mars), metallic Ag never deposits in excess of Ago, and the circuit does not close. A significant difference in the Mars simulation is that the Ag source sublimates more quickly, primarily because of differences in sensible heat fluxes from the source. This allows subsequent heating of the W filament used to support the Ag source. Had the originally-designed experimental sequence been carried out on Mars, the filament might have melted, making subsequent investigations impossible.
Zent, A. P.↗
Carbon Storage Open Database
The Carbon Storage Open Database is a collection of spatial data obtained from publicly available sources published by several NATCARB Partnerships and other organizations. The carbon storage open database was collected from open-source data on ArcREST servers and websites in 2018, 2019, 2021, and 2022. The original database was published on the former GeoCube, which is now EDX Spatial, in July 2020, and has since been updated with additional data resources from the Energy Data eXchange (EDX) and external public data resources. The shapefile geodatabase is available in total, and has also been split up into multiple databases based on the maps produced for EDX spatial. These are topical map categories that describe the type of data, and sometimes the region for which the data relates. The data is separated in case there is only a specific area or data type that is of interest for download. In addition to the geodatabases, this submission contains: 1. A ReadMe file describing the processing steps completed to collect and curate the data. 2. A data catalog of all feature layers within the database. Additional published resources are available that describe the work done to produce the geodatabase: Morkner, P., Bauer, J., Creason, C., Sabbatino, M., Wingo, P., Greenburg, R., Walker, S., Yeates, D., Rose, K. 2022. Distilling Data to Drive Carbon Storage Insights. Computers & Geosciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2021.104945 Morkner, P., Bauer, J., Shay, J., Sabbatino, M., and Rose, K. An Updated Carbon Storage Open Database - Geospatial Data Aggregation to Support Scaling -Up Carbon Capture and Storage. United States: N. p., 2022. Web. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1890730 Morkner, P., Rose, K., Bauer, J., Rowan, C., Barkhurst, A., Baker, D.V., Sabbatino, M., Bean, A., Creason, C.G., Wingo, P., and Greenburg, R. Tools for Data Collection, Curation, and Discovery to Support Carbon Sequestration Insights. United States: N. p., 2020. Web. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1777195 Disclaimer: This project was funded by the United States Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, in part, through a site support contract. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor the support contractor, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
carbon storage↗
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopic modeling for combustion diagnostics
The status of modelling the coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) spectra of molecules important in combustion, such as N2, H2O, and CO2, is reviewed. It is shown that accurate modelling generally requires highly precise knowledge of line positions and reasonable estimates of Raman linewidths, and the sources of these data are discussed. CARS technique and theory is reviewed, and the status of modelling the phenomenon of collisional narrowing at pressures well above atmospheric for N2, H2O, and CO2 is described. It is shown that good agreement with experiment can be achieved using either the Gordon rotational diffusion model or phenomenological models for inelastic energy transfer rates.
Hall, R. J.↗
A Scroll Filter System for In-Situ Resource Utilization CO2 Acquisition of the Martian Atmosphere
The Martian atmosphere, consisting mainly of gaseous CO2, is regarded as one of the main planetary resources capable of providing a significant portion of the oxygen that will be needed for human missions to the planet's surface. NASA's In-Situ Re-source Utilization (ISRU) project supports the development of oxygen generation technologies that can convert the Martian atmosphere into usable oxygen. The thin CO2 based Martian atmosphere, however, carries certain levels of dust stirred up by the Martian winds that must be filtered out at the front end of any CO2 acquisition system. Thus, the ISRU project is developing particulate filters as part of a Mars CO2 acquisition sys-tem. A prototype filter system, known as the Scroll Filter, is being tested under simulated Martian atmospheric conditions in the Mar Atmospheric Flow Loop at the NASA GRC. The measurement techniques as well as the preliminary results from a series of performance tests will be discussed.
