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At least 487 records · Page 27
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2014

3D-HST + CANDELS: the Evolution of the Galaxy Size-mass Distribution Since Z=3

Spectroscopic and photometric redshifts, stellar mass estimates, and rest-frame colors from the 3D-HST survey are combined with structural parameter measurements from CANDELS imaging to determine the galaxy size-mass distribution over the redshift (z) range 0 < z < 3. Separating early- and late-type galaxies on the basis of star-formation activity, we confirm that early-type galaxies are on average smaller than late-type galaxies at all redshifts, and find a significantly different rate of average size evolution at fixed galaxy mass, with fast evolution for the early-type population, effective radius is in proportion to (1 + z) (sup −1.48), and moderate evolution for the late-type population, effective radius is in proportion to (1 + z) (sup −0.75). The large sample size and dynamic range in both galaxy mass and redshift, in combination with the high fidelity of our measurements due to the extensive use of spectroscopic data, not only fortify previous results, but also enable us to probe beyond simple average galaxy size measurements. At all redshifts the slope of the size-mass relation is shallow, effective radius in proportion to mass of a black hole (sup 0.22), for late-type galaxies with stellar mass > 3 x 10 (sup 9) solar masses, and steep, effective radius in proportion to mass of a black hole (sup 0.75), for early-type galaxies with stellar mass > 2 x 10 (sup 10) solar masses. The intrinsic scatter is approximately or less than 0.2 decimal exponents for all galaxy types and redshifts. For late-type galaxies, the logarithmic size distribution is not symmetric, but skewed toward small sizes: at all redshifts and masses a tail of small late-type galaxies exists that overlaps in size with the early-type galaxy population. The number density of massive (approximately 10 (sup 11) solar masses), compact (effective radius less than 2 kiloparsecs) early-type galaxies increases from z = 3 to z = 1.5 − 2 and then strongly decreases at later cosmic times.

EVOLUTION↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Spacesuit Sizing by Multivariate Simulation: Case Study for Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment

A technique was developed to assess the fit of spacesuit garment liquid cooling and ventilation garment (LCVG). A fit scoring scheme was built from the spacesuit sizing requirements and guidelines, and the accommodated proportion of the wearer population was estimated from statistically synthesized pseudo population data. The method evaluated different scenarios of LCVG sizing systems including 1) baseline 7-size system, 2) 7-sizes with target body dimensions iteratively adjusted for maximum fit, and 3) 9-sizes with iterative adjustments. Overall, the baseline sizing system showed 81% accommodation rate, while the hypothetical new systems in-tegrating iterative adjustments for 7- and 9-sizes predictively indicated that accommodation could improve up to 92 and 97%. The proposed method provided a structured metric to quantify fit performance of a garment sizing system, which can be further applied to different spacesuit component, PPE and garment designs.

Han Kim↗
DOE OSTI2017

Effect of substrate roughness, slope, and body size on climbing behavior and performance of juvenile American eels ( Anguilla rostrata )

The effect of ramp slope and substrate grain size on the passage of juvenile American Eel ( Anguilla rostrata ) over indoor ramps was tested from May – August 2016. Two size classes of fish (300 glass eels 50 – 70 mm and 300 elvers 90-114 mm), five substrates varying in coarseness (Substrate 1: 0.18-0.25 mm grain size, Substrate 2: 0.25-0.60 mm grain size, Substrate 3; 0.60-1.00 mm grain size, Substrate 4: 1.00 – 2.00 mm grain size, Substrate 5: 2.00- 4.00 mm grain size), and three ramp slopes (25, 35 and 45 degrees) were explored. Individual fish were placed at the bottom of a ramp and given 30 minutes to ascend 0.5 m. Movements over the substrate were recorded with video footage and digitized. Fish length, fish weight, water temperature, and days the fish were held in captivity before being tested were also recorded and analyzed. Results indicated that substrate had a highly significant effect on glass and elver climbing performance, and slope had an effect on elver performance but not glass eel performance. The roughest substrate yielded the highest proportion of eels ascending the entire length of the ramp and the highest climbing speed in each parameter category. Further testing with more grain sizes and longer ramp lengths are required, and mass manufacturing processes for this substrate need to be explored.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Waffle Homes: Utilizing Aerial Imagery of Unfinished Buildings to Determine Average Room Size

