Effect of Energetic Electrons Produced by Raman Scattering on Hohlraum Dynamics
Abstract not provided
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
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Results for “RAMAN EFFECT”
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LINE-INTERLOCKING EFFECTS ON POLARIZATION IN SPECTRAL LINES BY RAYLEIGH AND RAMAN SCATTERING
The polarized spectrum of the Sun and stars is formed from the scattering of anisotropic radiation on atoms. Interpretation of this spectrum requires the solution of polarized line transfer in multilevel atomic systems. While sophisticated quantum theories of polarized line formation in multilevel atomic systems exist, they are limited by the approximation of complete frequency redistribution in scattering. The partial frequency redistribution (PRD) in line scattering is a necessary component in modeling the polarized spectra of strong lines. The polarized PRD line scattering theories developed so far confine themselves to a two-level or a two-term atom model. In this paper, we present a heuristic approach to the problem of polarized line formation in multilevel atoms taking into account the effects of PRD and a weak magnetic field. Starting from the unpolarized PRD multilevel atom approach of Hubeny et al., we incorporate the polarization state of the radiation field. However, the lower level polarization is neglected. Two iterative methods of solving the polarized PRD line transfer in multilevel atoms are also presented. Taking the example of a five-level Ca II atom model, we present illustrative results for an isothermal one-dimensional model atmosphere.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Conversion of ultrashort laser pulses to wavelengths above 3 mm in tapered germanate fibres
Tapered germanate fibres are proposed for effective adiabatic conversion of Raman soliton pulses to the mid-IR region. A theoretical analysis demonstrates that, in fibres with anomalous group velocity dispersion decreasing along their length, wavelengths of up to 3.5 μm can be reached, which are unattainable in fibres with a constant core diameter at the same parameters of a 2-μm input signal. The analysis relies on a one-way wave equation that takes into account the combined effect of dispersion, Kerr and Raman nonlinearities, nonlinear dispersion and optical losses and the frequency dependence of the effective fundamental transverse mode size. (extreme light fields and their applications)
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Power limitations and pulse distortions in an Yb : KGW chirped-pulse amplification laser system
We have studied self-action effects (self-focusing and self-phase modulation) and stimulated Raman scattering in an Yb : KGW chirped-pulse amplification laser system. The results demonstrate that self-focusing in combination with thermal lensing may significantly limit the chirped pulse energy in this system (down to 200 μJ) even at a relatively long pulse duration (50 ps). Nonlinear lenses in the laser crystals in combination with thermal lenses bring the regenerative amplifier cavity in the laser system to the instability zone and limit the average output power at pulse repetition rates under 50 kHz. Self-phase modulation, a manifestation of self-action, may significantly distort a recompressed femtosecond pulse at energies near the self-focusing threshold. Stimulated Raman scattering in such a laser has a weaker effect on output parameters than do self-focusing and thermal lensing, and Raman spectra are only observed in the case of pulse energy instability. (nonlinear optical phenomena)
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Stimulated Raman scattering coupled to decay instability in a plasma channel
A non local theory of Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) coupled to decay instability in a plasma channel is developed. The primary Langmuir wave, produced in the Raman backscattering process, decays into a secondary Langmuir wave of longer wavelength and an ion acoustic wave. This diversion of energy, along with linear Landau damping of the primary Langmuir wave, slows down the Raman process. The nonlocal effects cause further reduction in the growth rate.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Impact of moderate pump–Stokes chirp on femtosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectra
