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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 487 records · Page 27
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Energy Storage Data Reporting in Perspective—Guidelines for Interpreting the Performance of Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems

Due to the tremendous importance of electrochemical energy storage, numerous new materials and electrode architectures for batteries and supercapacitors have emerged in recent years. Correctly characterizing these systems requires considerable time, effort, and experience to ensure proper metrics are reported. Many new nanomaterials show electrochemical behavior somewhere in between conventional double-layer capacitor and battery electrode materials, making their characterization a non-straightforward task. It is understandable that some researchers may be misinformed about how to rigorously characterize their materials and devices, which can result in inflation of their reported data. Additionally, this is not uncommon considering the current state of the field nearly requires record breaking performance for publication in high-impact journals. Incorrect characterization and data reporting misleads both the materials and device development communities, and it is the shared responsibility of the community to follow rigorous reporting methodologies to ensure published results are reliable to ensure constructive progress. This tutorial aims to clarify the main causes of inaccurate data reporting and to give examples of how researchers should proceed. The best practices for measuring and reporting metrics such as capacitance, capacity, coulombic and energy efficiencies, electrochemical impedance, and the energy and power densities of capacitive and pseudocapacitive materials are discussed.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Chemical Interpretation of Charged Point Defects in Semiconductors: A Case Study of Mg 2 Si

The electronic structures of charged point defects influence electrical and optical properties of semiconductors. Understanding the orbital interactions responsible for the electronic structures of defects therefore promotes a chemical intuition for defect-driven mechanisms in semiconductors. In this tutorial, we discuss a molecular orbital theory-based framework for understanding defect-induced electronic states based on local chemical interactions between the defect and the atoms surrounding the defect site. By using Mg 2 Si as a case study, we show how both the chemical interactions and molecular orbitals (i. e., wave functions) responsible for the charge state(s) of a defect can be understood from the bonding symmetry of the defect site. We anticipate that a chemistry-based perspective of charged defects will enrich defect engineering efforts for electronic and optical materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Contributions to Lignomics: Stochastic Generation of Oligomeric Lignin Structures for Interpretation of MALDI–FT‐ICR‐MS Results

The lack of standards to identify oligomeric molecules is a challenge for the analysis of complex organic mixtures. High-resolution mass spectrometry—specifically, Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS)—offers new opportunities for analysis of oligomers with the assignment of formulae (C x H y O z ) to detected peaks. However, matching a specific structure to a given formula remains a challenge due to the inability of FT-ICR MS to distinguish between isomers. Additional separation techniques and other analyses (e.g., NMR spectroscopy) coupled with comparison of results to those from pure compounds is one route for assignment of MS peaks. Unfortunately, this strategy may be impractical for complete analysis of complex, heterogeneous samples. In this study we use computational stochastic generation of lignin oligomers to generate a molecular library for supporting the assignment of potential candidate structures to compounds detected during FT-ICR MS analysis. Furthermore, this approach may also be feasible for other macromolecules beyond lignin.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Toward Validation of Toxicological Interpretation of Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films in Marine Waters Impacted by Copper

Determination of Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae median effect concentration (EC50), of Cu in coastal marine waters by diffusive gradient in thin-films (DGT), has been shown to effectively reduce the need to consider dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and quality. West coast marine and estuarine organisms’ chronic toxicity test protocol was used to validate previously modelled protective effects, afforded to highly sensitive marine larvae by ligand competition, in five diverse site waters. The results demonstrate significant narrowing of toxicological endpoints, where EC50s ranged from 3.74 – 6.67 µg/L as CDGT Cu versus 8.76 – 26.8 µg/L as CuDISS over a DOC range of 0.74 – 3.11 mg/L. Additionally, DOC quality (characterized by fluorescence excitation and emission matrices) indicates that the heterogeneity of competing Cu binding ligands, in common marine waters, minimizes the need for class determinations toward explaining the degree of protection, when assumptions in criterion maximum concentration (CMC) setting are conservative. A CDGT Cu EC50 of 3.7 µg/L, and corresponding CMC CDGT Cu of 1.8 µg/L, for universal application by regulatory compliance-monitoring programs, are proposed as a superior approach toward both integration of dynamic water quality over effective exposure periods and quantification of biologically-relevant trace Cu speciation and are demonstrated by in situ data.

Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films, copper, seawate↗
DOE OSTI2015

Advances in interpretation of subsurface processes with time-lapse electrical imaging

Electrical geophysical methods, including electrical resistivity, time-domain induced polarization, and complex resistivity, have become commonly used to image the near subsurface. Here, we outline their utility for time-lapse imaging of hydrological, geochemical, and biogeochemical processes, focusing on new instrumentation, processing, and analysis techniques specific to monitoring. We review data collection procedures, parameters measured, and petrophysical relationships and then outline the state of the science with respect to inversion methodologies, including coupled inversion. We conclude by highlighting recent research focused on innovative applications of time-lapse imaging in hydrology, biology, ecology, and geochemistry, among other areas of interest.

