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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 487 records · Page 27
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1993

Workload management and geographic disorientation in aviation incidents: A review of the ASRS data base

NASA's Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) incident reports are reviewed in two related areas: pilots' failures to appropriately manage tasks, and breakdowns in geographic orientation. Examination of 51 relevant reports on task management breakdowns revealed that altitude busts and inappropriate runway usee were the most frequently reported consequences. Task management breakdowns appeared to occur at all levels of expertise, and prominent causal factors were related to breakdowns in crew communications, over-involvement with the flight management system and, for small (general aviation) aircraft, preoccupation with weather. Analysis of the 83 cases of geographic disorientation suggested that these too occurred at all levels of pilot experience. With regard to causal factors, a majority was related to poor cockpit resource management, in which inattention led to a loss of geographic awareness. Other leading causes were related to poor weather and poor decision making. The potential of the ASRS database for contributing to research and design issues is addressed.

Williams, Henry P.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Quasi-coherent structures in the turbulent boundary layer. I - Status report on a community-wide summary of the data

A review is presented of the approach, motivation and early results of a reevaluation of the knowledge collected by the research community during thirty years of research on the structure of turbulent boundary layers. Four distinctions or criteria concerning the need to improve the practices in this field are discussed: data versus inferences, possible versus actual versus significant events, one structure versus many, and one or two flows versus the totality of data. Attention given to the known quasi-coherent structures show that three factors significantly reduce the information available from laboratory data as a basis for forming a complete model of the quasi-coherent structure in the turbulent boundary layer: (1) the necessity to ensemble average probe output with resulting loss of phase information, (2) the inability to see more than one or two of the various types of structures simultaneously, and (3) the inability to see the spatial relations between the various quasi-coherent structures resulting from (1) and (2).

Kline, S. J.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Remote sensing of ice and snow - Review and status

The interpretation of satellite data is reviewed to address the possibility of extracting geophysically useful data regarding ice and snow. The scientific and practical utility of such data is examined in terms of the required and available scales, resolutions, and data types. Satellite instrumentation for ice and snow studies includes the AVHRR, the Special Sensor Microwave Imager, and the altimeters on Geosat and the European Remote Sensing Satellite. The satellites are presently used for conducting investigations of the microwave radiometry of snow, shortwave snowcover inventories, and sensor and model validations. It is noted that these studies encompass a range of ice properties and employ approaches and scientists from a number of fields. Areas that remain to be addressed in the field include snow structure and substrate effects, fall cooling, floe flooding, and brine expulsion.

Carsey, Frank↗
NASA NTRS1993

Advanced life support study. Modification 10: ECLSS logistical support analysis for Space Station Freedom

This addendum to the final report provides a description of the work performed under the subject contract. This report describes the work that was performed by SRS Technologies from Jan. 1992 - Jan. 1993. The work that was performed included the following: (1) a study of the Space Station Freedom (SSF) Preliminary Design Review (PDR) data package and an identification of the maintenance concept, structure, implementation plans, training plan, and the LSAR approach; development of a working ability with the ALSTAR and DATA Express software; (3) a review of the SSF maintenance concept; and (4) an update of the ALSTAR data base.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1983

Space Shuttle flying qualities and flight control system assessment study, phase 2

A program of flying qualities experiments as part of the Orbiter Experiments Program (OEX) is defined. Phase 1, published as CR-170391, reviewed flying qualities criteria and shuttle data. The review of applicable experimental and shuttle data to further define the OEX plan is continued. An unconventional feature of this approach is the use of pilot strategy model identification to relate flight and simulator results. Instrumentation, software, and data analysis techniques for pilot model measurements are examined. The relationship between shuttle characteristics and superaugmented aircraft is established. STS flights 1 through 4 are reviewed from the point of view of flying qualities. A preliminary plan for a coordinated program of inflight and simulator research is presented.

Myers, T. T.↗
NASA NTRS1991

A review of ice accretion data from a model rotor icing test and comparison with theory

An experiment was conducted by the Helicopter Icing Consortium (HIC) in the NASA Lewis Icing Research Tunnel (IRT) in which a 1/6 scale fuselage model of a UH-60A Black Hawk helicopter with a generic rotor was subjected to a wide range of icing conditions. The HIC consists of members from NASA, Bell Helicopter, Boeing Helicopter, McDonnell Douglas Helicopters, Sikorsky Aircraft, and Texas A&M University. Data was taken in the form of rotor torque, internal force balance measurements, blade strain gage loading, and two dimensional ice shape tracings. A review of the ice shape data is performed with special attention given to repeatability and correctness of trends in terms of radial variation, rotational speed, icing time, temperature, liquid water content, and volumetric median droplet size. Moreover, an indepth comparison between the experimental data and the analysis of NASA's ice accretion code LEWICE is given. Finally, conclusions are drawn as to the quality of the ice accretion data and the predictability of the data base as a whole. Recommendations are also given for improving data taking technique as well as potential future work.

