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At least 487 records · Page 27
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Speeding up particle track reconstruction using a parallel Kalman filter algorithm

One of the most computationally difficult problems expected for the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) is determining the trajectory of charged particles during event reconstruction. Algorithms used at the LHC today rely on Kalman filtering, which builds physical trajectories incrementally while incorporating material effects and error estimation. Recognizing the need for faster computational throughput, we have adapted Kalman-filter-based methods for highly parallel, many-core SIMD architectures that are now prevalent in high-performance hardware. In this paper, we discuss the design and performance of the improved tracking algorithm, referred to as mkFit. A key piece of the algorithm is the Matriplex library, containing dedicated code to optimally vectorize operations on small matrices. The physics performance of the mkFit algorithm is comparable to the nominal CMS tracking algorithm when reconstructing tracks from simulated proton-proton collisions within the CMS detector. We study the scaling of the algorithm as a function of the parallel resources utilized and find large speedups both from vectorization and multi-threading. mkFit achieves a speedup of a factor of 6 compared to the nominal algorithm when run in a single-threaded application within the CMS software framework.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Full Detector Simulation with Unprecedented Background Occupancy at a Muon Collider

In recent years, a Muon collider has attracted a lot of interest in the high-energy physics community, thanks to its ability of achieving clean interaction signatures at multi-TeV collision energies in the most cost-effective way. Estimation of the physics potential of such an experiment must take into account the impact of beam-induced background on the detector performance, which has to be carefully evaluated using full detector simulation. Tracing of all the background particles entering the detector region in a single bunch crossing is out of reach for any realistic computing facility due to the unprecedented number of such particles. To make it feasible a number of optimisations have been applied to the detector simulation workflow. This contribution presents an overview of the main characteristics of the beam-induced background at a Muon collider, the detector technologies considered for the experiment and how they are taken into account to strongly reduce the number of irrelevant computations performed during the detector simulation. Special attention is dedicated to the optimisation of track reconstruction with the conformal tracking algorithm in this high-occupancy environment, which is the most computationally demanding part of event reconstruction.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Energy Reconstruction and Calibration of the MicroBooNE LArTPC

The Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) is increasingly becoming the chosen technology for current and future precision neutrino oscillation experiments due to its superior capability in particle tracking and energy calorimetry. In LArTPCs, calorimetric information is critical for particle identification, which is the foundation for the neutrino cross-section and oscillation measurements as well as searches for beyond standard model physics. One of the primary challenges in employing LArTPC technology is characterizing its performance and quantifying the associated systematic uncertainties. MicroBooNE, the longest operating LArTPC to date, has performed numerous such measurements, including studies of detector physics and electromagnetic shower reconstruction. Here we present results on the operation and performance of the detector during its data taking, highlighting accomplishments toward calorimetric reconstruction, calibration, and detector physics.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2023

Trigger Detection for the sPHENIX Experiment via Bipartite Graph Networks with Set Transformer

Trigger (interesting events) detection is crucial to high-energy and nuclear physics experiments because it improves data acquisition efficiency. It also plays a vital role in facilitating the downstream offline data analysis process. The sPHENIX detector, located at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider in Brookhaven National Laboratory, is one of the largest nuclear physics experiments on a world scale and is optimized to detect physics processes involving charm and beauty quarks. Furthermore, these particles are produced in collisions involving two proton beams, two gold nuclei beams, or a combination of the two and give critical insights into the formation of the early universe. This paper presents a model architecture for trigger detection with geometric information from two fast silicon detectors. Transverse momentum is introduced as an intermediate feature from physics heuristics. We also prove its importance through our training experiments. Each event consists of tracks and can be viewed as a graph. A bipartite graph neural network is integrated with the attention mechanism to design a binary classification model. Compared with the state-of-the-art algorithm for trigger detection, our model is parsimonious and increases the accuracy and the AUC score by more than 15%.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Performance and Commissioning of the BigBite Timing Hodoscope for Nucleon Form Factor Measurements at Jefferson Lab