Agui, Juan H.↗
Geologic Carbon Storage of Anthropogenic CO2 under the Colorado Plateau in Emery County, Utah
Geologic Carbon Storage (GCS) is a promising technology for storing large volumes of anthropogenic CO2 effectively and permanently. Numerical simulations are an integral part of site selection and characterization for any potential GCS site. As part of the DOE-funded CarbonSAFE Rocky Mountains Phase I project, a regional GCS analysis was undertaken to understand the efficacy of storing CO2 emissions from the power generation and heavy industry in central Utah’s favorable geology. In this study, the injection of CO2 for geologic storage was simulated in the Navajo Sandstone Formation in Emery County, Utah. Carbon dioxide was sourced from regional power generation stations and heavy industries throughout Utah, with an emphasis on emissions reduction at the Hunter Power Plant near Castle Dale, Utah. A simulation grid was extracted from the project’s geological model encompassing an area around Price, Huntington, and Castle Dale in central Utah. The Navajo Sandstone Member of the Glen Canyon Group was the target of CO2 injection with the overlying Carmel formation providing the primary seal. A suite of simulations was performed assessing the viability of this area for permanent CO2 storage. Results indicate that the area can not only store 46 million metric tons of anthropogenic CO2, meeting the project goals, but this area has the capacity to securely store at least 1.3 billion tons of CO2, suggesting the injection site and surrounding geology are suitable locations for commercial-scale GCS.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
Volcanic CO2 Abundance of Kilauea Plume Retrieved by Meand of AVIRIS Data
Absorbing the electromagnetic radiation in several regions of the solar spectrum, CO2 plays an important role in the Earth radiation budget since it produces the greenhouse effect. Many natural processes in the Earth s system add and remove carbon dioxide. Overall, measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide at different sites around the world show an increased carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. At Mauna Loa Observatory (Hawaii) the measured carbon dioxide increased from 315 to 365 ppm, in the period 1958 2000 [Keeling et al., 2001]. While at the large scale, the relationship between CO2 increase and global warming is established [IPCC, 1996], at the local scale, many studies are still needed to understand regional and local sources of carbon dioxide, such as volcanoes. The volcanic areas are particularly rich in carbon dioxide; this is due to magma degassing in the summit craters region of active volcanoes, and to the presence of fractures and active faults [Giammanco et al., 1998]. Several studies estimate a global flux of volcanic CO2 (34+/-24)10(exp 6) tons/day from effusive volcanic emissions, such as the tropospheric volcanic plume (Table 1) [McClelland et al., 1989]. Plumes are a turbulent mixture of gases, solid particles and liquid droplets, emitted continuously at high temperature from summit craters, fumarolic fields or during eruptive episodes. Inside the plume, water vapour represents 70 90% of the volcanic gases. The main gaseous components are CO2, SO2, HCl, H2, H2S, HF, CO, N2 and CH4. Other plume components are volcanic ash, aqueous and acid droplets and solid sulphur-derived particles [Sparks et al., 1997]. Volcanic gases and aerosols are evidences of volcanic activity [Spinetti et al., 2003] and they have important climatic and environmental effects [Fiocco et al., 1994]. For example, Etna volcano is one of the world s major volcanic gas sources [Allard et al., 1991]. New studies on volcanic gaseous emissions have pointed out that a variation of the gas ratio CO2/SO2 is related to eruptive episodes [Caltabiano et al., 1994]. However, measurements and monitoring of volcanic carbon dioxide are difficult and often hazardous, due to the high background presence of atmospheric CO2 and the inaccessibility of volcanic sites. Hyperspectral remote sensing is a suitable technique to overcome the difficulties of ground measurement. It permits a rapid, comprehensive view of volcanic plumes and their evolution over time, detection of all gases with absorption molecular lines within the sensor s multispectral range and, in general, measurement of all the volatile components evolving from craters. The molecular and particle plume components scatter and absorb incident solar radiation. The integral of the radiation difference composes the signal measured by the remote spectrometer. The inversion technique consists of retrieving the plume component concentrations, hence decomposing the signal into the different contributions. The accuracy of remote sensing techniques depends primarily on the sensor capability and sensitivity.
