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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 487 records · Page 27
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Is Mini Beam Ready for Human Trials? Results of Randomized Study of Treating De-Novo Brain Tumors in Canines Using Linear Accelerator Generated Mini Beams

The main challenge in treating malignant brain neoplasms lies in eradicating the tumor while minimizing treatmentrelated damage. Conventional radiation treatments are associated with considerable side effects. Synchrotron generated micro-beam radiation (SMBRT) has shown to preserve brain architecture while killing tumor cells, however physical characteristics and limited facility access restrict its use. We have created a new clinical device which produces mini beams on a linear accelerator, to provide a new type of treatment called mini-beam radiation therapy (MBRT). The objective of this study is to compare the treatment outcomes of linear accelerator based MBRT versus standard radiation treatment (SRT), to evaluate the tumor response and the treatment-related changes in the normal brain with respect to each treatment type. Pet dogs with de-novo brain tumors were accrued for treatment. Dogs were randomized between standard fractionated stereotactic (9 Gy in 3 fractions) radiation treatment vs. a single fraction of MBRT (26 Gy mean dose). Dogs were monitored after treatment for clinical assessment and imaging. When the dogs were euthanized, a veterinary pathologist assessed the radiation changes and tumor response. We accrued 16 dogs, 8 dogs in each treatment arm. In the MBRT arm, 71% dogs achieved complete pathological remission. The radiation-related changes were all confined to the target region. Structural damage was not observed in the beam path outside of the target region. In contrast, none of the dogs in control group achieved remission and the treatment related damage was more extensive. Therapeutic superiority was observed with MBRT, including both tumor control and the normal structural preservation. The MBRT findings are suggestive of an immune related mechanism which is absent in standard treatment. These findings together with the widespread availability of clinical linear accelerators make MBRT a promising research topic to explore further treatment and clinical trial opportunities.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Linear viscoelastic measurements of commerical therapy putties for design and intuition

This dataset complements the publication Mapping Linear Viscoelasticity for Design and Tactile Intuition (Corman & Ewoldt, 2019). It contains rigorous shear rheometry measurements for six commercial silicone putties, including creep recovery, SAOS, LAOS, and stress relaxation. Additional, unpublished data was generated as part of a graduate rheology course taught by Randy Ewoldt at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Together, these datasets provide a comprehensive example of linear viscoelasticity of a commercial material. The collection is intended both as a pedagogical resource for developing physical intuition in linear viscoelasticity and as a reference dataset for data interpretation, model fitting, and comparative rheological analysis.

C. Marsh, Maxwell↗
DOE OSTI2020

Modular Linear Thermoviscoelastic Model

Time-dependent, viscoelastic responses of materials like polymers and glasses have long been studied. As such, a variety of models have been put forth to describe the behavior including simple rheological models (e.g. Maxwell, Kelvin), linear "fading memory" theories, and hereditary integral based linear thermal viscoelastic approaches as well as more recent nonlinear theories that are either integral, fictive temperature, or differential internal state variable based. The current work details a new LINEAR_THERMOVISCOELASTIC model that has been added to LAME. This formulation represents a viscoelastic theory that neglects some of the phenomenological details of the PEC/SPEC models in favor of efficiency and simplicity. Furthermore, this new model is a first step towards developing "modular" viscoelastic capabilities akin to those available with hardening descriptions for plasticity models in LAME. Specifically, multiple different (including user-defined) shift-factor forms are implemented with each being easily selected via parameter specification rather than requiring distinct material models.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Batched Sparse Linear Algebra (Final Report for Subcontract B648960)

This report finalizes design specifications for developing batched kernels for small tensor operations for unassembled matrix-free iterative solvers, batched solvers for partially assembled operators, and batched solvers with support for various sparse formats. The outcome of the project milestones is a set of interfaces to Batched Sparse LA solvers running on hardware accelerators for use in ECP Libraries and Applications. It is part of the development of sparse batched kernels, solvers/preconditioners as well as creating interoperability in xSDK libraries with sparse and dense batched functions to benefit ECP applications. The participants included representatives from ECP libraries (not limited to the xSDK project), applications, and vendors (AMD, Intel, and NVIDIA). Batched sparse linear algebra solvers form the new frontier for algorithmic development and performance engineering. Many applications (ECP and non-ECP alike) require simultaneous solutions of small linear systems of equations that are structurally sparse. To move towards high hardware utilization, it is important to provide these applications with appropriate interfaces to efficient batched sparse solvers running on modern hardware accelerators. We present interface designs in use by HPC software libraries supporting batched sparse linear algebra and the development of sparse batched kernel codes for solvers and preconditioners. We also address the potential interoperability opportunities to keep the software portable between the major hardware accelerators from AMD, Intel, and NVIDIA. The presented interface specifications includes batched band, sparse iterative, and sparse direct solvers. This report summarizes progress in Kokkos Kernels and the xSDK libraries MAGMA, Ginkgo, hypre, SUNDIALS, and SuperLU_dist.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Randomized Algorithms for Linear Solvers

