Manufacture of Poly(Vinyl Butyral) by Reactive Distillation
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32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
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A Synthetic Hydrogel Composite with the Mechanical Behavior and Durability of Cartilage
Here, we report the first hydrogel with the strength and modulus of cartilage in both tension and compression, and the first to exhibit cartilage-equivalent tensile fatigue strength at 100 000 cycles. These properties are achieved by infiltrating a bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofiber network with a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)–poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt) (PAMPS) double network hydrogel. The BC provides tensile strength in a manner analogous to collagen in cartilage, while the PAMPS provides a fixed negative charge and osmotic restoring force similar to the role of aggrecan in cartilage. The hydrogel has the same aggregate modulus and permeability as cartilage, resulting in the same time-dependent deformation under confined compression. The hydrogel is not cytotoxic, has a coefficient of friction 45% lower than cartilage, and is 4.4 times more wear-resistant than a PVA hydrogel. The properties of this hydrogel make it an excellent candidate material for replacement of damaged cartilage.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Occlusion of an Intraosseous Arteriovenous Malformation With Percutaneous Injection of Polymethylmethacrylate
Primary intraosseous arteriovenous malformations are rare. Many minimally invasive procedures can be considered preoperative steps and/or definitive treatment. The case reported regards a young woman with a voluminous arteriovenous extratroncular infiltrating malformation of the humerus. She underwent several treatments, but none of them was completely occlusive. The last treatment consisted of direct percutaneous puncture of the intraosseous alteration and injection of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), which is normally used in percutaneous vertebroplasty. We obtained complete occlusion of the humerus lytic lesion. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first case of intraosseous AVM treated by percutaneous injection of PMMA.
62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
Kummel Disease Treatment by Unipedicular Vertebral Augmentation Using Curved Injection Cannula
Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of the blunt-tipped curved injection needle (BCN) AVAflex (Care Fusion) for vertebral augmentation in cases of Kummel's disease. Methods: We performed 25 vertebral augmentation procedures on 25 consecutive patients (11 men/14 women; mean age, 67 years) with Kummel's disease using the blunt-tipped curved injection needle with PMMA cement. We performed all 25 procedures by unipedicular left approach with patients in prone position under local anesthesia and mild sedation. In all cases, an intravertebral cleft was evident on preprocedural imaging. We evaluated pain intensities by Visual Analogic Scale (VAS) before and at first day, 6 months, and 1 year after procedure. Results: In all cases the curved injection cannula permitted the filling of the clefts and surrounding cancellous bone without any complication. A significant reduction of kyphotic deformities of the treated vertebral bodies was evident. A significance decrease in VAS values at 1 year also was evident (mean decrease 7.2). At plain dynamic postprocedural X-rays checks, there was no sign of pathologic intravertebral motion as evidence of optimal stabilization. Conclusions: BCN AVAflex is a safe and effective device for targeted vertebral augmentation in cases of Kummel's disease. Its distinctive characteristic is the curved injection cannula, which enables targeting the cement injection to areas far off the trajectory of the straight access cannula, thus providing excellent cement spread throughout the entire volume of vertebral body.
62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
A Signal-Inducing Bone Cement for Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Spinal Surgery Based on Hydroxyapatite and Polymethylmethacrylate
The aim of this study was to develop a signal-inducing bone cement for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided cementoplasty of the spine. This MRI cement would allow precise and controlled injection of cement into pathologic lesions of the bone. We mixed conventional polymethylmethacrylate bone cement (PMMA; 5 ml methylmethacrylate and 12 g polymethylmethacrylate) with hydroxyapatite (HA) bone substitute (2-4 ml) and a gadolinium-based contrast agent (CA; 0-60 {mu}l). The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of different CA doses was measured in an open 1.0-Tesla scanner for fast T1W Turbo-Spin-Echo (TSE) and T1W TSE pulse sequences to determine the highest signal. We simulated MRI-guided cementoplasty in cadaveric spines. Compressive strength of the cements was tested. The highest CNR was (1) 87.3 (SD 2.9) in fast T1W TSE for cements with 4 {mu}l CA/ml HA (4 ml) and (2) 60.8 (SD 2.4) in T1W TSE for cements with 1 {mu}l CA/ml HA (4 ml). MRI-guided cementoplasty in cadaveric spine was feasible. Compressive strength decreased with increasing amounts of HA from 46.7 MPa (2 ml HA) to 28.0 MPa (4 ml HA). An MRI-compatible cement based on PMMA, HA, and CA is feasible and clearly visible on MRI images. MRI-guided spinal cementoplasty using this cement would permit direct visualization of the cement, the pathologic process, and the anatomical surroundings.