Britton, Randall K.↗
NASA NTRS1991

A review of ice accretion data from a model rotor icing test and comparison with theory

An experiment was conducted by the Helicopter Icing Consortium (HIC) in the NASA Lewis Icing Research Tunnel (IRT) in which a 1/6 scale fuselage model of a UH-60A Black Hawk helicopter with a generic rotor was subjected to a wide range of icing conditions. The HIC consists of members from NASA, Bell Helicopter, Boeing Helicopter, McDonnell Douglas Helicopters, Sikorsky Aircraft, and Texas A&M University. Data was taken in the form of rotor torque, internal force balance measurements, blade strain gage loading, and two dimensional ice shape tracings. A review of the ice shape data is performed with special attention given to repeatability and correctness of trends in terms of radial variation, rotational speed, icing time, temperature, liquid water content, and volumetric median droplet size. Moreover, an indepth comparison between the experimental data and the analysis of NASA's ice accretion code LEWICE is given. Finally, conclusions are shown as to the quality of the ice accretion data and the predictability of the data base as a whole. Recommendations are also given for improving data taking technique as well as potential future work.

Britton, Randall K.↗
NASA NTRS1980

A post-Viking view of Martian geologic evolution

The geologic evolution of Mars is reviewed on the basis of data obtained by the Viking and previous missions. Current knowledge of the mean density and moment of inertia factor of Mars are surveyed and the constraints these data place on the structure and composition of the interior are discussed. Inferences drawn about Martian surface composition and mineralogy from lava modeling studies, in situ analyses, remote sensing observations, flow morphometry and investigations of weathering under Martian conditions are presented, and data on the topography, gravity field and structural features are considered in relation to the structure and deformational history of the crust. The temporal and spatial distribution of volcanic units are considered as a constraint on the thermal evolution of the planet, and other constraints on Martian thermal history, such as magnetic field data, are reviewed. Finally, the volatile inventory of Mars is discussed based on elemental and isotopic atmospheric abundance data and geological constraints on H2O and CO2 abundances.

Arvidson, R. E.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Constraints on Particles and Fields from X-Ray Data

We review emission processes for the handful of extragalactic radio sources which produce X-rays from hotspots and knots in radio jets. In almost all cases, the emitting feature shows a large gradient in radio brightness, indicative of the presence of a strong shock. Since both thermal and synchrotron self Compton models face severe difficulties (except for the hotspots of Cygnus A and 3C 295), the most likely explanation is the presence of gamma = 10(exp 7) electrons producing X-ray synchrotron emission. The major problems remaining are why so few features have been detected so far and why has no optical emission been detected in some cases. While a somewhat unique situation exists for 3C 390.3, serious problems remain for Pictor A, 3C 120, and the quasar jets in 3C 273 and PKS 0637.

Harris, D. E.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Research and technology, fiscal year 1985

Capabilities in spacecraft subsystems, sensors, space communications and navigation, the acquisition of data from space missions and the extraction of information from that data were reviewed. The use of satellite data in the study of the Earth's atmosphere and climate, the dynamics of its crust and the monitoring of land and water resources were examined. A review of NASA flight projects for 1985 was presented.

Source record↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Standard Measures During Spaceflight

The goal of the Spaceflight Standard Measures project is to ensure that a set of measures, representing the Human Research Program’s key risks and acquired with minimal impact on time and resources, is consistently captured from crewmembers through the end of the International Space Station (ISS) Program. Data collected under the Spaceflight Standard Measures project include assessments of sleep/wake cycles, cognition, immune status and function, general blood and urine chemistry (urine is collected only before flight and after landing), microbiome composition (gastrointestinal tract, saliva, and body surface), cardiovascular structure and function (carotid intima-media thickness, orthostatic responses), sensorimotor function, sleep quality, and team processes. Data is collected once or twice before the flight (180 and 90 days before launch), twice during the 6-month missions (flight day 30 and 30 days before return to Earth) with the exception of actigraphy, which is recorded during two-week periods before, during, and after the mission. In this presentation, we will review the data collected to date on 31 ISS crewmembers. These data are placed in the NASA Life Sciences Portal (NLSP) and are available for occupational surveillance (using non-identifiable data), Institutional Review Board-approved data sharing requests, and retrospective data requests. This data repository enables high-level monitoring of the effectiveness of countermeasures and meaningful interpretation of health and performance outcomes for various mission durations. The knowledge gained from this project informs and supports future hypothesis-driven research that will enable the success of planetary missions.

G R Clement↗
NASA NTRS1983

Processing techniques for software based SAR processors

Software SAR processing techniques defined to treat Shuttle Imaging Radar-B (SIR-B) data are reviewed. The algorithms are devised for the data processing procedure selection, SAR correlation function implementation, multiple array processors utilization, cornerturning, variable reference length azimuth processing, and range migration handling. The Interim Digital Processor (IDP) originally implemented for handling Seasat SAR data has been adapted for the SIR-B, and offers a resolution of 100 km using a processing procedure based on the Fast Fourier Transformation fast correlation approach. Peculiarities of the Seasat SAR data processing requirements are reviewed, along with modifications introduced for the SIR-B. An Advanced Digital SAR Processor (ADSP) is under development for use with the SIR-B in the 1986 time frame as an upgrade for the IDP, which will be in service in 1984-5.

