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DOE OSTI2025

First Results from a Nb3Sn-Coated 1.5-Cell 650 MHz SRF Cavity for Cryogen-Free Industrial Accelerators

First Results from a Nb3Sn-Coated 1.5-Cell 650 MHz SRF Cavity for Cryogen-Free Industrial Accelerators ABSTRACT = Fermilab is advancing the development of a compact, high-power electron beam accelerator using superconducting radio frequency (SRF) technology as a non-radioactive alternative to traditional radiological sources. The current design targets continuous-wave (CW) operation at \SI{1.6}{MeV} and \SI{20}{kW}. To ensure suitability for industrial environments, the system is being designed for cryogen-free operation, driving the adoption of a novel Nb$_3$Sn-coated 1.5-cell SRF cavity operating at \SI{650}{MHz}. This contribution reports on the fabrication, surface preparation, and Nb$_3$Sn coating process of the cavity, as well as first results from vertical test stand (VTS) measurements performed in a liquid helium bath. These initial tests mark a key milestone toward demonstrating the viability of conduction-cooled Nb$_3$Sn SRF cavities for industrial-scale deployment.

Tagdulang, N. [Fermilab]↗

DOE OSTI2022

Graph Embeddings for CEBAF Operations: Progress and Future Plans

We describe research towards leveraging deep learning on graph representations of the injector beamline at the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) in order to create a tool for improving the efficiency of beam tuning tasks. Specifically, we use graphs to represent the injector beamline at any arbitrary date and time and invoke a graph neural network to extract a low-dimensional, informative representation that can be visualized in two-dimensions. By analyzing years of operational data from the CEBAF archiver, good and bad regions of parameter space can be identified. The goal is to exercise this framework as a real-time tool to aid beam tuning, which represents the dominant source of machine downtime.

Tennant, C.↗

NASA NTRS1989

The effects of ion gun beam voltage on the electrical characteristics of NbCN/PbBi edge junctions

The authors have succeeded in fabricating high-quality submicron NbCN edge junctions using a technique which is commonly used to make Nb edge junctions. A modified commercial ion gun was used to cut an edge in SiO2/NbCN films partially covered with photoresist. An insulating barrier was then formed on the exposed edge by reactive ion beam oxidation, and a counterelectrode of PbBi was deposited. The electrical quality of the resulting junctions was found to be strongly influenced by the ion beam acceleration voltages used to cut the edge and to oxidize it. For low ion beam voltages, the junction quality parameter was as high as Vm = 55 mV (measured at 3 mV), but higher ion beam voltages yielded strikingly poorer quality junctions. In light of the small coherence length of NbN, the dependence of the electrical characteristics on ion beam voltage is presumably due to mechanical damage of the NbCN surface. In contrast, for similar ion beam voltages, no such dependence was found for Nb edge junctions.

Lichtenberger, A. W.↗

DOE OSTI2011

Status of High Power Tests of Normal Conducting Single-Cell Structures

We report the results of ongoing high power tests of single-cell standing wave structures. These tests are part of an experimental and theoretical study of rf breakdown in normal conducting structures at 11.4 GHz. The goal of this study is to determine the maximum gradient possibilities for normal-conducting rf powered particle beam accelerators. The test setup consists of reusable mode launchers and short test structures powered by SLACs XL-4 klystron. The mode launchers and structures were manufactured at SLAC and KEK and tested at the SLAC klystron test laboratory.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2012

Generation of solid-density ultraintense ion beams by a picosecond laser pulse of circular polarization

This contribution reports particle-in-cell numerical studies of deuteron beam acceleration by a picosecond laser pulse of circular polarization. The effect of laser wavelength {lambda} and the I{sub L}{lambda}{sup 2} product (I{sub L} is laser intensity) on the ion beam parameters is investigated. It is shown that at the I{sub L}{lambda}{sup 2} product fixed, the beam parameters ( , I{sub i}, F{sub i}) as well as the laser-ions energy conversion efficiency quickly increase with a decrease in the laser wavelength and the best results are achieved for a KrF laser ({lambda}= 0.248 {mu}m). In particular, a 2-ps KrF laser pulse of I{sub L}{lambda}{sup 2}{approx} 2 x 10{sup 20} Wcm{sup -2} {mu}m{sup 2} interacting with a 10-{mu}m deuteron target produces a quasi-monoenergetic, solid-density deuteron beam of parameters approaching those required for inertial confinement fusion fast ignition.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2024