62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
A Study of the Terahertz Spectra of Crystalline Materials (Polyethylene, Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) form II, and α-D-Glucose) Using NDDO Semiempirical Methods
Semiempirical quantum chemistry methods offer a very interesting compromise between accuracy and computational complexity. The low-frequency vibration modes of three crystalline materials, namely, polyethylene, poly(vinylidene fluoride) form II, and α-D-glucose, have been studied using the PM6 and PM7 Hamiltonians in order to assess the performance of NDDO methods in the interpretation of terahertz spectra. The results have been compared with the available experimental data and former calculations performed using alternative methods. NDDO calculations are in good qualitative or semiquantitative agreement with the experimentally observed terahertz spectra.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
PVDF/PAN Blend Membrane: Preparation, Characterization and Fouling Analysis
Ultrafiltration membranes were prepared from blend of the poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) via phase inversion method induced by immersion precipitation. N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and water were used as solvent and coagulant (non-solvent), respectively. The effect of blending ratio on the morphology and antifouling behavior of the prepared membranes was investigated. The performance of the membranes was evaluated by using cross flow filtration of pure water and buffered bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution as feed. Contact angle measurements indicated that the hydrophilicities of the PVDF/PAN membranes increased by increasing PAN concentration in the casting solution. The minimum BSA rejection was obtained for the membrane with 10% of PAN. However, higher values of PAN result in pore blockage of the membrane and an increase in the irreversible fouling resistance.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Erratum to: PVDF/PAN Blend Membrane: Preparation, Characterization and Fouling Analysis
No abstract prepared.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Preparation of Porous Nanofibers from Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile/Polyvinylidene Fluoride Composite Nanofibers by Inexpensive Salt Using for Dye Adsorption
The high surface area of porous nanofibers enhances their performance for many applications. The present study investigated electrospinning and dye adsorption properties of polymeric nanofibers which were porous by various types of salts. The salt/polyacrylonitrile/polyvinylidene fluoride composite nanofibers were electrospun, and the inexpensive salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO{sub 3}), or calcium chloride (CaCl{sub 2}) was used to manufacture the porous fibers. Subsequently, the salt was removed by a selective dissolution, and salt extraction of nanofibers was performed with the solution of hydrochloric acid (10 wt%). Salt/PVDF/PAN and porous PVDF/PAN composite nanofibers have been applied to dye adsorption of solution. The characteristics of nanofibers were studied by Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. FTIR showed that the salt was extracted from PVDF/PAN nanofibers successfully, and SEM indicated that many pores were aligned with the nanofibers. The adsorption capacity of salt nanofibers webs and porous nanofibers webs for Basic Blue 41 were compared with each other, and porous fibers were obtained from NaHCO{sub 3} having the highest dye adsorption value. Adsorption of dyes follows the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetics.
77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
Effect of HfO{sub 2} on the dielectric, optoelectronic and energy harvesting properties of PVDF
In this article, energy recovery based on PVDF doped with HfO{sub 2} is proposed. The free energy of CH{sub 2}=CF{sub 2} is determined in different base with the B3LPY functional. The basis set LanL2DZ was chosen because it takes into account the atom of hafnium of atomic number Z=72 which exceeds the extension of some basis sets. In addition, LanL2DZ gives an accurate result and a reasonable computing time. The geometries of the molecules were optimized with B3LPY/LanL2DZ. The motivation of this study is the improvement of the optoelectronic, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of PVDF by introducing HfO{sub 2} into its matrix. We determined the parameters of (−CH{sub 2}−CF{sub 2}−){sub 3}⋅xHfO{sub 2} and identified the effect of HfO{sub 2} on the PVDF. It appears that the permittivity of the modified PVDF increases. When the PVDF is doped once or twice, a fluorine atom is captured by the hafnium. The migration of fluorine towards HfO{sub 2} considerably favors the electric polarization of the molecule. It then results in an important dipole moment with a polar phase undoubtedly favored. Our results show that the molecule (−CH{sub 2}−CF{sub 2}−){sub 3}⋅HfO{sub 2} is a good dielectric material (E{sub g}=5.90 eV) and can be a good piezoelectric material. The electronic affinity of the modified PVDF is significantly higher than that of virgin PVDF. This demonstrates that HfO{sub 2}-doped PVDF is more stable than virgin PVDF. The piezoelectric properties are significantly improved. The piezoelectric coefficient varies between 13.111 and 25.635 pC N{sup −1} for the modified PVDF compared to 11.979 pC N {sup −1} for the virgin PVDF. In conclusion, HfO{sub 2} improves the dielectric, optoelectronic and piezoelectric properties of PVDF.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of 0.970(0.95(K{sub 0.485}Na{sub 0.515})NbO{sub 3}–0.05LiSbO{sub 3})–0.015CuO–0.015Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}/PVDF 0–3 composite reinforced with two kinds of ZnO powder