A primary function of the Population Density Tables Project (PDT) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is to produce residential population densities per 1000 sq. ft. for each country and their associated first-level administrative units. This is accomplished by utilizing the average size of different types of dwelling areas (urban, rural, single-family, multi-family, etc.) and the average household size provided by a country’s Census or statistical bureau records. This data is available for the majority of Europe, North America, and large swathes of Asia, but is less easily found in Africa and South America. In these regions, Censuses generally report dwelling area by number of rooms, which poses the challenging question of how we can translate number of rooms to dwelling size when no dwelling size areas are available with which to compare. Using sub-meter resolution satellite imagery of Accra, Ghana, this challenge can be tackled using imagery of roofless buildings currently under construction that show the interior floor plan of the dwelling. A sample of buildings from the different neighborhoods of Accra can be digitized to provide an estimate and range of average room sizes of dwellings. This average room size can then be translated to a total dwelling area using the "number of rooms occupied by a household" variable from the Ghanaian Census. This intermediate step between average dwelling size and number of rooms occupied, fills the missing link that prevents PDT from continually producing new population densities for countries where dwelling size is unavailable through any official means.

Woody, Carson↗
DOE OSTI2016

In Situ TEM Microcompression Pillar Size Effects in Fe-9Cr ODS

The objective of this paper is to ascertain the existence of a specimen size threshold, below which the material no longer exhibits bulk mechanical behavior when tested using in situ transmission electron microscopic (TEM) micro-compression pillars. In this work, sub-micron sized pillars of a model Fe-9Cr oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy were compressed in TEM in situ at room temperature, and attempts have been made to quantify the resulting data. Results are compared to mechanical property values in the archival literature, and a discussion on the validity of quantitative in situ TEM micro-compression data for ODS steel is included. In situ TEM mechanical testing is a relatively new technique enabling concurrent TEM imaging and mechanical testing of sub-micron-sized electron-transparent specimens. Due to limited sample volume of many nuclear materials, in situ TEM mechanical testing holds great promise for advancing our understanding of deformation phenomena. But it is well known that the dramatically reduced specimen size required for in situ testing can affect quantitative and qualitative deformation behaviors. However, Kiener, et al. used in situ TEM micro-compression pillars on irradiated and unirradiated single-crystal copper. They observed size independence in the irradiated material, while the unnirradiated material displayed a size threshold below which the mechanical properties deviated from those of bulk Cu. They assert that the more densely-spaced obstacles in irradiated Cu allow it to display bulk properties even in specimens having ∼ 100 nm dimensions. Similar to Kiener's findings, we hypothesize that unirradiated ODS will demonstrate a size threshold, but the in situ TEM micro-compression technique can be extended from single crystal materials to engineering alloys. An Fe-9Cr model ODS alloy was chosen for this study because of the broad interest in ODS for advanced nuclear reactors. ODS alloys exhibit high irradiation tolerance and high temperature creep resistance. New insight into deformation processes gained through in situ TEM mechanical testing could be valuable for the validation of ODS alloys for next generation nuclear reactors. The fact that the compressive yield stress and elastic modulus do not follow distinct trends as a function of specimen size is likely due to the high density of obstacles to dislocation motion. The ODS microstructure contains such obstacles as oxide nanoparticles, a fine grain structure, a high density of dislocation lines, and carbide precipitates. Since the deformation behavior is governed by the minimum separation distance between obstacles [1], it is plausible that the high obstacle density enables ODS alloy micropillars to exhibit bulk-like mechanical properties even prior to irradiation. Future work will focus on: (1) developing finite element models to help explain the difference in elastic moduli between bulk and micropillar tests, (2) understanding the spread in yield stress measurements at fixed micropillar volumes, and (3) extending this study to irradiated ODS. (authors)

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Fracture toughness of zirconia with a nanometer size notch fabricated using focused ion beam milling