Recently, randomized algorithms in numerical linear algebra, specifically those centered around random sketching, have gained traction in primarily theoretical research due to their potential to significantly reduce problem dimensionality at the cost of an O(1) multiplicative distortion factor. It has been assumed that this sketching can be done efficiently, but thorough investigation into how precisely to do it has been neglected. Moreover, the theory-based community has argued for sketching’s ability to reduce computational cost via complexity analysis, but has not researched how it affects the stability of the algorithms. At Sandia, efficient linear solvers that scale well on modern HPC architectures while maintaining stability are imperative for practical applications. In this LDRD, we developed a random sketching strategy that is substantially faster than existing ones, and demonstrate its superior performance in practice on a NVIDIA H100 GPU. Moreover, we show how this can be used to significantly outperform existing linear least squares solvers while improving the solver’s stability as well. Additionally, we demonstrate how this sketching strategy can be used to make a fast, stable QR factorization that can subsequently be used in s-step and block Krylov solvers. Finally, we incorporate a sketching-based block orthogonalization scheme into s-step GMRES, which is stable and faster than existing approaches on the Perlmutter supercomputer.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Compensating for Amplifier Non-Linearity in a SEL Controller

The SEL architecture used commonly in CW superconducting linacs is a positive feedback system that requires determining the correct limits for the operating conditions to ensure stable operation. These limits are determined from the results of the amplifier calibration which characterizes the dac drive(forward power) against the cavity field. When the amplifier non-linearity precludes a simple linear fit for this characteristic, its modification to account for the amplifiers non-linearity is essential to operate the system in the SEL architecture. This process is described with test data from a 32kW SSA for the PIP-II linac.

Sankar Raman, Shrividhyaa [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2023

Variational Quantum Linear Solver

Previously proposed quantum algorithms for solving linear systems of equations cannot be implemented in the near term due to the re quired circuit depth. Here, we propose a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm, called Variational Quantum Linear Solver (VQLS), for solving linear systems on near-term quantum computers. VQLS seeks to variationally prepare |x$\rangle$ such that A|x$\rangle$ ∝ |b$\rangle$. We derive an operationally meaningful termination condition for VQLS that allows one to guarantee that a desired solution precision ϵ is achieved. Specifically, we prove that C $⩾$ ϵ 2 /κ 2 , where C is the VQLS cost function and κ is the condition number of A. We present efficient quantum circuits to estimate C, while providing evidence for the classical hardness of its estimation. Using Rigetti’s quantum computer, we success fully implement VQLS up to a problem size of 1024 × 1024. Finally, we numerically solve nontrivial problems of size up to 2 50 × 2 50 . For the specific examples that we consider, we heuristically find that the time complexity of VQLS scales efficiently in ϵ, κ, and the system size N.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2024

Geometric Interpretation of a Non-Linear Extension of Quantum Mechanics

We recently introduced a particular non-linear generalization of quantum mechanics that has the property that it is exactly solvable in terms of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonian of the usual linear quantum mechanics problem. In this paper, we suggest that the two components of the wave function represent the system described by the Hamiltonian H in two different asymptotic regions of spacetime and we show that the non-linear terms can be viewed as giving rise to gravitational effects.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Frontal Slice Approaches for Tensor Linear Systems

Inspired by the row and column action methods for solving large-scale linear systems, in this work, we explore the use of frontal slices for solving tensor linear systems. In particular, this paper presents a novel approach for using frontal slices of a tensor $\mathcal{A}$ to solve tensor linear systems $\mathcal{A} ∗\mathcal{X} = \mathcal{B}$ where ∗ denotes the $t$-product. In addition, we consider variations of this method, including cyclic, block, and randomized approaches, each designed to optimize performance in different operational contexts. Our primary contribution lies in the development and convergence analysis of these methods. Experimental results on synthetically generated and real-world data, including applications such as image and video deblurring, demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed approaches and validate our theoretical findings.