0.970(0.95(K{sub 0.485}Na{sub 0.515})NbO{sub 3}–0.05LiSbO{sub 3})–0.015CuO–0.015Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} (KNNLS–CA) ceramic powder obtained through the conventional solid state reaction. The ZnO nanoparticles (denoted as ZnO1) and poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) were supplied from commercial companies. The self-synthesized ZnO powder (denoted as ZnO2) were prepared by hydrothermal method using Zn (CH{sub 3}COO){sub 2}·2H{sub 2}O and NaOH. Subsequently, the two kinds of composites were fabricated by hot-pressing process using KNNLS–CA ceramic powder, two kinds of ZnO powder and PVDF polymer. The effects of the ZnO on the crystalline structures, morphology, thermal stability, densities and electric properties of composites were studied systemically. The KNNLS–CA ceramic possesses a perovskite phase with orthorhombic symmetry and peaks from the second phase of K{sub 3}Li{sub 2}Nb{sub 5}O{sub 15} (PDF#52-0157) are detected by X-ray diffraction. PVDF polymer mainly possesses α, β and γ phases. Two kinds of ZnO all possess hexagonal wurtzite structures without any impurity phase. It is worth noting that the ZnO particles have great impacts on lattice constants, strain and crystallinity. In addition, the ZnO particles can enhance the relative fraction of β phase in PVDF and improve the thermal stability of the composite. Interestingly, the dielectric and piezoelectric properties are also found to be improved with the increase of ZnO content. Especially, when 10 wt.% ZnO2 is doped, the dielectric permittivity reaches the value of 586.4 (100 Hz) at room temperature and the piezoelectric constant is 64 pC/N. After 30 days of aging test, it is obvious that all the composites present a good stability of piezoelectric property.
77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
Static pressure accelerates ox-LDL-induced cholesterol accumulation via SREBP-1-mediated caveolin-1 downregulation in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells
Research highlights: {yields} Vertical static pressure accelerates ox-LDL-induced cholesterol accumulation in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. {yields} Static pressure induces SREBP-1 activation. {yields} Static pressure downregulates the expressions of caveolin-1 by activating SREBP-1. {yields} Static pressure also downregulates the transcription of ABCA1 by activating SREBP-1. {yields} Static pressure increases ox-LDL-induced cholesterol accumulation by SREBP-1-mediated caveolin-1 downregulation in vascular smooth muscle cells cultured in vitro. -- Abstract: Objective: To investigate the effect of static pressure on cholesterol accumulation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and its mechanism. Methods: Rat-derived VSMC cell line A10 treated with 50 mg/L ox-LDL and different static pressures (0, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 mm Hg) in a custom-made pressure incubator for 48 h. Intracellular lipid droplets and lipid levels were assayed by oil red O staining and HPLC; The mRNA levels of caveolin-1 and ABCA1, the protein levels of caveolin-1 SREBP-1 and mature SREBP-1 were respectively detected by RT-PCR or western blot. ALLN, an inhibitor of SREBP metabolism, was used to elevate SREBP-1 protein level in VSMCs treated with static pressure. Results: Static pressures significantly not only increase intracellular lipid droplets in VSMCs, but also elevate cellular lipid content in a pressure-dependent manner. Intracellular free cholesterol (FC), cholesterol ester (CE), total cholesterol (TC) were respectively increased from 60.5 {+-} 2.8 mg/g, 31.8 {+-} 0.7 mg/g, 92.3 {+-} 2.1 mg/g at atmosphere pressure (ATM, 0 mm Hg) to 150.8 {+-} 9.4 mg/g, 235.9 {+-} 3.0 mg/g, 386.7 {+-} 6.4 mg/g at 180 mm Hg. At the same time, static pressures decrease the mRNA and protein levels of caveolin-1, and induce the activation and nuclear translocation of SREBP-1. ALLN increases the protein level of mature SREBP-1 and decreases caveolin-1 expression, so that cellular lipid levels were upregulated. Conclusion: Static pressures stimulate ox-LDL-induced cholesterol accumulation in cultured VSMCs through decreasing caveolin-1 expression via inducing the maturation and nuclear translocation of SREBP-1.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Deletion of the calmodulin-binding domain of Grb7 impairs cell attachment to the extracellular matrix and migration