Zirconia with 3 mol% yttria (3Y-TZP) has been used for dental crowns and bridges due to its excellent mechanical behavior. Performing fracture toughness testing on this nanograin material, however, can be a challenge. For reliable results, fracture toughness testing requires an extremely sharp notch in the test specimen that closely approximates a very sharp crack. This study was to investigate an alternative method to produce nanometer-sized notches, which are less than the average grain size of 3Y-TZP, during the preparation of single-edge V-notched beam specimens and report the resulting fracture toughness value. We present a method using focused ion beam (FIB) milling to fabricate nanometer-sized notches in 3Y-TZP. The notch tip is <100 nm wide, which is smaller than the grain size, and is consistent throughout the thickness of the specimen. The FIB-notched specimens show a much reduced average fracture toughness of 5.64 ± 1.14 MPa√m compared to 8.90 ± 0.23 MPa√m for the specimens without FIB-notches. The FIB-milling did not appear to create any monoclinic phase prior to fracture toughness testing. Fractures originated at the FIB-notches, and the notch size can be readily identified post-mortem using a microscope. A considerable amount of tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transformation was observed throughout the fracture surfaces. FIB milling provides an alternative method to fabricate nanometer-sized notches that are smaller than the grain size of tetragonal zirconia polycrystal. The fracture toughness determined using FIB-notches was ~5.64 MPa√m, smaller than the specimens with V-notches fabricated using saw blades.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Enhanced exchange bias effect in size modulated Sm{sub 0.5}Ca{sub 0.5}MnO{sub 3} phase separated manganite

The effect of grain size modulation on exchange bias effect in CE-type antiferromagnetic Sm{sub 0.5}Ca{sub 0.5}MnO{sub 3} phase separated manganite is reported here. With the reduction of particle size, ferromagnetic clusters are found to form in the charge ordered antiferromagnetic matrix and gradually become larger. The horizontal and vertical shifts of the magnetic hysteresis loops in the field cooled magnetization process clearly indicate the size dependent exchange bias effect and it can be tuned with the reduction of particle sizes. The values of exchange bias parameter, i.e., exchange bias field (H{sub E}), coercivity (H{sub C}), remanence asymmetry (M{sub E}), and magnetic coercivity (M{sub C}) are found to depend strongly on the particle size. The variations of H{sub E} follow non-monotonic dependencies with reduction in particle size and show maximum (1205 Oe) at particle size of 150 nm at T = 5 K, which can be ascribed due to the changes in uncompensated surface spins. The values of H{sub E} and M{sub E} are found to decrease exponentially with increasing temperature below the spin- or cluster-glass like freezing temperature. The spin relaxation model has been employed for analysis of large magnetic training effect. The linear relationship between H{sub E} and M{sub E} further confirms the role of uncompensated surface spins. In view of spintronics application of manganites, the present observation of large exchange bias shift in this half-doped manganite may have great technological importance.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

Size-dependent stochastic tensile properties in additively manufactured 316L stainless steel

Recent work in metal additive manufacturing (AM) suggests that mechanical properties may vary with feature size; however, these studies do not provide a statistically robust description of this phenomenon, nor do they provide a clear causal mechanism. Because of the huge design freedom afforded by 3D printing, AM parts typically contain a range of feature sizes, with particular interest in smaller features, so the size effect must be well understood in order to make informed design decisions. This work investigates the effect of feature size on the stochastic mechanical performance of laser powder bed fusion tensile specimens. A high-throughput tensile testing method was used to characterize the effect of specimen size on strength, elastic modulus and elongation in a statistically meaningful way. The effective yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and modulus decreased strongly with decreasing specimen size: all three properties were reduced by nearly a factor of two as feature dimensions were scaled down from 6.25 mm to 0.4 mm. Hardness and microstructural observations indicate that this size dependence was not due to an intrinsic change in material properties, but instead the effects of surface roughness on the geometry of the specimens. Finite element analysis using explicit representations of surface topography shows the critical role surface features play in creating stress concentrations that trigger deformation and subsequent fracture. The experimental and finite element results provide the tools needed to make corrections in the design process to more accurately predict the performance of AM components.