COMPLEX CONDUCTIVITY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Measurement and interpretation of same-sign W boson pair production in association with two jets in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper presents the measurement of fiducial and differential cross sections for both the inclusive and electroweak production of a same-sign W-boson pair in association with two jets (W ± W ± jj) using 139 fb –1 of proton-proton collision data recorded at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The analysis is performed by selecting two same-charge leptons, electron or muon, and at least two jets with large invariant mass and a large rapidity difference. The measured fiducial cross sections for electroweak and inclusive W ± W ± jj production are 2.92 ± 0.22 (stat.) ± 0.19 (syst.) fb and 3.38 ± 0.22 (stat.) ± 0.19 (syst.) fb, respectively, in agreement with Standard Model predictions. The measurements are used to constrain anomalous quartic gauge couplings by extracting 95% confidence level intervals on dimension-8 operators. A search for doubly charged Higgs bosons H ±± that are produced in vector-boson fusion processes and decay into a same-sign W boson pair is performed. The largest deviation from the Standard Model occurs for an H ±± mass near 450 GeV, with a global significance of 2.5 standard deviations.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Combination and interpretation of differential Higgs boson production cross sections in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}=13 $ TeV

Precision measurements of Higgs boson differential production cross sections are a key tool to probe the properties of the Higgs boson and test the standard model. New physics can affect both Higgs boson production and decay, leading to deviations from the distributions that are expected in the standard model. In this paper, combined measurements of differential spectra in a fiducial region matching the experimental selections are performed, based on analyses of four Higgs boson decay channels (γγ, ZZ$^{(*)}$, WW$^{(*)}$, and ττ) using proton-proton collision data recorded with the CMS detector at $ \sqrt{s}=13 $ TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$^{−1}$. The differential measurements are extrapolated to the full phase space and combined to provide the differential spectra. A measurement of the total Higgs boson production cross section is also performed using the γγ and ZZ decay channels, with a result of $ {53.4}_{-2.9}^{+2.9}{\left(\textrm{stat}\right)}_{-1.8}^{+1.9}\left(\textrm{syst}\right) $ pb, consistent with the standard model prediction of 55.6 ± 2.5 pb. The fiducial measurements are used to compute limits on Higgs boson couplings using the κ-framework and the SM effective field theory.[graphic not available: see fulltext]

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

The impact of different parameterizations on the interpretation of CP violation in neutrino oscillations

CP violation in the lepton mass matrix will be probed with good precision in upcoming experiments. The amount of CP violation present in oscillations can be quantified in numerous ways and is typically parameterized by the complex phase δ PDG in the standard PDG definition of the lepton mixing matrix. There are additional parameterizations of the lepton mixing matrix as well. Through various examples, we explore how, given the current data, different parameterizations can lead to different conclusions when working with parameterization dependent variables, such as δ. We demonstrate how the smallness of |U e3 | governs the scale of these results. We then demonstrate how δ can be misleading and argue that the Jarlskog is the cleanest means of presenting the amount of CP violation in the lepton sector. We also confirm that, among the different parameterizations considered, the standard PDG parameterization has a number of convenient features.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Impact of form factor uncertainties on interpretations of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering data

The standard model coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEνNS) cross section is subject to nuclear form factor uncertainties, mainly driven by the root-mean-square radius of the neutron density distribution. Motivated by COHERENT phases I-III and future multi-ton direct detection dark matter searches, we evaluate these uncertainties in cesium iodide, germanium, xenon and argon detectors. We find that the uncertainties become relevant for momentum transfers q≳20 MeV and are essentially independent of the form factor parameterization. Consequently, form factor uncertainties are not important for CEνNS induced by reactor or solar neutrinos. Taking into account these uncertainties, we then evaluate their impact on measurements of CEνNS at COHERENT, the diffuse supernova background (DSNB) neutrinos and sub-GeV atmospheric neutrinos. We also calculate the relative uncertainties in the number of COHERENT events for different nuclei as a function of recoil energy. For DSNB and atmospheric neutrinos, event rates at a liquid argon detector can be uncertain to more than 5%. Finally, we consider the impact of form factor uncertainties on searches for nonstandard neutrino interactions, sterile neutrinos and neutrino generalized interactions. We point out that studies of new physics using CEνNS data are affected by neutron form factor uncertainties, which if not properly taken into account may lead to the misidentification of new physics signals. The uncertainties quantified here are also relevant for dark matter direct detection search

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Measurement and effective field theory interpretation of the photon-fusion production cross section of a pair of W bosons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13 $ TeV