Highlights: •Grb7 is a calmodulin (CaM)-binding protein. •Deleting the CaM-binding site impairs cell attachment and migration. •CaM antagonists inhibit Grb7-mediated cell migration. •We conclude that CaM controls Grb7-mediated cell migration. -- Abstract: The adaptor Grb7 is a calmodulin (CaM)-binding protein that participates in signaling pathways involved in cell migration, proliferation and the control of angiogenesis, and plays a significant role in tumor growth, its metastatic spread and tumor-associated neo-vasculature formation. In this report we show that deletion of the CaM-binding site of Grb7, located in the proximal region of its pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, impairs cell migration, cell attachment to the extracellular matrix, and the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton occurring during this process. Moreover, we show that the cell-permeable CaM antagonists N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (W-7) and N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide (W-13) both retard the migration of cells expressing wild type Grb7, but not the migration of cells expressing the mutant protein lacking the CaM-binding site (Grb7Δ), underscoring the proactive role of CaM binding to Grb7 during this process.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
PTEN overexpression improves cisplatin-resistance of human ovarian cancer cells through upregulating KRT10 expression
Highlights: • Overexpression of PTEN enhanced the sensitivity of C13K cells to cisplatin. • KRT10 is a downstream molecule of PTEN involved in the resistance-reversing effect. • Overexpression of KRT10 enhanced the chemosensitivity of C13K cells to cisplatin. - Abstract: Multi-drug resistance (MDR) is a common cause of the failure of chemotherapy in ovarian cancer. PTEN, a tumor suppressor gene, has been demonstrated to be able to reverse cisplatin-resistance in ovarian cancer cell line C13K. However, the downstream molecules of PTEN involved in the resistance-reversing effect have not been completely clarified. Therefore, we screened the downstream molecules of PTEN and studied their interactions in C13K ovarian cancer cells using a 3D culture model. Firstly, we constructed an ovarian cancer cell line stably expressing PTEN, C13K/PTEN. MTT assay showed that overexpression of PTEN enhanced the sensitivity of C13K cells to cisplatin, but not to paclitaxel. Then we examined the differently expressed proteins that interacted with PTEN in C13K/PTEN cells with or without cisplatin treatment by co-immunoprecipitation. KRT10 was identified as a differently expressed protein in cisplatin-treated C13K/PTEN cells. Further study confirmed that cisplatin could induce upregulation of KRT10 mRNA and protein in C13K/PTEN cells and there was a directly interaction between KRT10 and PTEN. Forced expression of KRT10 in C13K cells also enhanced cisplatin-induced proliferation inhibition and apoptosis of C13K cells. In addition, KRT10 siRNA blocked cisplatin-induced proliferation inhibition of C13K/PTEN cells. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that KRT10 is a downstream molecule of PTEN which improves cisplatin-resistance of ovarian cancer and forced KRT10 overexpression may also act as a therapeutic method for overcoming MDR in ovarian cancer.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
microRNA-183 plays as oncogenes by increasing cell proliferation, migration and invasion via targeting protein phosphatase 2A in renal cancer cells
Highlights: • miR-183 was up-regulated in renal cancer tissues. • Inhibition of endogenous miR-183 suppressed renal cancer cell growth and metastasis. • miR-183 increased cell growth and metastasis. • miR-183 regulated renal cancer cell growth and metastasis via directly targeting tumor suppressor protein phosphatase 2A. - Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the function of miR-183 in renal cancer cells and the mechanisms miR-183 regulates this process. In this study, level of miR-183 in clinical renal cancer specimens was detected by quantitative real-time PCR. miR-183 was up- and down-regulated in two renal cancer cell lines ACHN and A498, respectively, and cell proliferation, Caspase 3/7 activity, colony formation, in vitro migration and invasion were measured; and then the mechanisms of miR-183 regulating was analyzed. We found that miR-183 was up-regulated in renal cancer tissues; inhibition of endogenous miR-183 suppressed in vitro cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion and stimulated Caspase 3/7 activity; up-regulated miR-183 increased cell growth and metastasis and suppressed Caspase 3/7 activity. We also found that miR-183 directly targeted tumor suppressor, specifically the 3′UTR of three subunits of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A-Cα, PP2A-Cβ, and PP2A-B56-γ) transcripts, inhibiting their expression and regulated the downstream regulators p21, p27, MMP2/3/7 and TIMP1/2/3/4. These results revealed the oncogenes role of miR-183 in renal cancer cells via direct targeting protein phosphatase 2A.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Amyloid precursor protein regulates migration and metalloproteinase gene expression in prostate cancer cells
