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At least 487 records · Page 27
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1982

Compositional structure of the asteroid belt

A variety of observations, mainly albedos derived from 10 and 20 micron radiometry and eight-filter broadband spectrophotometry, were used to show that the asteroid belt is highly structured in composition. The bias-corrected distribution from 1.8 to 5.2 A.U. of the previously defined compositional types C,S,E,R, and M, plus type D and the newly described types F and P, are reported on. In terms of the relative abundances of the types discussed, the asteroid belt appears to be composed of at least six major compositionally distinct regions. The inferred composition of the asteroids in each semimajor axis region is consistent with the theory that the asteroids accreted from the solar nebula at or near their present location.

Gradie, J.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Planet-crossing asteroid survey

Ephemerides computed from asteroid orbits and the 48 in. Palomar Schmidt log book were used to determine the number of objects that might have appeared in photographic plates taken in years other than 1979. Thus, new positions would be calculated aiding the refinement of the preliminary orbits of these asteroids, eventually leading to their permanent number of designation. From these 109 asteroids, 35 were potentially on 97 plates taken at Palomar between 1976 and 1981. Unfortunately, only 27 plates were readily available and the number of tentative asteroids was reduced to 10. Upon examination of the film, only six objects were found to be in the region predicted by their ephemerides. The position of these objects was measured to the one arcsecond precision.

Atallah, C. A.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Software simulations of the detection of rapidly moving asteroids by a charge-coupled device

A rendezvous of an unmanned probe to an earth-approaching asteroid has been given a high priority in the planning of interplanetary missions for the 1990s. Even without a space mission, much could be learned about the history of asteroids and comet nuclei if more information were available concerning asteroids with orbits which cross or approach the orbit of earth. It is estimated that the total number of earth-crossers accessible to ground-based survey telescopes should be approximately 1000. However, in connection with the small size and rapid angular motion expected of many of these objects an average of only one object is discovered per year. Attention is given to the development of the software necessary to distinguish such rapidly moving asteroids from stars and noise in continuously scanned CCD exposures of the night sky. Model and input parameters are considered along with detector sensitivity, aspects of minimum detectable displacement, and the point-spread function of the CCD.

Mcmillan, R. S.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Asteroid rotation. IV

The results from the year 1979 of an ongoing program of asteroid photometry at Table Mountain Observatory are presented. The results for 53 asteroids are summarized in a table, showing the number, name, opposition date, taxonomic class, diameter, absolute magnitude, mean absolute magnitude at zero phase angle and values of the absolute magnitude and linear phase coefficient derived from it, the rotation period in hours, peak-to-peak amplitude of variation, difference between mean and maximum brightness, and reliability index. Another table presents data on aspect and comparison stars, including brightness and distance data. Reliable rotation periods are reported for 22 asteroids for which no previous values are known. For seven asteroids, periods are reported which are revisions of previously reported values.

Harris, A. W.↗
NASA NTRS1983

The R asteroids reconsidered

JHK infrared photometry shows that R asteroids have two distinct infrared color domains. Most R asteroids have JHK and visual colors and albedos that fall amongst those observed for S asteroids, but a small subset is clearly different. These are designated as a new A class of asteroids.

Veeder, G. J.↗
NASA NTRS1984

The planet crossing asteroid survey: Progress in the analysis of populations and terrestrial-planet cratering rates

The Planet-Crossing Asteroid Survey (PCAS) is making steady progress toward the accumulation of the data required to make improved estimates of the populations and cratering rates which can be compared with the existing record of impact events. The PCAS is the chief source of new objects on which to base these calculations over the past decade, and is an integral part of the continuing refinement of the estimates used in planetological applications. An adjunct effort to determine albedo statistics from photometry of UCAS plates is being pursued as well, to better define the magnitude frequency distributions of asteroids. This will improve the quality of the population and collision probability calculations. The survey effort continues to discover new asteroids whose orbital characteristics may reveal the origin and evolution mechanisms reponsible for the transport of the planet-crossing asteroids to the inner solar system.

Helin, E. F.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Angular momentum drain - A mechanism for despinning asteroids

The new mechanism of angular momentum drain is proposed to account for the relatively slow rotation rates of intermediate-sized asteroids. Impact ejecta on a spinning body preferentially escape in the direction of rotation, systematically draining away spin angular momentum and leading to the counterintuitive result that collisions can reduce the spin of midsized objects. The existing theory of asteroid rotation is reviewed, and the escape of ejecta from hypervelocity impacts on bodies of different sizes and physical properties is described. The effect of this mass loss on asteroidal rotation is calculated and shown to be a significant brake on the spins of intermediate-sized asteroids. Finally, this new process is incorporated in a revised theory of collisional evolution, its predictions are compared with observational data, and its applications are discussed.