Luo, Hengrui↗
DOE OSTI2025

ESPPU INPUT: C$^3$ within the "Linear Collider Vision"

The Linear Collider Vision calls for a Linear Collider Facility with a physics reach from a Higgs Factory to the TeV-scale with $e^+e^{-}$ collisions. One of the technologies under consideration for the accelerator is a cold-copper distributed-coupling linac capable of achieving high gradient. This technology is being pursued by the C$^3$ collaboration to understand its applicability to future colliders and broader scientific applications. In this input we share the baseline parameters for a C$^3$ Higgs-factory and the energy reach of up to 3 TeV in the 33 km tunnel foreseen under the Linear Collider Vision. Recent results, near-term plans and future R&D needs are highlighted.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Status of the International Linear Collider

This paper is not a proposal for a CERN future project but provides information on the International Linear Collider (ILC) considered for Japan in order to facilitate the European Strategy discussion in a global context. It describes progress to date, ongoing engineering studies, updated cost estimate for the machine at $\sqrt{s}=250~\rm GeV$ and the situation in Japan. The physics of the ILC is not presented here, but jointly for all Linear Collider projects in a separate document ``A Linear Collider Vision for the Future of Particle Physics'' submitted for the forthcoming European Strategy deliberations.

Abe, Y. [KEK, Tsukuba]↗
DOE OSTI2020

Projecting Antarctica's contribution to future sea level rise from basal ice shelf melt using linear response functions of 16 ice sheet models (LARMIP-2)

Abstract. The sea level contribution of the Antarctic ice sheet constitutes a large uncertainty in future sea level projections. Here we apply a linear response theory approach to 16 state-of-the-art ice sheet models to estimate the Antarctic ice sheet contribution from basal ice shelf melting within the 21st century. The purpose of this computation is to estimate the uncertainty of Antarctica's future contribution to global sea level rise that arises from large uncertainty in the oceanic forcing and the associated ice shelf melting. Ice shelf melting is considered to be a major if not the largest perturbation of the ice sheet's flow into the ocean. However, by computing only the sea level contribution in response to ice shelf melting, our study is neglecting a number of processes such as surface-mass-balance-related contributions. In assuming linear response theory, we are able to capture complex temporal responses of the ice sheets, but we neglect any self-dampening or self-amplifying processes. This is particularly relevant in situations in which an instability is dominating the ice loss. The results obtained here are thus relevant, in particular wherever the ice loss is dominated by the forcing as opposed to an internal instability, for example in strong ocean warming scenarios. In order to allow for comparison the methodology was chosen to be exactly the same as in an earlier study (Levermann et al., 2014) but with 16 instead of 5 ice sheet models. We include uncertainty in the atmospheric warming response to carbon emissions (full range of CMIP5 climate model sensitivities), uncertainty in the oceanic transport to the Southern Ocean (obtained from the time-delayed and scaled oceanic subsurface warming in CMIP5 models in relation to the global mean surface warming), and the observed range of responses of basal ice shelf melting to oceanic warming outside the ice shelf cavity. This uncertainty in basal ice shelf melting is then convoluted with the linear response functions of each of the 16 ice sheet models to obtain the ice flow response to the individual global warming path. The model median for the observational period from 1992 to 2017 of the ice loss due to basal ice shelf melting is 10.2 mm, with a likely range between 5.2 and 21.3 mm. For the same period the Antarctic ice sheet lost mass equivalent to 7.4 mm of global sea level rise, with a standard deviation of 3.7 mm (Shepherd et al., 2018) including all processes, especially surface-mass-balance changes. For the unabated warming path, Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5), we obtain a median contribution of the Antarctic ice sheet to global mean sea level rise from basal ice shelf melting within the 21st century of 17 cm, with a likely range (66th percentile around the mean) between 9 and 36 cm and a very likely range (90th percentile around the mean) between 6 and 58 cm. For the RCP2.6 warming path, which will keep the global mean temperature below 2 ∘C of global warming and is thus consistent with the Paris Climate Agreement, the procedure yields a median of 13 cm of global mean sea level contribution. The likely range for the RCP2.6 scenario is between 7 and 24 cm, and the very likely range is between 4 and 37 cm. The structural uncertainties in the method do not allow for an interpretation of any higher uncertainty percentiles. We provide projections for the five Antarctic regions and for each model and each scenario separately. The rate of sea level contribution is highest under the RCP8.5 scenario. The maximum within the 21st century of the median value is 4 cm per decade, with a likely range between 2 and 9 cm per decade and a very likely range between 1 and 14 cm per decade.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1972

The general linear inverse problem - Implication of surface waves and free oscillations for earth structure.