Highlights: • APP knockdown reduced proliferation and migration of prostate cancer cells. • APP knockdown reduced expression of metalloproteinase and EMT-related genes. • APP overexpression promoted LNCaP cell migration. • APP overexpression increased expression of metalloproteinase and EMT-related genes. - Abstract: Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a type I transmembrane protein, and one of its processed forms, β-amyloid, is considered to play a central role in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. We previously showed that APP is a primary androgen-responsive gene in prostate cancer and that its increased expression is correlated with poor prognosis for patients with prostate cancer. APP has also been implicated in several human malignancies. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying the pro-proliferative effects of APP on cancers is still not well-understood. In the present study, we explored a pathophysiological role for APP in prostate cancer cells using siRNA targeting APP (siAPP). The proliferation and migration of LNCaP and DU145 prostate cancer cells were significantly suppressed by siAPP. Differentially expressed genes in siAPP-treated cells compared to control siRNA-treated cells were identified by microarray analysis. Notably, several metalloproteinase genes, such as ADAM10 and ADAM17, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes, such as VIM, and SNAI2, were downregulated in siAPP-treated cells as compared to control cells. The expression of these genes was upregulated in LNCaP cells stably expressing APP when compared with control cells. APP-overexpressing LNCaP cells exhibited enhanced migration in comparison to control cells. These results suggest that APP may contribute to the proliferation and migration of prostate cancer cells by modulating the expression of metalloproteinase and EMT-related genes.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Human glutathione S-transferase P1-1 functions as an estrogen receptor α signaling modulator
Highlights: • GSTP induces the classical ERα signaling event. • The functional GSTP is a prerequisite for GSTP-induced ERα transcription activity. • The expression of RIP140, a transcription cofactor, was inhibited by GSTP protein. • We propose the novel non-enzymatic role of GSTP. - Abstract: Estrogen receptor α (ERα) plays a crucial role in estrogen-mediated signaling pathways and exerts its action as a nuclear transcription factor. Binding of the ligand-activated ERα to the estrogen response element (ERE) is a central part of ERα-associated signal transduction pathways and its aberrant modulation is associated with many disease conditions. Human glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GSTP) functions as an enzyme in conjugation reactions in drug metabolism and as a regulator of kinase signaling pathways. It is overexpressed in tumors following chemotherapy and has been associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer. In this study, a novel regulatory function of GSTP has been proposed in which GSTP modulates ERE-mediated ERα signaling events. Ectopic expression of GSTP was able to induce the ERα and ERE-mediated transcriptional activities in ERα-positive but GSTP-negative MCF7 human breast cancer cells. This inductive effect of GSTP on the ERE-transcription activity was diminished when the cells express a mutated form of the enzyme or are treated with a GSTP-specific chemical inhibitor. It was found that GSTP inhibited the expression of the receptor interacting protein 140 (RIP140), a negative regulator of ERα transcription, at both mRNA and protein levels. Our study suggests a novel non-enzymatic role of GSTP which plays a significant role in regulating the classical ERα signaling pathways via modification of transcription cofactors such as RIP140.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Role of PTEN in TNFα induced insulin resistance
Aims/hypothesis: PTEN may play a reversible role in TNFα induced insulin resistance, which has been linked to obesity-associated insulin resistance (IR). Methods: Western blots for PTEN and p-Akt were performed on H-411E liver cells incubated with insulin, TNFα, and in selected experiments VO-OHpic vanadium complex in the presence and absence of PTEN siRNA. Total PTEN was compared to β-actin loading control and p-Akt was compared to total Akt. Results: Western blot and Real Time RT-PCR experiments showed increased PTEN after TNFα treatment (p = 0.04); slightly decreased PTEN after insulin treatment; and slightly increased PTEN after insulin + TNFα treatment. PTEN siRNA markedly inhibited the TNFα-induced increase in PTEN (p < 0.01) without significantly changing the p-Akt levels. The vanadium complex, exhibiting insulin-like effects, also significantly prevented the TNFα-induced increase in PTEN. Combining insulin and VO-OHpic was additive, providing both proof of concept and insight into mechanism. Discussion: The PTEN increase due to TNFα treatment was reversible by both PTEN siRNA knockdown and VO-OHpic treatment. Thus, PTEN is identified as a potential new therapeutic target for reducing IR in Type 2 DM. - Highlights: • TNFα treatment induced a significant increase in PTEN in H-411E liver cells. • PTEN siRNA knockdown prevented this effect. • VO-OHpic (vanadium complex) treatment, like insulin, decreased PTEN protein levels. • Thus, PTEN is identified as a potential therapeutic target in DM Type 2.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