Dobrovolskis, A. R.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Asteroid compositional rings: Clues to the compositions of primordial planetesimals in the middle solar system

The distribution of asteroid taxonomic types at distances between 2.1 and 5.3 AU is discussed. There are four major, overlapping but compositionally distinct rings of asteroids present within this range of heliocentric distance. The rings, within which 80% of each of 4 major taxonomic types (S, C, P, and D) fall, are centered at 2.6 (0.7), 2.9 (0.8), 3.4 (0.7), and 4.6 (1.5) AU respectively, where the numbers in parentheses are the ring widths in AU. The overall physical resemblence between the asteroid rings and planetary rings is poor; physically the asteroid belt more closely resembles a debris strewn satellite system. Once the mineralogy of these taxonomic types is established, and complications arising from postaccretionary metamorphism are dealt with, they may be used as probes of physical conditions in the early solar system. The identification of primordial planetesimals can be used in studying the siblings of the planetesimals responsible for the final stage of planetary accretion.

Tedesco, E. F.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Collisional history of asteroids - Evidence from Vesta and the Hirayama families

Numerical simulations of the collisional evolution of hypothetical initial asteroid populations have been run which are subject to three constraints: they must evolve to the current asteroid size distribution, preserve Vesta's basaltic crust, and produce at least the observed number of major Hirayama families. A 'runaway growth' initial asteroid population distribution is found to best satisfy these constraints, and a model is developed for the calculation of fragment size distribution in the disruption of large, gravitationally bound bodies in which the material strength is enhanced by hydrostatic self-compression. This model predicts that large asteroids behave as intrinsically strong bodies despite histories of collisional fracture.

Davis, D. R.↗
NASA NTRS1985

The nature of C-class asteroids from 3-micron spectrophotometry

Narrowband spectrophotometry between 2.3 and 3.5 micrometers is presented for 14 main-belt C asteroids greater than 100 km in diameter. Absorption features at 3 micrometers due to water of hydration are present in the spectra of nine of the asteroids, with intensities ranging from 6 to 23 percent. The other five asteroids have no such absorption greater than 2 percent in intensity. The present C-asteroid population may be fragments of larger parent bodies with anhydrous C3-like cores and hydrated C1I- or C2M-like mantles.

Feierberg, M. A.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Tethers and asteroids for artificial gravity assist in the solar system

Analytical models are defined for gravity-assist trajectory changes for spacecraft passing massive compact bodies. The models are applied in an examination of the benefits of lowering a tether to an asteroid during a flyby in order to gain a trajectory change equivalent to that from a massive body (planet). Direct flybys yield velocity gains while retrograde flybys shed velocity. The magnitude of the effects are a function of the proximity to the body during flyby. This inherently limits the gravity assist technique used around planets, which usually have atmospheres and can have intense radiation fields. If a spacecraft could extend a tether (such as to be tested on the Orbiter) to snag on an asteroid surface, the potential trajectory/velocity change of the spacecraft would be limited mainly by the tether strength. The encounter physics are treated as a soft collision. Possible applications of the asteroid tether technique are outer planet, Mars and main belt asteroid exploration missions.

Penzo, P. A.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Reflectance spectrophotometry (about 0.5-1.0 micron) of oute-belt asteroids - Implications for primitive, organic solar system material

The surface compositions of outer-belt asteroids were used to obtain information about the origin of these asteroids. High-resolution CCD reflectance spectra of 21 asteroids, primarily P class, were examined for compositional information. Distinct slope changes are observed that suggest that these asteroids are the remnants of a compositional gradation of planetesimals in the outer solar system, which were retained selectively in location when other material was ejected from the solar system. Other data suggest that this gradation could extend through the orbits of Uranus and Neptune.

Vilas, F.↗
NASA NTRS1986

The spectral and physical properties of metal in meteorite assemblages - Implications of asteroid surface materials

One of the objectives of the present paper is related to a definition of the spectral contribution of the nickel-iron metal component in meteoritic assemblages. Another objective is the elucidation of the chemical, physical, and petrographic properties of the metal grains which affect the spectral signature in asteroid surface materials. It is pointed out that an improved understanding of the spectral and physical properties of metal in asteroid regoliths should permit an improved characterization of these objects, and, in particular, a better evaluation of the differentiated or undifferentiated nature of the S-type and M-type asteroids. Attention is given to the spectra of iron and nickel-iron metals, the spectral effects of metal in chondritic assemblages, the spectral reflectance of metal grains in ordinary chondrites, the nature of the surfaces of chondritic metal grains, the origin of coats on chondritic metal grains, and the fragmentation of metal on asteroid surfaces.