The effects of inducing moderate chirp in the pump and Stokes beams in chirped-probe-pulse femtosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy are discussed. This is an important issue for measurements in high-pressure systems where the CARS beams must be transmitted through glass of significant thickness to reach the probe volume of interest. The effects were investigated both experimentally, by inserting disks of SF-11 glass into the pump and Stokes beam paths, and theoretically, by incorporating pulse chirp into our time-dependent density matrix (TDDM) simulations. Experimentally, we found that inducing moderate pump and Stokes chirp produced significant spectral narrowing of the nonresonant four-wave mixing contribution to the CARS signal, and this allowed us to control the resonant excitation bandwidth to eliminate interferences from neighboring species. The temperature measurement accuracy and precision were essentially unchanged with respect to the unchirped pump and Stokes case. The effect of moderate pump and Stokes chirp on the narrowing of the Raman excitation efficiency envelope was investigated by solving the full set of TDDM through direct numerical integration. The numerical efficiency of the solutions was enhanced dramatically by developing a parallel version of the TDDM code. The calculated Raman excitation efficiency profile was incorporated in our phenomenological spectral fitting codes.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Influence of the nanoparticles agglomeration state in the quantum-confinement effects: Experimental evidences
The agglomeration state facilitates particle-particle interaction which produces important effects in the phonon confinement effects at the nanoscale. A partial phonon transmission between close nanoparticles yields a lower momentum conservation relaxation than in a single isolated nanoparticle. It means a larger red shift and broadening of the Raman modes than the expected ones for Raman quantum confinement effects. This particle-particle interaction can drive to error when Raman responses are used to estimate the size of the nanoscaled materials. In this work different corrections are suggested to overtake this source of error.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Solvatochromism of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone: An electronic and resonance Raman spectroscopic study
Solvent effects play a vital role in various chemical, physical, and biological processes. To gain a fundamental understanding of the solute-solvent interactions and their implications on the energy level re-ordering and structure, UV-VIS absorption, resonance Raman spectroscopic, and density functional theory calculation studies on 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ) in different solvents of diverse solvent polarity has been carried out. The solvatochromic analysis of the absorption spectra of PQ in protic dipolar solvents suggests that the longest (1n-π{sup 1}*; S{sub 1} state) and the shorter (1π-π{sup 1}*; S{sub 2} state) wavelength band undergoes a hypsochromic and bathochromic shift due to intermolecular hydrogen bond weakening and strengthening, respectively. It also indicates that hydrogen bonding plays a major role in the differential solvation of the S{sub 2} state relative to the ground state. Raman excitation profiles of PQ (400–1800 cm{sup −1}) in various solvents followed their corresponding absorption spectra therefore the enhancements on resonant excitation are from single-state rather than mixed states. The hyperchromism of the longer wavelength band is attributed to intensity borrowing from the nearby allowed electronic transition through vibronic coupling. Computational calculation with C{sub 2ν} symmetry constraint on the S{sub 2} state resulted in an imaginary frequency along the low-frequency out-of-plane torsional modes involving the C=O site and therefore, we hypothesize that this mode could be involved in the vibronic coupling.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Effects of alloy disorder and confinement on phonon modes and Raman scattering in Si{sub x}Ge{sub 1−x} nanocrystals: A microscopic modeling
Confinement and alloy disorder effects on the lattice dynamics and Raman scattering in Si{sub 1−x}Ge{sub x} nanocrystals (NCs) are investigated numerically employing two different empirical inter-atomic potentials. Relaxed NCs of different compositions (x) were built using the Molecular Dynamics method and applying rigid boundary conditions mimicking the effect of surrounding matrix. The resulting variation of bond lengths with x was checked against Vegard's law and the NC phonon modes were calculated using the same inter-atomic potential. The localization of the principal Raman-active (Si-Si, Si-Ge, and Ge-Ge) modes is investigated by analysing representative eigenvectors and their inverse participation ratio. The dependence of the position and intensity of these modes upon x and NC size is presented and compared to previous calculated results and available experimental data. In particular, it is argued that the composition dependence of the intensity of the Si-Ge and Ge-Ge modes does not follow the fraction of the corresponding nearest-neighbour bonds as it was suggested by some authors. Possible effects of alloy segregation are considered by comparing the calculated properties of random and clustered Si{sub x}Ge{sub 1−x} NCs. It is found that the Si-Si mode and Ge-Ge mode are enhanced and blue-shifted (by several cm{sup −1}for the Si-Si mode), while the intensity of the Si-Ge Raman mode is strongly suppressed by clustering.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Theory of a random fiber laser