316L stainless steel↗
DOE OSTI2012

Structural evolution in crystalline MoO{sub 3} nanoparticles with tunable size

In this study MoO{sub 3} nanoparticles were prepared in porous Vycor glass by impregnation-decomposition cycles (IDC) with molybdenum(VI) 2-ethylhexanoate. X-ray diffraction data show that the nanoparticles are crystalline and are in the orthorhombic {alpha}-MoO{sub 3} phase. Raman spectroscopy data also indicate the formation of this phase. The profiles in the Raman spectra changed with the number of IDC, indicating a structural evolution of the MoO{sub 3} nanoparticles. The IDC methodology promoted a linear mass increase and allowed tuning the nanoparticle size. Analysis of HRTEM images revealed that for 3, 5 and 7 IDC, the MoO{sub 3} nanoparticle average diameters are 3.2, 3.6 and 4.2 nm. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy indicates a consistent red shift in the band gap from 3.35 to 3.29 eV as the size increases from 3.2 to 4.2 nm. This observed red shift in the band gap of the MoO{sub 3} nanoparticles is presumably due to quantum confinement effects. - Graphical abstract: Modification of profile Raman spectra for crystalline MoO{sub 3} nanoparticles in function of the particle size. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Structural evolution of the MoO{sub 3} nanoparticles as a function of the crystallite size. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Tunable optical properties by controlling the MoO{sub 3} nanoparticle size. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The impregnation-decomposition methodology allowed tuning the nanoparticle size. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The red shift in the band gap of the MoO{sub 3} nanoparticles is due to quantum size effect. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The short-distance order in MoO{sub 3} nanoparticle is function to area/volume ratio.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

Particle and crystallite size effects on the modulated structure of multiferroic CaMn{sub 7}O{sub 12}

A systematic study of the atomic position modulation in polycrystalline CaMn{sub 7}O{sub 12} with different particle sizes (determined from scanning electron microscopy) and crystallite sizes (determined from X-ray diffraction) is reported. The morphology and phase composition are characterised by scanning electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The crystal structure and the atomic position modulation in polycrystalline CaMn{sub 7}O{sub 12} samples are explored with high-resolution synchrotron radiation based powder X-ray diffraction. The modulation vector and the modulation amplitudes observed at T=10 K do not change as a function of particle size, crystallite size and microstrain fluctuations. In addition, we report and discuss the formation of the additional CaMn{sub 4}O{sub 8} nanowire phase during high temperature annealing. - Graphical abstract: The particle size morphology of the multiferroic CaMn{sub 7}O{sub 12} has a weak influence on the atomic position modulation length and the amplitude of the atomic position modulation below T=250 K. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Atomic position modulation occurs in CaMn{sub 7}O{sub 12} with different particle sizes. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The modulation length is the same for different CaMn{sub 7}O{sub 12} particle sizes. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Nanowire shaped crystals of CaMn{sub 4}O{sub 8} can be synthesized.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Effect of organic solvents on particle size of Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles synthesized by a solvothermal method

In this paper, a modified simple solvothermal method is employed to synthesize Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanocrystals using four different solvents: acetone, ethanol, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles with a tetragonal hausmannite nano-structure are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), as well as superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer (SQUID). The Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4} particle size is found to have a strong dependency on the solvent used. A reaction scheme is proposed to understand this dependency, suggesting that the solvent coordinating capability has a critical effect on Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4} particle size. The stronger the coordinating capability of the solvent is, the smaller the Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4} particle size is. In addition, magnetic properties of the nano-structured Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4} are also tested and discussed. - Graphical abstract: The comparison of the particle size of Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles synthesized using different solvents and HRTEM image of Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4} individual nanoparticle revealed its single-crystal nature. - Highlights: • Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanocrystals were synthesized using different solvents by a solvothermal method. • The particle size of Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanocrystal is found to have a strong dependency on the solvent used. • A reaction mechanism is proposed to explain the difference of particle size of Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanocrystals. • Magnetic properties of Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanocrystals with different particle size are tested and compared.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2012

Characteristic of copper matrix simultaneously reinforced with nano- and micro-sized Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} particles