This analysis presents an observation of the photon-fusion production of W boson pairs using the CMS detector at the LHC. The total cross section of the W + W − production in photon fusion is measured using proton-proton collision data with an integrated luminosity of 138 fb −1 collected with the CMS detector in 2016–2018 at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13 $ TeV. Events are selected in the final state with one isolated electron and one isolated muon, and no additional tracks associated with the electron-muon production vertex. The total and fiducial production cross sections are 643$^{+82}_{–78}$ fb and 3.96$^{+0.53}_{–0.51}$ fb, respectively, in agreement with the standard model predictions of 631 ± 126 fb and 3.87 ± 0.77 fb. This agreement enables stringent constraints on anomalous quartic gauge couplings within a dimension-8 effective field theory framework.

Hadron-Hadron Scattering↗
DOE OSTI2016

Comments on the diphoton excess: Critical reappraisal of effective field theory interpretations

We consider the diphoton excess observed by ATLAS and CMS using the most up-to-date data and estimate the preferred enhancement in the production rate between 8 TeV and 13 TeV. Within the framework of effective field theory (EFT), we then show that for both spin-0 and spin-2 Standard Model (SM) gauge-singlet resonances, two of the three processes S → ZZ, S → Z γ , and S → W W must occur with a non-zero rate. Moreover, we demonstrate that these branching ratios are highly correlated in the EFT. Couplings of S to additional SM states may be constrained and differentiated by comparing the S production rates with and without the vector-boson fusion (VBF) cuts. We find that for a given VBF to inclusive production ratio there is maximum rate of S to gauge bosons, b$\bar{b}$, and lighter quark anti-quark pairs. Furthermore, simultaneous measurements of the width and the VBF ratio may be able to point towards the existence of hidden decays.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Effective field theory interpretation of lepton magnetic and electric dipole moments

We perform a model-independent analysis of the magnetic and electric dipole moments of the muon and electron. We give expressions for the dipole moments in terms of operator coefficients of the low-energy effective field theory (LEFT) and the Standard Model effective field theory (SMEFT). We use one-loop renormalization group improved perturbation theory, including the one-loop matching from SMEFT onto LEFT, and one-loop lepton matrix elements of the effective-theory operators. Semileptonic four-fermion operators involving light quarks give sizable non-perturbative contributions to the dipole moments, which are included in our analysis. We find that only a very limited set of the SMEFT operators is able to generate the current deviation of the magnetic moment of the muon from its Standard Model expectation.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2018

Interpretation and Diplomacy Aspects of Authority and Care in Imaging Reports

Whereas the creativity and intellectual power of the radiologist are measured against his/her written report, the value of the message will not only be judged by the precision of the medical statement. The same result can be attributed to different words. Numerous common and accidental factors exert influence on the decision on what is said and what is not said, how it is assessed and what is ignored. The less certain a diagnosis is and the less favourable its possible consequences are, the more subtleties and periphrases are to be expected within the report. The decision on the nature and the volume of the written report will not only be taken by the time of recording, but is likewise prepared by the knowledge of the patient’s history and symptoms, the personal relationship to him/her as well as by a set of conditions throughout the inspection of the images. The intuition that accompanies the information transfer in imaging diagnostics does not only explain the differences in volume and depth of diagnosis and differential diagnosis, but also the range of diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Interpreting test temperature and loading rate effects on the fracture toughness of polymer-metal interfaces via time–temperature superposition

Here, in this letter, we present interfacial fracture toughness data for a polymer-metal interface where tests were conducted at various test temperatures T and loading rates $\dot{δ}$. An adhesively bonded asymmetric double cantilever beam (ADCB) specimen was utilized to measure toughness. ADCB specimens were created by bonding a thinner, upper adherend to a thicker, lower adherend (both 6061 T6 aluminum) using a thin layer of epoxy adhesive, such that the crack propagated along the interface between the thinner adherend and the epoxy layer. The specimens were tested at T from 25 to 65 °C and $\dot{δ}$ from 0.002 to 0.2 mm/s. The measured interfacial toughness Γ increased as both T and $\dot{δ}$ increased. For an ADCB specimen loaded at a constant $\dot{δ}$, the energy release rate G increases as the crack length a increases. For this reason, we defined rate effects in terms of the rate of change in the energy release rate $\dot{G}$. Although not rigorously correct, a formal application of time–temperature superposition (TTS) analysis to the Γ data provided useful insights on the observed dependencies. In the TTS-shifted data, Γ decreased and then increased for monotonically increasing $\dot{G}$. Thus, the TTS analysis suggests that there is a minimum value of Γ. This minimum value could be used to define a lower bound in Γ when designing critical engineering applications that are subjected to T and $\dot{δ}$ excursions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