The BigBite Timing Hodoscope detector is the primary subject of this thesis. The Super BigBite Spectrometer is a Jefferson Lab Hall A Collaboration project that has and will continue to measure nucleon electromagnetic form factors. This spectrometer includes the Timing Hodoscope which provides high resolution particle timing data for scattered electrons in the electron arm of BigBite. The Timing Hodoscope utilizes 90, 25 × 25 × 600 mm3 scintillator bars stacked on top of each other to form a single detector plane, and these bars are connected to 180 photo-multiplier tubes via light guides. Particles collide with the scintillating material creating a shower of optical photons and these particle events in the bars are collected to generate signals that are readout by the data acquisition (DAQ) electronics. NINO ASIC amplifier-discriminator cards output signals from the photo-multiplier tubes into analogue and logic signals, which are sent to analogue-to-digital (ADC) and time-to-digital (TDC) converter data acquisition readout modules. This data is then used for analysis of the detector. The focus of this thesis is the construction, commissioning, calibration, and performance of the BigBite Timing Hodoscope before and during the first of five nucleon electromagnetic form factor experiments at Jefferson Lab Hall A. Before the neutron magnetic form factor, G n M, experiment, cosmic ray data was collected during commissioning to confirm proper operation of the Timing Hodoscope electronics by observing the ADC and TDC data. Commissioning studies for charge normalization, gain matching, and other ADC and TDC detector data variables were performed before moving the detector into Hall A. Following installation in Hall A, several calibration studies were implemented to fine-tune the detector in preparation for use in the experiment. The calibration studies included analysis of timing cuts, TDC alignment, the time-walk effect, time difference offsets, and scintillator velocity corrections. Once the Timing Hodoscope was well-calibrated, data-taking during the experiment commenced and the beam-on-target data was used to characterize the Timing Hodoscope performance during the G n M experiment run-time. The performance analysis included studies observing energy deposit, cluster size, rates, accidentals, pile-up, tracking efficiency, position resolution, and time resolution. After application of physics cuts to ensure a data set comprised of particle tracks corresponding to elastic electrons, which is the main data of interest for measurement of G n M, the Timing Hodoscope is shown on average across all kinematic settings to have a >98% tracking efficiency, a position resolution of 4-6 cm in the non-dispersive plane and 1.5-2 cm in the dispersive plane, and a time resolution of 500-750 ps. These performance results are compared to a GEANT4 based performance simulation of the BigBite Timing Hodoscope for reference, showing to what degree the measured performance values match those taken from the simulation.

Marinaro, Ralph↗
NASA NTRS1975

High resolution Cerenkov and range detectors for balloon-borne cosmic-ray experiment

A combination of an active Cerenkov detector and passive range detectors is proposed for the high resolution measurement of isotopic composition in the neighborhood of iron in the galactic cosmic rays. A large area (4,300 sq cm) Cerenkov counter and passive range detectors were tested. Tests with heavy ions (2.1 GeV/amu C-12, 289 MeV/amu Ar-40, and 594 MeV/amu Ne-20) revealed the spatial uniformity of response of the Cerenkov counter to be better than 1% peak-to-peak. Light collection efficiency is independent of projectile energy and incidence angle to within at least 0.5%. Passive Lexan track recorders to measure range in the presence of the nuclear interaction background which results from stopping particles through 0.9 interaction lengths of matter were also tested. It was found that nuclear interactions produce an effective range straggling distribution only approximately 75% wider than that expected from range straggling alone. The combination of these tested techniques makes possible high mass resolution in the neighborhood of iron.

Ahlen, S. P.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Characterization of the polysilicon resistor in silicon strip sensors for ATLAS inner tracker as a function of temperature, pre- and post-irradiation