FFA@CEBAF beam transport error and tolerance simulation studies

The Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) is a 12 GeV recirculating electron accelerator at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLAB). Major upgrades to the accelerator are being investigated which include a new 650 MeV injection beamline and state-of-the-art fixed-field alternating (FFA) gradient recirculation arcs. The upgrade will extend the energy of the electron beam to over 20 GeV. In this paper, we provide an error and tolerance simulation study of the amended beam optics transport of the existing accelerator tuned for 22 GeV operation. The study is conducted with the particle tracking codes elegant and Bmad in two parts. In the first part, we treat each section of the accelerator (electromagnetic arcs and linacs) modularly with ideal conditions at the beginning. The second part is a pseudo start-to-end (S2E) simulation with accumulated errors propagating from one beamline to the next.

Accelerator Physics↗

DOE OSTI2026

Current status of the electron transport line from RCS to ESR: RTE line

The electron injection system of the U.S. Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is located outside of the RHIC tunnel. Electrons beams accelerated by the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) must be transported to the Electron Storage Ring (ESR), which resides within the RHIC tunnel. To accomplish this, a dedicated beam transport line, referred to as RTE (RCS-to-ESR) line is being designed. The proposed conceptual design comprises three main sections; RCS extraction, a vertical bend and dispersion suppression region, and ESR injection matching. The extraction section uses pulsed kickers and septum magnets to achieve a total deflection angle of 3 degrees. To align the injection section with ESR, the beamline must provide a vertical elevation of 1.68 m, and an array of FODO cells is used to suppress the vertical dispersion. The total length of the RTE line is approximately 133 m, and this paper presents the current design status and considerations for this transport line.

Accelerator Physics↗

DOE OSTI2011

Extending studies of the fusion of heavy nuclei to the neutron rich region using accelerated radioactive ion beams.

One of the stated goals for proposed and existing facilities that produce and accelerate radioactive ion beams is to explore and achieve a new understanding of the reactions mechanisms leading to the synthesis of the heaviest nuclei. Nuclear synthesis of two large nuclei into a single entity is a complex multistep process. The beam intensities of radioactive ions accelerated at present day facilities are not sufficient to synthesize super heavy elements. However the study of the iso-spin dependence of nuclear synthesis and the many processes competing with it can be carried out at present day facilities. Of special interest are cases where the interacting nuclei and the synthesized product are extremely neutron-rich. The effects of neutron excess on the reaction processes leading to the formation of the synthesized nucleus that emerged in earlier studies are poorly understood and sometimes counter intuitive. Results from measurements performed at HRIBF, as well as our plans for future measurements and the equipment being prepared will be presented.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Synthesis and characterization of electron beam irradiation-induced damage in polycrystalline metal thin films

High-energy physics research, industrial sterilizing, and material processing depend extensively on electron beam accelerators. Exit windows are crucial components of such electron accelerator systems, maintaining vacuum integrity inside the machine while providing mechanical strength, thermal stability, and radiation resistance at the beam-target interface. In this study, thin metallic films of Ni, Ti, Cr, and V were explored for use in electron beam exit windows, and their properties were compared with the properties of their bulk counterparts. Simulation results of metal foils predicted Ti to exhibit less beam power dissipation compared to Ni. However, Ni possesses superior mechanical and structural properties compared to Ti. The performance of these films under electron beam irradiation was examined by depositing thin layers of these films on silicon and metallic substrates using magnetron sputtering and exposing them to e-beam irradiation in a controlled setup. The deposited films were subjected to a dose of approximately 66 kGy at a beam energy of 10 MeV and characterized prior to and postexposure to the beam using field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and nanoindentation. Particular emphasis was given to characteristics like the grain structure, surface morphology, dislocation density, and hardness. XRD patterns revealed irradiation-induced changes in peak intensities, while the crystallinity remained largely unchanged. Nanoindentation results showed that the pristine and irradiated Ti and Ni films were twice as hard when compared to bulk Ti and Ni samples, regardless of the substrate type used (Si or bulk Ti, or Ni). These results emphasize the superior mechanical properties of thin metal films compared to their bulk counterparts. In conclusion, this study advances the optimization of thin film materials for robust and efficient e-beam applications, ensuring improved durability and operational reliability.