Gaffey, M. J.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Radar investigation of asteroids

The number of radar detected asteroids has climbed from 6 to 40 (27 mainbelt plus 13 near-Earth). The dual-circular-polarization radar sample now comprises more than 1% of the numbered asteroids. Radar results for mainbelt asteroids furnish the first available information on the nature of these objects at macroscopic scales. At least one object (2 Pallas) and probably many others are extraordinarily smooth at centimeter-to-meter scales but are extremely rough at some scale between several meters and many kilometers. Pallas has essentially no small-scale structure within the uppermost several meters of the regolith, but the rms slope of this regolith exceeds 20 deg., much larger than typical lunar values (approx. 7 deg.). The origin of these slopes could be the hypervelocity impact cratering process, whose manifestations are likely to be different on low-gravity, low-radius-of-curvature objects from those on the terrestrial planets. The range of mainbelt asteroid radar albedoes is very broad and implies big variations in regolith porosity or metal concentration, or both. The highest albedo estimate, for 16 Psyche, is consistent with a surface having porosities typical of lunar soil and a composition nearly completely metallic. Therefore, Psyche might be the collisionally stripped core of a differentiated small plant, and might resemble mineralogically the parent bodies of iron meteorites.

Ostro, S. J.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Physical properties of asteroids

The physical properties of asteroids were studied by telescopic observations and laboratory and theoretical work. Spectrophotometry from 0.3 to 1.1 microns and 1.2, 1.6 and 2.2 micron photometry allow spectral-compositional classification of asteroids. Based on laboratory data and telescopic observations, it was found that infrared measurements at 1.2, 1.6 and 2.2 microns provide a relatively rapid and accurate method for the classification of minor planets and are important in comparing asteroids with meteorites. This technique was proven and employed in an expanded survey of Apollo-Amor-Aten and other unusual asteroids recently scanned by IRAS.

Veeder, G. J.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Observations on the magnitude-frequency distribution of Earth-crossing asteroids

During the past decade, discovery of Earth-crossing asteroids has continued at the pace of several per year; the total number of known Earth crossers reached 70 as of September, 1986. The sample of discovered Earth crossers has become large enough to provide a fairly strong statistical basis for calculations of mean probabilities of asteroid collision with the Earth, the Moon, and Venus. It is also now large enough to begin to address the more difficult question of the magnitude-frequency distribution and size distribution of the Earth-crossing asteroids. Absolute V magnitude, H, was derived from reported magnitudes for each Earth crosser on the basis of a standard algorithm that utilizes a physically realistic phase function. The derived values of H range from 12.88 for (1627) Ivar to 21.6 for the Palomar-Leiden object 6344, which is the faintest and smallest asteroid discovered.

Shoemaker, Eugene M.↗
NASA NTRS1986

A possible comet and asteroid link in the formation of comets

IRAS data on particles in the asteroid belt and 'cirrus' clouds at large heliocentric distances are used as the bases for a model of ongoing comet production. It is noted that many particles in the solar system have a radiation pressure/gravitational attraction ratio of 0.5, a condition that holds true for particles in the asteroid belt. Collisionally disturbed into eccentric orbits, the particles could collect frosty grains in the outermost solar system. IRAS revealed the presence of many of these grains in the asteroid belt. It is numerically shown that the agglomeration of many subkilometer radius asteroids deflected into the outer solar system by orbital perturbations induced by Jupiter could provide a nucleating location for the outwardly-migrated grains. Techniques which could be employed to test the hypothesis are discussed.

Odell, C. R.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Are cometary nuclei like asteroids?

Simultaneous optical and infrared observations have been made to determine the radii, albedos, and spectral reflectivities of two cometary nuclei for comparison with asteroids. The cometary nuclei are dark, highly elongated, and larger than commonly assumed. The two comets are very different from each other. The reflection spectrum of the nucleus of comet Neujmin 1 is consistent only with that of an S asteroid but the albedo is much darker than for any S asteroid. The properties of the nucleus of comet Arend-Rigaux are consistent with the properties of a C or F asteroid.

Ahearn, M. F.↗