The high luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider, foreseen for 2029, requires the replacement of the ATLAS Inner Detector with a new all-silicon Inner Tracker (ITk). The expected ultimate total integrated luminosity of 4000 fb –1 means that the strip part of the ITk detector will be exposed to the total particle fluences and ionizing doses reaching the values of 1.6 · 10 15 1 MeV n eq /cm 2 and 0.66 MGy, respectively, including a safety factor of 1.5. Radiation hard n + -in-p micro-strip sensors were developed by the ATLAS ITk strip collaboration and are produced by Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. The active area of each ITk strip sensor is delimited by the n-implant bias ring, which is connected to each individual n + implant strip by a polysilicon bias resistor. The total resistance of the polysilicon bias resistor should be within a specified range to keep all the strips at the same potential, prevent the signal discharge through the grounded bias ring and avoid the readout noise increase. While the polysilicon is a ubiquitous semiconductor material, the fluence and temperature dependence of its resistance is not easily predictable, especially for the tracking detector with the operational temperature significantly below the values typical for commercial microelectronics. Dependence of the resistance of polysilicon bias resistor on the temperature, as well as on the total delivered fluence and ionizing dose, was studied on the specially-designed test structures called ATLAS Testchips, both before and after their irradiation by protons, neutrons, and gammas to the maximal expected fluence and ionizing dose. The resistance has an atypical negative temperature dependence. It is different from silicon, which shows that the grain boundary has a significant contribution to the resistance. Finally, we discuss the contributions by parameterizing the activation energy of the polysilicon resistance as a function of the temperature for unirradiated and irradiated ATLAS Testchips.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

Studies of Quark Transport and Hadronization in Nuclei

In this project, we conducted the first measurement of di‑hadron azimuthal correlations in deep inelastic scattering (DIS) off nuclei using the CLAS detector at Jefferson Lab. Using 5 GeV electron‑beam data collected on deuterium, carbon, iron, and lead targets, we extracted di‑pion correlation functions over a broad kinematic range. The results show a monotonic broadening of the correlation peak with increasing nuclear mass, along with pronounced dependencies on the pions’ kinematics. Separately, we implemented an algorithm based on the Kalman filter that achieved the first complete alignment of the CLAS12 central tracking system. In parallel, we developed simulations, algorithms, and performance studies that informed the conceptual designs of the forward hadronic calorimeter Insert and the Zero Degree Calorimeter, both of which are now included in the ePIC detector baseline for the forthcoming Electron Ion Collider.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

The CLAS12 drift chamber system

The CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer at 12~GeV (CLAS12) is located in Hall~B, one of the experimental halls at Jefferson Lab. The forward part of CLAS12 is built around a superconducting toroidal magnet. The six coils of the toroid divide the detector azimuthally into six sectors. Each sector contains three multi-layer drift chambers for reconstructing the trajectories of charged particles originating from a fixed target. Each of the 18 planar chambers has two ``superlayers'' of six layers each, with the wires in the two adjacent superlayers oriented at ± 6° stereo angles. Each layer has 112 hexagonal cells spanning a range from about 5° to 40° in polar angle. The six-layer structure provides redundancy in track segment finding and good tracking efficiency even in the presence of some individual wire inefficiency. The design, construction, operation, and calibration methods are described, and estimates of the efficiency and resolution are presented from in-beam measurements.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
NASA NTRS1985

Results on nucleon life-time from the Kolar gold field experiment

The KGF nucleon decay experiment has been in operation since October 1980 with a 140 ton calorimetric detector at a depth of 2.3 Km underground. The detector comprises 34 layers of proportional counters arranged in an orthogonal geometry with 12 mm thick iron plates in between successive layers. The proportional counters are made up of square (10 x 10 square centimeters) iron plates of wall thickness 2.3 mm. Each of the 1600 counters is instrumented to provide data on ionization, DE/dx and arrival time. The visible energy of a particle is determined to an accuracy of approximately 20% from the ionization and range of its track. The end point ionization of a stopping track provides the direction of motion as well as the nature of the particle (mu/pi,k,p). Decay of mu is recorded with an overall efficiency of only 20% in view of the thickness of 13 g/square centimeters between successive layers.