We develop the theory explaining the role of nonlinearity in generation of radiation in a fiber laser that is pumped by external light. The pumping energy is converted into the generating signal due to the Raman scattering supplying an effective gain for the signal. The signal is generated with frequencies near the one corresponding to the maximum value of the gain. Generation conditions and spectral properties of the generated signal are examined. We focus mainly on the case of a random laser where reflection of the signal occurs on impurities of the fiber. From the theoretical standpoint, kinetics of a wave system close to an integrable one are investigated. We demonstrate that in this case, the perturbation expansion in the kinetic equation has to use the closeness to the integrable case.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Structural instability of the CoO 4 tetrahedral chain in SrCoO 3-δ thin films
Raman scattering experiments together with detailed lattice dynamic calculations are performed to elucidate crystallographic and electronic peculiarities of SrCoO 3-δ films. We observe that the 85 cm -1 phonon mode involving the rotation of a CoO 4 tetrahedron undergoes a hardening by 21 cm -1 when the temperature is decreased. In addition, new phonon modes appear at 651.5 and 697.6 cm -1 . The latter modes are attributed to the Jahn-Teller activated modes. Upon cooling from room temperature, all phonons exhibit an exponential-like increase of intensity with a characteristic energy of about 103–107 K. We attribute this phenomenon to an instability of the CoO 4 tetrahedral chain structure, which constitutes a key ingredient to understand the electronic and structural properties of the brownmillerite SrCoO 2.5 .
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Combined effect of relativistic and ponderomotive filamentation on coexisting stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering
This paper presents a model to study the interplay between the stimulated Raman (SRS) and Brillouin scattering (SBS) along with the combined effect of relativistic and ponderomotive nonlinearities, at relativistic laser power. As the intense non-uniform laser beam propagates through the plasma, both the non-linearities are operative and modify the plasma refractive index in such a manner that one enhances the self-focusing (of the pump beam) caused by the other non-linearity. The interplay between the scattering processes (SRS and SBS) affects the pump filamentation process because of pump depletion and at the same time these scattering processes get modified due to this filamentation process. An impact of the filamentation process and coexistence of the scattering processes (SRS and SBS) on the back-reflectivity of scattered beams (SRS and SBS) has been explored and found that the back-reflectivity gets modified significantly. Results are also compared with the three wave interaction case (isolated SRS or SBS case)
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Raman spectroscopy of neutron irradiated silicon carbide: Correlation among Raman spectra, swelling, and irradiation temperature
The effects of neutron irradiation on microstructural evolution and the resultant changes in physical and mechanical properties are of critical importance for the development of silicon carbide (SiC) materials for nuclear applications. This study neutron–irradiated β–SiC under a wide range of conditions at temperatures between 235 and 750°C and neutron doses of 0.01–11.8 displacements per atom, and then evaluated the effects on the SiC structure using Raman spectroscopy. The SiC optical phonon lines were shifted to lower wavenumbers by irradiation. Correlations were found among the wavenumber of the longitudinal optical phonon line, irradiation–induced swelling, and irradiation temperature. The peak shift also correlated indirectly with decreasing thermal conductivity of irradiated SiC. The irradiation–induced peak shift is explained by combinations of lattice strain, reduction of the elastic modulus, and other factors including decreasing coherent domain size. Lastly, these findings bridge irradiation–induced microstructural changes and property changes and illustrate how Raman spectroscopy is a useful tool for nondestructively assessing irradiated SiC materials for nuclear applications.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Bose-Einstein condensate in a light-induced vector gauge potential using 1064-nm optical-dipole-trap lasers
Using two crossed 1064-nm optical-dipole-trap lasers to be the Raman beams, an effective vector gauge potential for Bose-Einstein condensed {sup 87}Rb in the F=2 hyperfine ground state is experimentally created. The moderate strength of the Raman coupling still can be achieved when the detuning from atomic resonance is larger than the excited-state fine structure, since rubidium has 15 nm energy-level spitting. The atoms at the far detuning of the Raman coupling are loaded adiabatically into the dressed states by ramping the homogeneous bias magnetic field with different paths and the dressed states with different energies are studied experimentally. The experimental scheme can be easily extended to produce the synthetic magnetic or electric field by means of a spatial or time dependence of the effective vector potential.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Modeling of Atom Interferometer Accelerometer