Leung, K.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Protein Data Bank: A Comprehensive Review of 3D Structure Holdings and Worldwide Utilization by Researchers, Educators, and Students

The Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB), funded by the United States National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, and Department of Energy, supports structural biologists and Protein Data Bank (PDB) data users around the world. The RCSB PDB, a founding member of the Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB) partnership, serves as the US data center for the global PDB archive housing experimentally-determined three-dimensional (3D) structure data for biological macromolecules. As the wwPDB-designated Archive Keeper, RCSB PDB is also responsible for the security of PDB data and weekly update of the archive. RCSB PDB serves tens of thousands of data depositors (using macromolecular crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and micro-electron diffraction) annually working on all permanently inhabited continents. RCSB PDB makes PDB data available from its research-focused web portal at no charge and without usage restrictions to many millions of PDB data consumers around the globe. It also provides educators, students, and the general public with an introduction to the PDB and related training materials through its outreach and education-focused web portal. This review article describes growth of the PDB, examines evolution of experimental methods for structure determination viewed through the lens of the PDB archive, and provides a detailed accounting of PDB archival holdings and their utilization by researchers, educators, and students worldwide.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1992

Review of performance, medical, and operational data on pilot aging issues

An extensive review of the literature and studies relating to performance, medical, operational, and legal data regarding pilot aging issues was performed in order to determine what evidence there is, if any, to support mandatory pilot retirement. Popular misconceptions about aging, including the failure to distinguish between the normal aging process and disease processes that occur more frequently in older individuals, continue to contribute to much of the misunderstanding and controversy that surround this issue. Results: Review of medical data related to the pilot aging issue indicate that recent improvement in medical diagnostics and treatment technology have made it possible to identify to a high degree individuals who are at risk for developing sudden incapacitating illness and for treating those with disqualifying medical conditions. Performance studies revealed that after controlling for the presence of disease states, older pilots are able to perform as well as younger pilots on many performance tasks. Review of accident data showed that older, healthy pilots do not have higher accident rates than younger pilots, and indeeed, evidence suggests that older pilots have an advantage in the cockpit due to higher experience levels. The Man-Machine-Mission-Environment interface of factors can be managed through structured, supervised, and enhanced operations, maintenance, flight reviews, and safety procedures in order to ensure safe and productive operations by reducing the margin of error and by increasing the margin of safety. Conclusions: There is no evidence indicating any specific age as an arbitrary cut-off point for pilots to perform their fight duties. A combination of regular medical screening, performance evaluation, enhanced operational maintenance, and safety procedures can most effectively ensure a safe pilot population than can a mandatory retirement policy based on arbitrary age restrictions.

Stoklosa, J. H.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Standard Measures During Spaceflight

The key goal of the Spaceflight Standard Measures project is to ensure that a set of measures, representing the Human Research Program’s key risks and acquired with minimal impact on time and resources, is consistently captured from crewmembers through the end of the International Space Station (ISS) Program. Data collected under the Spaceflight Standard Measures project include assessments of sleep/wake cycles, cognition, immune status and function, general blood and urine chemistry (urine is collected only before flight and after landing), microbiome composition (gastrointestinal tract, saliva, and body surface), cardiovascular structure and function (carotid intima-media thickness, orthostatic responses), sensorimotor function, and team processes. Data is collected once or twice before the flight (180 and 90 days before launch), twice during the 6-month missions (fight day 30 and 30 days before return to Earth) with the exception of actigraphy, which is recorded continuously during the mission, and during two-week periods before and after the mission. In this presentation, we will review the data collected to date on twelve ISS crew members. These data are placed in the NASA Life Sciences Data Archive and are available for occupational surveillance (using non-identifiable data) Institutional Review Board-approved data sharing requests, and retrospective data requests. This data repository enables high-level monitoring of the effectiveness of countermeasures and meaningful interpretation of health and performance outcomes for various mission durations. The knowledge gained from this project informs and supports future hypothesis-driven research that will enable the success of planetary missions.

G R Clement↗
NASA NTRS1979

PRSA hydrogen tank thermal acoustic oscillation study

The power reactant storage assembly (PRSA) hydrogen tank test data were reviewed. Two hundred and nineteen data points illustrating the effect of flow rate, temperature ratio and configuration were identified. The test data were reduced to produce the thermal acoustic oscillation parameters. Frequency and amplitude were determined for model correlation. A comparison of PRSA hydrogen tank test data with the analytical models indicated satisfactory agreement for the supply and poor agreement for the full line.

Riemer, D. H.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Passive microwave data for snow and ice research - Planned products from the DMSP SSM/I system

Recommendations which have been made for processing and distributing passive microwave data for snow and ice research obtained with the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) are discussed. The general objectives for SSM/I data are reviewed, and the sensor and data flow are described. The SSM/I sea ice products are discussed, and algorithm/product validation is addressed. Proposed services and implementation after SSM/I launch are summarized.

Weawer, Ronald↗