AFM↗

NASA NTRS1982

Space Experiments with Particle Accelerators (SEPAC)

Plans for SEPAC, an instrument array to be used on Spacelab 1 to study vehicle charging and neutralization, beam-plasma interaction in space, beam-atmospheric interaction exciting artificial aurora and airglow, and the electromagnetic-field configuration of the magnetosphere, are presented. The hardware, consisting of electron beam accelerator, magnetoplasma arcjet, neutral-gas plume generator, power supply, diagnostic package (photometer, plasma probes, particle analyzers, and plasma-wave package), TV monitor, and control and data-management unit, is described. The individual SEPAC experiments, the typical operational sequence, and the general outline of the SEPAC follow-on mission are discussed. Some of the experiments are to be joint ventures with AEPI (INS 003) and will be monitored by low-light-level TV.

Obayashi, T.↗

DOE OSTI2021

Redesigning the Jefferson Lab Hall A beam line for high precision parity experiments

The Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) was built with a thermionic electron source and the three original experimental hall lines reflected this. A few years after beam delivery began a parity violation experiment was approved and two polarimeters were installed in the Hall A beam line. The beam raster system was placed after the new Compton polarimeter, before one accelerator quadrupole and four quadrupoles in the new Moller polarimeter. It was very difficult to meet experimental requirements on envelope functions and raster shape with this arrangement so a sixth quadrupole was installed downstream of the Moller polarimeter to provide an additional degree of freedome. All of the parity experiments in Hall A have been run with this still-unsatisfactory configuration. The MOLLER experiment is predicated on achieving a 2% error on a 32 ppb asymmetry. Beam line changes are required to meet the systematic error budget. This work documents the existing beam line, an interim change which can be accomplished during a annual maintenance down, and the final configuration for MOLLER and subsequent experiments.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2023

Evaluation of the first version of the new RFPI system dedicated to PIP-II project accelerator

The Low-Level Radio Frequency (LLRF) control system is one of the most critical superconducting linac infrastructures responsible for the parameters of the beam acceleration. The LLRF system mainly focuses on the electromagnetic field parameters inside the cavity. While it incorporates fast feedback algorithms to optimize energy transfer to the passing particle beam it does not follow other cryomodule or cavity parameter changes. The Radio Frequency Protection Interlock (RFPI) system closely monitors various factors (like cryomodule vacuum, beamline vacuum, field emission probe current level, temperature, RF signal leakage, etc). Its simple but reliable logic has to provide an instant decision about the LLRF system or high-power amplifier output signal blocking in case of safety region excitation. This contribution presents a new version of the RFPI system which logic is implemented in the FPGA chip. The initial work on the prototype of the new system design resulted in the PoC (Proof of Concept) device. The PoC offers the possibility of various protection logic configurations, input signals parameters evaluation, and modularity aspects verification. The structure and test results from the device evaluation are summarized and discussed in this contribution.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2024

SRF Cavity Instability Detection with Machine Learning at CEBAF

During the operation of the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF), one or more unstable superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities often cause beam loss trips while the unstable cavities themselves do not necessarily trip off. The present RF controls for the legacy cavities report at only 1 Hz, which is too slow to detect fast transient instabilities during these trip events. These challenges make the identification of an unstable cavity out of the hundreds installed at CEBAF a difficult and time-consuming task. To tackle these issues, a fast data acquisition system (DAQ) for the legacy SRF cavities has been developed, which records the sample at 5 kHz. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) approach is being developed to identify anomalous SRF cavity behavior. We will discuss the present status of the DAQ system and PCA model, along with initial performance metrics. Overall, our method offers a practical solution for identifying unstable SRF cavities, contributing to increased beam availability and machine reliability.