This report presents the theoretical effort to model and simulate the atom-interferometer accelerometer operating in a highly mobile environment. Multitudes of non-idealities may occur in such a rapidly-changing environment with a large acceleration whose amplitude and direction both change quickly. We studied the undesired effect of high mobility in the atom-interferometer accelerator in a detailed model and a simulator. The undesired effects include the atom cloud's movement during Raman pulses, the Doppler effect due to the relative movement between the atom-cloud and the supporting platform, the finite atom cloud temperature, and the lateral movement of the atom cloud. We present the relevant feed-forward mitigation strategies for each identified non-ideality to neutralize the impact and obtain accurate acceleration measurements.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Nitrogen doping of chemical vapor deposition grown graphene on 4H-SiC (0001)
We present optical, electrical, and structural properties of nitrogen-doped graphene grown on the Si face of 4H-SiC (0001) by chemical vapor deposition method using propane as the carbon precursor and N{sub 2} as the nitrogen source. The incorporation of nitrogen in the carbon lattice was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy shows carrier behavior characteristic for massless Dirac fermions and confirms the presence of a graphene monolayer in the investigated nitrogen-doped samples. The structural and electronic properties of the material were investigated by Raman spectroscopy. A systematical analysis of the graphene Raman spectra, including D, G, and 2D bands, was performed. In the case of nitrogen-doped samples, an electron concentration on the order of 5–10 × 10{sup 12} cm{sup −2} was estimated based upon Raman and Hall effect measurements and no clear dependence of the carrier concentration on nitrogen concentration used during growth was observed. This high electron concentration can be interpreted as both due to the presence of nitrogen in graphitic-like positions of the graphene lattice as well as to the interaction with the substrate. A greater intensity of the Raman D band and increased inhomogeneity, as well as decreased electron mobility, observed for nitrogen-doped samples, indicate the formation of defects and a modification of the growth process induced by nitrogen doping.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Effect of the Plasma Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes on the Formation of a Carbon Nanotube–Nickel Oxide Composite Electrode Material
The unique properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make these systems promising for the production of composite electrode materials based on a combination of CNTs and transition metal oxides. The effect the parameters of the functionalization of vertically aligned CNT arrays in mixed argon–oxygen high-frequency plasma have on the structural characteristics of CNTs is studied by Raman spectroscopy. The effect the duration of treatment at higher partial argon consumption and low total gas consumption of the working mixture has on the distribution of nickel oxide over a CNT array deposited via SILAR is determined. Results from scanning electron microscopy show that lengthening the duration of functionalization from 30 to 1200 s allows the depth of coating a CNT surface with a nickel oxide layer to be increased from 300 nm to 2.5 μm. Composite structures produced in this work can be used as electrodes of supercapacitors.
77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
Direct evidence of the effect of a moderate external magnetic field on stimulated Raman scattering in the kinetic regime
We present results from an experiment carried out at the OMEGA-EP laser facility that investigated the effect of a perpendicular magnetic field on stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and report the first direct measurement of magnetic mitigation of SRS. A 13-T magnetic field generated by pulsed-power coils was imposed on a gas jet plasma, and a novel three-picket interaction beam was used to explore SRS reflectivity for several plasma conditions within single shots. The time-resolved backscattered light shows that SRS was mitigated by the external 13-T magnetic field in the kinetic regime (kλ D ∼ 0.3, where k is the electron plasma wave's wavenumber and λ D is electron Debye length) and at a density of n e /n cr ∼ 0.10. On the other hand, we also measured an enhancement of SRS reflectivity at lower density (n e /n cr < 0.08). We discuss experimental results in the context of magnetohydrodynamic and particle-in-cell simulations that scan SRS dynamics for a variety of plasma conditions. While the experimental evidence of SRS mitigation validates prior work on the kinetic simulation of SRS in an external magnetic field, we also find that other mechanisms such as SRS rescatter can lead to an enhancement of measured SRS reflectivity in simulations of parameters relevant to our experiment.
Gas jet↗