The effect of the simultaneous presence of nano- and micro-sized Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} particles on the microstructure and properties of copper matrix was the object of this study. The mixture of inert gas-atomized prealloyed copper powder (with 1 wt.% Al) and 0.6 wt.% commercial Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} powder (serving as micro-sized particles) was used as the starting materials. Strengthening of the copper matrix was performed by treating the powders in the air for up to 20 h in the planetary ball mill. During milling of the prealloyed powder, finely dispersed nano-sized Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} particles were formed in situ by internal oxidation. The approximate size of these particles was between 30 and 60 nm. The highest values of microhardness were reached in compacts processed from 10 h-milled powders. The microhardness of compact obtained from 10 h-milled powder was 3 times higher than the microhardness of compact processed from as-received and non-milled prealloyed powder. At the maximum microhardness the grain size reaches the smallest value as a result of the synergetic effect of nano- and micro-sized Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} particles. Recrystallization, which occurred during prolonged milling, was the main factor influencing the decrease in microhardness. The increase in electrical conductivity of compacts after 15 h of milling is the result of the decrease in microhardness and activated recrystallization processes. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Copper matrix was reinforced with nano- and micro-sized Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} particles. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The twofold role of coarse Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} particles in matrix strengthening exists. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer During shorter milling time these particles contribute to increase of microhardness. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer At longer milling time decrease in microhardness is related to recrystallization.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Effect of particle size on pore three-dimensional characteristics of SiCp preforms by X-ray micro-computed tomography

Highlights: • X-ray μ-CT was used to characterize 3D structures of the pores in SiCp preforms. • 3D pore network models of the pore structure were extracted and analyzed. • With the increase of particle size, the homogeneity of pore distribution decreased. • Small particles in large spaces of coarse particles decreased preform connectivity. - Abstract: Silicon-carbide particle (SiC{sub p}) preforms with particle sizes of 20, 50, 100 and 150 μm were prepared by compression mold forming and heat treatment. A high resolution (~ 1.0 μm) three-dimensional (3D) X-ray micro-computed tomography (X-ray μ-CT) combined with 3D pore-network models were used to study the effect of particle size on 3D characteristics and spatial structures of pores in the preforms. The results demonstrated that as the particle size increased, the gap expansion caused by burning of starch reduced. When the particle size increased from 20 to 100 μm, the average areal porosity, homogeneity of pore distribution, connectivity, the numbers of small pores and throats, and average pore coordination number decreased; the average effective sizes of pores and throats increased. When the particle size further increased to 150 μm, the large gaps were filled by small particles resulted from the broken coarse particles, which decreased the homogeneity and connectivity of pores. As a result, the pore-network analysis shows that the numbers of small pores and throats and average pore coordination number increased.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Synthesis of size tuneable cadmium sulphide nanoparticles from a single source precursor using ammonia as the solvent

Graphical abstract: UV-vis absorption spectra for CdS prepared by decomposing cadmium xanthates (Cd(ROCS{sub 2}){sub 2}) exhibit a marked blue-shift with increasing the alkyl chain length (where R denotes: (a) -C{sub 2}H{sub 5}, (b) -C{sub 4}H{sub 9}, (c) -C{sub 8}H{sub 17}, and (d) -C{sub 12}H{sub 25}, respectively), indicating the progressive size reduction of formed CdS nanoparticles. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Synthesis of CdS nanoparticles using a single source precursor. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Tailoring the nanocrystal sizes using cadmium alkyl xanthate with different carbonyl length. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Preparation in an environment-friendly solvent. -- Abstract: Size tuneable cadmium sulphide nanoparticles of a few nanometres in size were prepared by thermolysis of a single source precursor of cadmium xanthates with variable carbon chain length (Cd(ROCS{sub 2}){sub 2}, where R denotes -C{sub 2}H{sub 5}, -C{sub 4}H{sub 9}, -C{sub 8}H{sub 17} and -C{sub 12}H{sub 25}, respectively) in an ammonia solution. The particle size, morphology and crystallinity of these nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray powder diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption techniques. The results show that hexagonal CdS nanoparticles can be produced by thermolysis of cadmium alkyl xanthate in an ammonia solution at a temperature as low as 100 Degree-Sign C. The size of CdS particles (between 5.60 nm and 3.71 nm) decreases with increasing length of carbon chain in the precursor, as further confirmed by UV-visible and fluorescence spectrophotometric measurements. The size tuning mechanism of CdS from cadmium alkyl xanthate is also discussed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Investigation of oxygen vacancy and photoluminescence in calcium tungstate nanophosphors with different particle sizes