Spinetti, C.↗
Electrochemical Routes for the Valorization of Biomass-Derived Feedstocks: From Chemistry to Application
The drive to reduce consumption of fossil resources, coupled with expanding capacity for renewable electricity, invites the exploration of new routes to utilize this energy for the sustainable production of fuels, chemicals, and materials. Biomass represents a possible source of platform precursors for such commodities due to its inherent ability to fix CO2 in the form of multi-carbon organic molecules. Electrochemical methods for the valorization of biomass are thus intriguing, but there is a need to objectively evaluate this field and define the opportunity space by identifying pathways suited to electrochemistry. In this contribution we offer a comprehensive, critical review of recent advances in low-temperature (liquid phase), electrochemical reduction and oxidation of biomass-derived intermediates (polyols, furans, carboxylic acids, amino acids, and lignin), with emphasis on identifying the state-of-the-art for each documented reaction. Progress in computational modeling is also reviewed. We further suggest a number of possible reactions that have not yet been explored but which are expected to proceed based on established routes to transform specific functional groups. We conclude with a critical discussion of technological challenges for scale-up, fundamental research needs, process intensification opportunities (e.g., by pairing compatible oxidations and reductions), and new benchmarking standards that will be necessary to accelerate progress toward application in this still-nascent field.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
TCF High Efficiency Anaerobic Electroporation
The Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI) researchers were co-inventors of the technology that will be used on this project and have developed a more current version of the chip and controller. JBEI will also assist with the design of the pathways and implementation of pathways on the chip. LanzaTech has developed novel gas fermentation technology that captures and utilizes greenhouse gases for production of fuels and chemicals. In contrast to traditional fermentation that uses sugars as substrate (and releases CO2 as a byproduct), gas fermentation utilizes C1 substrates carbon monoxide (CO) or CO2. This enables a diverse range of feedstock options including waste gases from industrial sources (e.g., steel mills and processing plants) or syngas generated from any biomass resource (e.g., agricultural waste, municipal solid waste, or organic industrial waste). Biomass is then gasified, allowing for maximum yields and complete carbon utilization including the recalcitrant lignocellulosic fraction that cannot be utilized in traditional sugar fermentation.
09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
TCF High Efficiency Anaerobic Electroporation (CRADA Final Report)
The Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI) researchers were co-inventors of the technology that will be used on this project and have developed a more current version of the chip and controller. JBEI will also assist with the design of the pathways and implementation of pathways on the chip. LanzaTech has developed novel gas fermentation technology that captures and utilizes greenhouse gases for production of fuels and chemicals. In contrast to traditional fermentation that uses sugars as substrate (and releases CO2 as a byproduct), gas fermentation utilizes C1 substrates carbon monoxide (CO) or CO2. This enables a diverse range of feedstock options including waste gases from industrial sources (e.g., steel mills and processing plants) or syngas generated from any biomass resource (e.g., agricultural waste, municipal solid waste, or organic industrial waste). Biomass is then gasified, allowing for maximum yields and complete carbon utilization including the recalcitrant lignocellulosic fraction that cannot be utilized in traditional sugar fermentation. To maximize the value that can be added to the array of gas resources that the LanzaTech process can use as an input, LanzaTech has pioneered genetic modification of acetogens and developed a comprehensive set of genetic tools to perform routine strain modification, including genome editing tools as CRISPR/Cas9 and libraries of validated genetic parts as promoters and terminators. Using this platform, production of over 50 new molecules have been demonstrated directly from gas. For a few selected molecules production rates and yields have been optimized and surpass production of native producers and engineered E. coli or yeast strains, but a higher throughput approach for combinatorial optimization of pathways is required to further advance synthesis of additional products in parallel.