Krishnaswamy, M. R.↗
NASA NTRS2018

The Advanced Energetic Pair Telescope for Gamma-Ray Polarimetry

The Advanced Energetic Pair Telescope (AdEPT), a future NASA/GSFC MIDEX mission, is being developed to perform high-sensitivity medium-energy (5-200 MeV) astronomy and revolutionary gamma-ray polarization measurements. The enabling technology for AdEPT is the Three- Dimensional Track Imager (3-DTI), a large volume gaseous time projection chamber with 2- dimentional micro-well detector (MWD) readout. The low density and high spatial resolution of the 3-DTI allows AdEPT to achieve high angular resolution (~0.5 at 67.5 MeV) and, for the first time, exceptional gamma-ray polarization sensitivity. These capabilities enable a wide range of scientific discovery potential for AdEPT. The key science goals of the AdEPT mission include: 1) Explore fundamental processes of particle acceleration in active astrophysical objects, 2) Reveal the magnetic field configuration of the most energetic accelerators in the Universe, 3) Explore the origins and acceleration of cosmic rays and the Galactic MeV diffuse emission, 4) Search for dark matter in the Galactic center, and 5) Test relativity with polarization measurements. We report on the latest developments of the MWDs for the 3-DTI.

Hunter, Stanley D.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Object detection with deep learning for rare event search in the GADGET II TPC

In the pursuit of identifying rare two-particle events within the GADGET II Time Projection Chamber (TPC), this paper presents a comprehensive approach for leveraging Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and various data processing methods. To address the inherent complexities of 3D TPC track reconstructions, the data is expressed in 2D projections and 1D quantities. This approach capitalizes on the diverse data modalities of the TPC, allowing for the efficient representation of the distinct features of the 3D events, with no loss in topology uniqueness. Additionally, it leverages the computational efficiency of 2D CNNs and benefits from the extensive availability of pre-trained models. Given the scarcity of real training data for the rare events of interest, simulated events are used to train the models to detect real events. To account for potential distribution shifts when predominantly depending on simulations, significant perturbations are embedded within the simulations. This produces a broad parameter space that works to account for potential physics parameter and detector response variations and uncertainties. These parameter-varied simulations are used to train sensitive 2D CNN object detectors. When combined with 1D histogram peak detection algorithms, this multi-modal detection framework is highly adept at identifying rare, two-particle events in data taken during experiment 21072 at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB), demonstrating a 100% recall for events of interest. Here, we present the methods and outcomes of our investigation and discuss the potential future applications of these techniques.

Convolutional neural network↗
DOE OSTI2022

Coincident Capture through Post-processing PTRAC [Slides]

This presentation discusses the new PTRAC capabilities and workflows. The PTRAC capability in MCNP6.3 has seen a massive overhaul since MCNP6.2. The new HDF5 file format allows for both MPI- and thread-based parallelism. MCNPTools has been updated to handle the new HDF5 PTRAC format and is now open sourced on GitHub. Built-in capabilities, such as the pulse-height tally coincident capture special treatment, can largely be replicated through separate postprocessing scripts that leverage both PTRAC and MCNPTools. This allows for greater flexibility in user-specified and controlled detector response functionality, ultimately using the MCNP code for what it is best at (i.e., particle transport).

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Accelerator and Beam Physics of the Muon g-2 Experiment at Fermilab

The physics case of the Muon g-2 Experiment at Fermilab is outstanding and has recently attracted significant attention from its first official results. Although its measurements involve high energy physics methods, such as counting positron production rates with the use of calorimeters and beam diagnostics with tracking detectors, this experiment is strongly bound to accelerator and beam physics. This paper reviews the principles of the experiment and the details necessary to provide a solid ground for the beam-dynamics uncertainties and the corrections of the systematic effects influencing the output of the experiment: a single numerical value, which may unveil new physics.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

The scientific potential and technological challenges of the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider program

Here, we present an overview of the High-Luminosity (HL-LHC) program at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), its scientific potential and technological challenges for both the accelerator and detectors. The HL-LHC program is expected to start circa 2027 and aims to increase the integrated luminosity delivered by the LHC by an order of magnitude at the collision energy of 14 TeV. This requires upgrades to the injector system, accelerator complex and luminosity levelling. The two experiments, ATLAS and CMS, require substantial upgrades to most of their systems in order to cope with the increased interaction rate, and much higher radiation levels than at the current LHC. We present selected examples based on novel ideas and technologies for applications at a hadron collider. Both experiments will replace their tracking systems. We describe the ATLAS pixel detector upgrade featuring novel tilted modules, and the CMS Outer Tracker upgrade with a new module design enabling use of tracks in the level-1 trigger system. CMS will also install state-of-the-art highly segmented calorimeter endcaps. Finally, we describe new picosecond precision timing detectors of both experiments. In addition, we discuss how the upgrades will enhance the physics performance of the experiments, and solve the computing challenges posed by the expected large data sets. The physics program of the HL-LHC is focused on precision measurements probing the limits of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics and discovering new physics. We present a selection of studies that have been carried out to motivate the HL-LHC program. A central topic of exploration will be the characterization of the Higgs boson. The large HL-LHC data samples will extend the sensitivity of searches for new particles or new interactions whose existence has been hypothesized in order to explain shortcomings of the SM. Finally, we comment on the nature of large scientific collaborations.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Measurement of the background in the CMS muon detector in ${p}{p}$-collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV

The CMS detector, including its muon system, has been operating at the CERN LHC in increasingly challenging conditions for about 15 years. The muon detector was designed to provide excellent triggering and track reconstruction for muons produced in proton–proton collisons at an instantaneous luminosity ($\mathcal{L}$) of 1 x 10 34 cm –2 s –1 . During the Run 2 data-taking period (2015–2018), the LHC achieved an instantaneous luminosity of twice its design value, resulting in larger background rates and making the efficient detection of muons more difficult. While some backgrounds result from natural radioactivity, cosmic rays, and interactions of the circulating protons with residual gas in the beam pipe, the dominant source of background hits in the muon system arises from proton–proton interactions themselves. Charged hadrons leaving the calorimeters produce energy deposits in the muon chambers. In addition, high-energy particles interacting in the hadron calorimeter and forward shielding elements generate thermal neutrons, which leak out of the calorimeter and shielding structures, filling the CMS cavern. We describe the method used to measure the background rates in the various muon subsystems. These rates, in conjunction with simulations, can be used to estimate the expected backgrounds in the High-Luminosity LHC. This machine will run for at least 10 years starting in 2029 reaching an instantaneous luminosity of $\mathcal{L}$ = 5 x 10 34 cm –2 s –1 and increasing ultimately to $\mathcal{L}$ = 7.5 x 10 34 cm –2 s –1 . These background estimates have been a key ingredient for the planning and design of the muon detector upgrade.

Tytgat, M. (ORCID:0000000239902074)↗
DOE OSTI2024

Performance and calibration of quark/gluon-jet taggers using 140 fb -1 of pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The identification of jets originating from quarks and gluons, often referred to as quark/gluon tagging, plays an important role in various analyses performed at the Large Hadron Collider, as Standard Model measurements and searches for new particles decaying to quarks often rely on suppressing a large gluon-induced background. This paper describes the measurement of the efficiencies of quark/gluon taggers developed within the ATLAS Collaboration, using $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV proton–proton collision data with an integrated luminosity of 140 fb -1 collected by the ATLAS experiment. Two taggers with high performances in rejecting jets from gluon over jets from quarks are studied: one tagger is based on requirements on the number of inner-detector tracks associated with the jet, and the other combines several jet substructure observables using a boosted decision tree. A method is established to determine the quark/gluon fraction in data, by using quark/gluon-enriched subsamples defined by the jet pseudorapidity. Differences in tagging efficiency between data and simulation are provided for jets with transverse momentum between 500 GeV and 2 TeV and for multiple tagger working points.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2024

Discovering neutrino tridents at the Large Hadron Collider

Neutrino trident production of dilepton pairs is well recognized as a sensitive probe of both electroweak physics and physics beyond the Standard Model. Although a rare process, it could be significantly boosted by such new physics, and it also allows the electroweak theory to be tested in a new regime. We demonstrate that the forward neutrino physics program at the Large Hadron Collider offers a promising opportunity to measure for the first time, dimuon neutrino tridents with a statistical significance exceeding 5 σ , improving on the previous claims at the ∼ 3 σ level by the CHARM-II and CCFR collaborations while accounting for additional backgrounds later identified by the NuTeV collaboration. We present predictions for various proposed experiments and outline a specific experimental strategy to identify the signal and mitigate backgrounds, based on “reverse tracking” dimuon pairs in the FASER ν 2 detector. We also discuss prospects for constraining beyond Standard Model contributions to neutrino trident rates at high energies. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