Highlights: • CaWO{sub 4} nanophosphors with different particle sizes were prepared by hydrothermal processes through controlling the concentration of surfactant. • Green emission band of oxygen vacancy in CaWO{sub 4} nanophosphor was clearly observed upon the irradiation of 350 nm excitation. • The concentration of oxygen vacancy in CaWO{sub 4} nanophosphor could be increased by reducing its size. - Abstract: Calcium tungstate (CaWO{sub 4}) nanophosphors with the particle sizes from 35 to 90 nm were synthesized by a hydrothermal process through exactly controlling the pre-treated conditions. The influence of particle size on oxygen vacancy and photoluminescence properties in CaWO{sub 4} nanophosphors was investigated and discussed. The crystal structure of the CaWO{sub 4} nanophosphors presented a certain level of distortion due to the high concentration of oxygen vacancy. Under 350 nm excitation, a clear green emission aroused by oxygen vacancy was observed. The possible luminescence processes for the matrix and oxygen vacancy were proposed. The luminescence spectra of the nanophosphors revealed that the emission and absorption intensity aroused by oxygen vacancy were both enhanced when the size is decreased. On the basis of the above results, the essential relationship between particle size and oxygen vacancy in CaWO{sub 4} nanophosphors was concluded that the concentration of oxygen vacancy could be increased by reducing its size, which was further confirmed by decay lifetimes.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Facile synthesis of size-tunable CuO/graphene composites and their high photocatalytic performance

Graphical abstract: A novel leaf-like CuO/graphene nanosheet (GNS) with tunable size was prepared by a facile hydrothermal process, and the stirring temperature in synthesis was found to be effective for controlling its size. - Highlights: • Leaf-like CuO/GNS nanocomposites with tunable size was prepared via hydrothermal method. • With increase of stirring temperature, the surface area becomes larger. • The morphology of nanocomposites plays an important role in photocatalysis. - Abstract: Size-tunable leaf-like copper oxide modified by graphene nanosheets was synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. Stirring temperature control during synthesis was found to be important in effectively controlling the size of CuO nanoparticles, with smaller size CuO nanoparticles produced by increasing the stirring temperature. The as-prepared nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, TEM, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption. The nanocomposites exhibited better catalytic activity than pure CuO toward the degradation of rhodamine B in the presence of H{sub 2}O{sub 2} under visible light irradiation. The catalytic performance was improved with decreasing particle size of the nanocomposites, which was attributed to the increased in the rate of interelectron transfer at the interface.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

ED-cPSD: Fast Phase-Size Distribution via Sequential Erosion-Dilation

The Erosion-Dilation continuous Phase-Size Distribution, ED-cPSD, is an application for calculating continuous pore and particle-size distribution from digital reconstructions and/or image-based structural data. It is based on the erosion-dilation continuous phase-size distribution method. A continuous size distribution is a measure of the probability density of finding a particle or pore of a certain size. These distributions are of interest in any field of study involving porous media, including but not limited to electrochemistry, petroleum engineering, geology, and food science. The algorithm behind the software provides a computationally efficient way to calculate phase-size distributions for large domains. For a 3D battery electrode reconstruction with 1.3 x 10 8 voxels, the particle size distribution is derived in under 2 min on a desktop, while also retaining flexibility and computational efficiency for HPC-scale multi-threading. The software can handle structures with over 10 9 voxels. The algorithm is roughly 280 times faster than a previous version on the same task.

Characterization↗
DOE OSTI2022

Characterizing how size distribution and concentration affect echogenicity of ultrasound contrast agents

Here, we investigated the effects of UCA gas bubble size distribution and concentration on the generated ultrasound echogenicity signal. Gas bubble size characterization using Coulter Counter and cryogenic-SEM revealed the hollow structure and rare presence of microbubbles >10 µm in a commercial UCA product, Lumason™. Volume-weighed size and concentration were observed to be more sensitive to changes in UCA bubble stability than number-weighted size and concentration. Size distribution measurements showed that the force (e.g., shaking/agitation energy) used to redisperse the sample did not affect the size distribution, concentration, or echogenicity of the UCA sample. The ultrasound backscattering coefficient (BSC) of size fractionated and serial diluted microbubbles showed that the echogenicity signal correlates most with UCA bubble concentration, especially volume-weighted concentration. Findings from this study may be used to support demonstrating the equivalence of a generic UCA product to the reference listed drug.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