09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2): Science Overview and A-Train Synergy
NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) was designed to provide global estimates of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) with the sensitivity, accuracy and sampling density needed to quantify regional scale carbon sources and sinks and characterize their behavior over the annual cycle.
emissions↗
Ground Demonstration of Planetary Gas Lidar Based on Optical Parametric Amplifier
We report on the development effort of a nanosecond-pulsed optical parametric amplifier (OPA) for remote trace gas measurements for Mars and Earth. The OPA output has high spectral purity and is widely tunable both at near-infrared and mid-infrared wavelengths, with an optical-optica1 conversion efficiency of up to approx 39 %. Using this laser source, we demonstrated open-path measurements of CH4 (3291 nm and 1651 nm), CO2 (1573 nm), H2O (1652 nm), and CO (4764 nm) on the ground. The simplicity, tunability. and power scalability of the OPA make it a strong candidate for general planetary lidar instruments, which will offer important information on the origins of the planet's geology, atmosphere, and potential for biology,
Numata, Kenji↗
Electrons to Molecules by Engineering and Evolution: Biological Upgrading of Formate by Cupriavidus necator
Waste carbon from industrial point sources can be captured, stored, and/or transformed using electrochemical conversion or "electrons to molecules" technologies using low-cost renewable electricity. One such process involves electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to generate formate/formic acid, a C1 carboxylic acid. Formate is a promising potential feedstock for microbial upgrading, as it is water soluble and can be consumed as the sole source of carbon and energy by some microbial species, such as the soil bacterium Cupriavidus necator. Here we will present progress toward improving C. necator as a host for biological conversion of formate to value-added products. Using the power of adaptive laboratory evolution, we were able to isolate mutants of C. necator with significantly faster growth rates on formate. We then sequenced the genomes of these strains, elucidated the metabolic role of the mutations we found, and then used these insights to build rationally engineered strains that outperform even the best evolved isolates. These results highlight the utility of "genome streamlining" as a route for generating platform strains with potential industrial applications.
adaptive laboratory evolution↗
Carbon-Isotopic Dynamics of Streams, Taylor Valley, Antarctica: Biological Effects
We have investigated the role of biological processes in the C-isotopic dynamics of the aquatic ecosystems in Taylor Valley, Antarctica. This cold desert ecosystem is characterized by the complete lack of vascular plants, and the presence of algal mats in ephemeral streams and perennially ice covered lakes. Streams having abundant algal mats and mosses have very low sigma CO2 concentrations, as well as the most depleted delta C-13 values (-4%). Previous work has shown that algal mats in these streams have delta C-13 values averaging -7.01%. These values are similar to those observed in the algal mats in shallow areas of the lakes in Taylor Valley, where CO2 is thought to be colimiting to growth. These low Sigma CO2 concentrations, and delta C(13) signatures heavier than the algal mats, suggest that CO2 may be colimiting in the streams, as well. Streams with little algal growth, especially the longer ones in Fryxell Basin, have higher Sigma CO2 concentrations and much more enriched isotopic signatures (as high as +8%). In these streams, the dissolution of isotopically enriched, cryogenic CaCO3 is probably the major source of dissolved carbonate. The delta C(13) geochemistry of Antarctic streams is radically different from the geochemistry of more temperate streams, as it is not affected by terrestrially produced, isotopically depleted Sigma CO2. These results have important implications for the understanding of "biogenic" carbonate that might have been produced from aquatic ecosystems in the past on Mars.
Neumann, K.↗
The gathering firestorm in southern Amazonia
Wildfires, exacerbated by extreme weather events and land use, threaten to change the Amazon from a net carbon sink to a net carbon source. Here, we develop and apply a coupled ecosystem-fire model to quantify how greenhouse gas–driven drying and warming would affect wildfires and associated CO2 emissions in the southern Brazilian Amazon. Regional climate projections suggest that Amazon fire regimes will intensify under both low- and high-emission scenarios. Our results indicate that projected climatic changes will double the area burned by wildfires, affecting up to 16% of the region’s forests by 2050. Although these fires could emit as much as 17.0 Pg of CO2 equivalent to the atmosphere, avoiding new deforestation could cut total net fire emissions in half and help prevent fires from escaping into protected areas and indigenous lands. Aggressive efforts to eliminate ignition sources and suppress wildfires will be critical to conserve southern Amazon forests.
P. M. Brando↗