The discrete general linear inverse problem reduces to a set of m equations in n unknowns. There is generally no unique solution, but we can find k linear combinations of parameters for which restraints are determined. The parameter combinations are given by the eigenvectors of the coefficient matrix. The number k is determined by the ratio of the standard deviations of the observations to the allowable standard deviations in the resulting solution. Various linear combinations of the eigenvectors can be used to determine parameter resolution and information distribution among the observations. Thus we can determine where information comes from among the observations and exactly how it constraints the set of possible models. The application of such analyses to surface-wave and free-oscillation observations indicates that (1) phase, group, and amplitude observations for any particular mode provide basically the same type of information about the model; (2) observations of overtones can enhance the resolution considerably; and (3) the degree of resolution has generally been overestimated for many model determinations made from surface waves.

Wiggins, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Rapid processing of multispectral scanner data using linear techniques.

Tests have been made to compare linear and quadratic techniques for processing multispectral scanner data. The tests have been limited to a few selected sets of agricultural data. Two aspects of processing were studied. The first, the selection of a subset of channels to be used in the decision function, was found to be faster by a factor of 50 when a linear method was used. Second, in recognition processing, our linear decision rule produced a lower error rate and utilized a larger number of channels for equal processing times. Nevertheless, when the criterion is lowest possible error rate, irregardless of processing time, the quadratic rule is preferable.

Crane, R. B.↗
NASA NTRS1972

A linear voltage-tunable distributed null device.

A linear voltage-tunable null device was predicted, fabricated, and tested. This filter is conceptually a distributed parameter RC representation of the channel of a MOSFET in a network configuration with a second MOSFET that is treated as a variable resistor. Classical transmission-line theory is used to predict a linear tuning curve with applied bias for the device. This concept was used to design a null device having a null that is linearly tunable in the range of 100 kHz. Such devices were fabricated and tested. Typical MOS processing steps were used and the resulting structures are compatible with the planar technology. The compatibility leads towards extension of this work to different frequency ranges for other specific applications.

Benz, H. F.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Evaluation of glide paths for landing a VTOL airplane using linear regulator theory.

A method of evaluating certain characteristics of approach paths for VTOL airplanes is presented which is based on the solution of the matrix Riccati equation to obtain an optimal state variable feedback controller. The longitudinal equations of motion of the airplane are linearized about a preselected path and the resulting system of equations is treated as a linear, time-varying regulator. The controller which minimizes a quadratic cost function is applied to the linearized system to determine the airplane's ability to return to the prescribed path given a specified initial error in altitude. The procedure is applied to the XC-142A, tilt-wing, V/STOL airplane, under decelerating approach conditions with a glide path consisting of two segments, the first having a smaller angle of descent than the second.

Reid, G. F.↗
NASA NTRS1973

An application of a linear programing technique to nonlinear minimax problems

A differential correction technique for solving nonlinear minimax problems is presented. The basis of the technique is a linear programing algorithm which solves the linear minimax problem. By linearizing the original nonlinear equations about a nominal solution, both nonlinear approximation and estimation problems using the minimax norm may be solved iteratively. Some consideration is also given to improving convergence and to the treatment of problems with more than one measured quantity. A sample problem is treated with this technique and with the least-squares differential correction method to illustrate the properties of the minimax solution. The results indicate that for the sample approximation problem, the minimax technique provides better estimates than the least-squares method if a sufficient amount of data is used. For the sample estimation problem, the minimax estimates are better if the mathematical model is incomplete.

Schiess, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1969

ELAS: A general-purpose computer program for the equilibrium problems of linear structures. Volume 2: Documentation of the program

A general purpose digital computer program for the in-core solution of linear equilibrium problems of structural mechanics is documented. The program requires minimum input for the description of the problem. The solution is obtained by means of the displacement method and the finite element technique. Almost any geometry and structure may be handled because of the availability of linear, triangular, quadrilateral, tetrahedral, hexahedral, conical, triangular torus, and quadrilateral torus elements. The assumption of piecewise linear deflection distribution insures monotonic convergence of the deflections from the stiffer side with decreasing mesh size. The stresses are provided by the best-fit strain tensors in the least squares at the mesh points where the deflections are given. The selection of local coordinate systems whenever necessary is automatic. The core memory is used by means of dynamic memory allocation, an optional mesh-point relabelling scheme and imposition of the boundary conditions during the assembly time.

Utku, S.↗