Carpenter, A.↗

DOE OSTI2017

Overview of the SIDIS/TMD program at Jefferson Lab

The study of the single-hadron semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering process (SIDIS) is a rapidly developing and expanding area of inquiry in hadronic physics, owing to the prospect of realizing a precision three-dimensional imaging of the quark structure of the nucleon in momentum space. Measurements of the azimuthal angular distributions of hadrons produced at large values of z = Eh=? and "small" transverse momentum pT ~ \Lambda_?QCD in deep inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering provides access to novel features of nucleon structure that are inaccessible in traditional inclusive DIS, including the e?ects of initial-state quark transverse momentum, transverse polarization of the parent nucleon and the struck quark, and "flavor tagging" due to the varying sensitivity of di?erent hadron species to di?fferent quark flavors. The Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at Je?erson Lab has recently completed an upgrade to a maximum beam energy of 11 GeV at ?ve passes for electron scattering experiments. The energy upgrade of CEBAF, combined with its already unrivaled intensity, duty cycle and polarization, facilitates a three-dimensional nucleon imaging program of unprecedented precision in the valence region. In this talk,I will present a brief overview of the planned CEBAF SIDIS program in experimental Halls A, B and C.

Puckett, Andrew↗

DOE OSTI2024

SRF Cavity Instability Detection with Machine Learning at CEBAF

Carpenter, A.↗

DOE OSTI2011

Measurements of the Two-Photon Exchange Effect in Lepton-Proton Elastic Scattering at CLAS

Recent results from experiments at Jefferson Laboratory, Newport News VA, which measured the ratio of the electric to magnetic form factors of the proton, GE/GM, have forced us to reexamine the single photon exchange approximation in lepton-proton elastic scattering. Discrepancies between the ratio obtained via the time-tested Rosenbluth separation method and newer polarization transfer measurements, which differ by as much as a factor of three, may be resolved by considering the effect of two photon exchange (TPE) processes. The CLAS TPE experiment at Jefferson Laboratory, will determine the effect of two-photon exchange in elastic lepton-proton scattering by precisely measuring the ratio of positron-proton to electron- proton elastic cross sections over a large kinematic range (0.1 < epsilon < 0.96, 0.2 <= Q2 <= 2.0GeV 2). We accomplish this by directing the 5.5 GeV primary electron beam, provided by the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF), onto a set of radiators and converters to produce simultaneous and identical beams of electron and positrons which collide with our proton target. Acceptance and efficiency concerns are minimized by only considering the ratios of the elastic cross sections and by switching polarity of magnets in the beamline and the spectrometer. Guided by the results of a short 2006 test run and extensive GEANT based modeling, new shielding and beamline components were designed to maximize luminosity. We took data from November 2010 ? February 2011. The unique experimental design and challenges of the TPE experiment and the current analysis status will be presented.

Bennett, Robert↗

DOE OSTI2014

Ion beam and neutron output from a sub-kilojoule dense plasma focus

We are seeking to gain a better fundamental understanding of the ion beam acceleration and neutron production dense plasma focus (DPF) device. Experiments were performed on a kilojoule level, fast rise time DPF located at LLNL. Ion beam spectra and neutron yield were measured for deuterium pinches. Visible light images of the pinch are used to determine the pinch length. In addition, an RF probe was placed just outside the cathode to measure fluctuations in E{sub z} up to 6 GHz, which is within the range of the lower hybrid frequencies. We find these oscillations arise at a characteristic frequency near 4 GHz during the pinch. Comparisons of the neutron yield and ion beam characteristics are presented. The neutron yield is also compared to scaling laws.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2014

CEBAF Upgrade: Cryomodule Performance And Lessons Learned

The Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility is currently engaged in the 12 GeV Upgrade Project. The goal of the 12 GeV Upgrade is a doubling of the available beam energy of the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) from 6 GeV to 12 GeV. This increase in beam energy will be due in large part to the addition of ten C100 cryomodules plus associated new RF in the CEBAF linacs. The C100 cryomodules are designed to deliver 100 MeV per installed cryomodule. Each C100 cryomodule is built around a string of eight seven-cell, electro-polished, superconducting RF cavities. While an average performance of 100MV per cryomodule is needed to achieve the overall 12 GeV beam energy goal, the actual performance goal for the cryomodules is an average energy gain of 108 MV to provide operational headroom. Cryomodule production started in December 2010. All ten of the C100 cryomodules are installed in the linac tunnels and are on schedule to complete commissioning by September 2013. Performance during Commissioning has ranged from 104 MV to 118 MV. In May, 2012 a test of an early C100 achieved 108 MV with full beam loading. This paper will discuss the performance of the C100 cryomodules along with operational challenges and lessons learned for future designs.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