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At least 487 records · Page 27

The Mariner Mark II Comet Rendezvous/Asteroid Flyby Mission

The Comet Rendezvous/Asteroid Flyby will be the first mission in the Mariner Mark II program. The July 1990 launch will result in a fast flyby of the asteroid Tanete in May 1991 and a rendezvous with comet Kopff in February 1994, 879 days before comet perihelion. The spacecraft will return detailed data on the comet nucleus and its environment for nearly 1000 days. Several important comet characteristics will not be precisely known until the spacecraft performs its first measurements, which means that operations strategies must be adaptable to a range of conditions. In addition, the operation of a spacecraft in a dusty environment near a low-mass body imposes unique constraints on trajectory and orbit design.

Stetson, D. S.↗

Multispectral Analysis of the Kasei Vallis-lanae Planum Region of Mars

The surficial geology of the Kasei Vallis - Lunae Planum region of Mars was investigated using the three color Viking Orbiter 1 data. Spatial resolution is 820m and Ls = 100 deg, a season of low atmospheric and and surface dustiness. This region was chosen for high quality color and thermal inertia data as well as for the diversity of volcanic plains and fluvial landform. The data was reformatted to Mercator projection and calibrated to normal reflectance using in flight calibration parameters and observed photometric properties. Color properties from this image are displayed in two forms: the Red Albedo vs. Violet Albedo two dimensional histogram, and representative 3 point spectra. Virtually the full range of regolith color properties known from prior research is represented, plus some new characteristics. Interpretations of the data are presented which address general composition and formation processes of channel and intracrater deposits.

Singer, R. B.↗

Occultations of stars and radio sources by comets: Predictions and observing prospects

The results that might stem from observations of occultations of stars and radio sources by cometary comae and ion tails are outlined. Taking account of the current orbital accuracy of P/Halley, specific predictions of stellar appulses with that comet, including preliminary topocentric circumstances, are presented. A crude model of the absorption of starlight by grains in a dusty comet supports the notion that stellar extinction may be observable in practice. Some thoughts on observing techniques are set down, discussing the merits of a two-dimensional detector (a CCD camera) and a conventional aperture photometer. The need for accurate photometric observations with time resolution approx. 1 sec is stressed because the interval of greatest extinction will usually be brief. Finally, the efficacy of undertaking accurate relative astrometry of comets during predicted approaches to stars is explored.

Bowell, E.↗

Ultraviolet spectroscopy of cometary comae - An update

This report provides an update to the reviews of ultraviolet spectroscopy of comets presented by Feldman (1982, 1983). Recent developments are largely related to the use of the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), which to date has now observed approximately 20 comets. Distant, dusty comets are considered, taking into account Comet Bowell (1982 I), and Comet Cernis (1983l). Attention is also given to earth-approaching comets, the periodic Comet Encke in 1980 and 1984, and planned ultraviolet observations of P/Halley. It is pointed out that a large number of ultraviolet spectroscopic and imaging programs are planned for the 1985-86 apparition of Comet Halley utilizing encounter spacecraft, satellite and Space Shuttle borne observatories, and suborbital sounding rocket flights.

Feldman, P. D.↗

Epsilon Aurigae

In April 1984, fourth contact ended the two year long eclipse of Epsilon Aurigae. An astrometric study of the study of the system was carried out by Van de kamp (1978) leading to the conclusion that the orbit is seen very close to edge on. The eclipse was monitored by a number of groups from the ground and from spacecraft such as the IUE. Ultraviolet observations of the system from IUE have thrown new light on the nature of the system that led to the conclusion that the secondary object is probably a cold, dusty accretion disk surrounding a star that is completely hidden inside the disk.

Chapman, R. D.↗

The binary system MWC 349

The ionized zone surrounding MWC 349 has been resolved using the VLA. On the basis of a radio continuum map, it is concluded that there is a physical interaction between the two stellar components of MWC 349, and that the system is therefore a binary. The B component can be classified as a B0 III star, yielding a distance of about 1.2 kpc for the binary. The low ratio of infrared to short-wavelength luminosity in the A component suggests a circumstellar dusty region of special geometry. It is proposed that an appreciable dust and gas disk surrounds the star, modifying the symmetry of its H II region, and yielding the low infrared luminosity and perhaps its extra circumstellar extinction.

Cohen, M.↗

Visibility of Halley's nucleus from the Giotto spacecraft

An effort is made to estimate the visibility of the patterns on the nucleus of Comet Halley from the Giotto spacecraft through the comet's dusty coma. The visibility computation is based on the theory of contrast reduction by a scattering and absorbing medium (a planetary atmosphere). It is shown that some details may be seen on the surface of the cometary nucleus even for an optical thickness as high as 2. It is noted that the surprisingly large apparent contrast for such large optical thicknesses can be explained by the strong forward scattering by the dust.

Mekler, Y.↗

Ultraviolet albedo of cometary grains

Several dusty comets, including two at heliocentric distances greater than 3 AU (Bowell 1982 I and Cernis 1983l), have been observed with the International Ultraviolet Explorer. Ultraviolet albedos have been determined for the wavelength range 2600-3050 A by comparison of the IUE data with both recent solar flux measurements and with IUE observations of solar analog stars. All of the comets show a similar reddening within this spectral range as well as with respect to the visible and infrared. No spectral signatures of possible ices are evident in the data. The ratio of gas to dust production rates, evaluated for 15 comets observed by IUE, shows a well-defined dependence on heliocentric distance.

Feldman, P. D.↗

Temperature fluctuations and infrared emission from dust particles in a hot gas

In this paper, the effect of temperature fluctuations in very small dust particles caused by electronic collisions with an ambient hot gas, is calculated. The dust-temperature distribution differs strongly from that derived on the basis of equilibrium heating models, peaking at lower temperatures in the stochastically heated case. The resulting infrared spectrum is broadened at short wavelengths, giving much more emission than expected from equilibrium calculations, and at long wavelengths exhibits a lower color temperature. Dust-temperature fluctuations are thus expected to play an important role in determining the infrared spectrum of dusty, X-ray-emitting plasmas. A power-law distribution of grain radii extended to very small grain sizes will have a distinct infrared spectrum characterized by an infrared excess at the Wien side of the spectrum. This excess emission represents a high-temperature component in the spectrum, resulting from the stochastic heating of very small dust particles. Its magnitude depends on the grain-size distribution and the temperature and density of the ambient hot gas. This excess emission may be observed by IRAS in supernova remnants and rich clusters of galaxies.

Dwek, E.↗

Is OH abundance enhanced in tidally distorted galaxies?

An extensive survey of 240 galaxies for hydroxyl absorption has been completed using the Arecibo Observatory. These galaxies were used to compile a sample to test for statistical correlations between the optical depth of the 1667 MHz hydroxyl line and various parameters of the parent galaxy. To be included in the sample, the radio flux density of the galaxy at 1667 MHz had to be between 20 mjy and 1000 mjy and the galactic declination between 0 and 38 deg. Since this sample contains mainly non-detections, statistical methods for astronomical data with upper limits as previously described were used to obtain correlation and regression information. Preliminary studies indicate a strong correlation between OH optical depth and infrared to blue luminosity ratio (L sub IR/L sub B), where the infrared data were obtained from the Cataloged Galaxies and Quasars Observed in the IRAS Survey. A second correlation is seen between the optical depth of the 1667 MHz line and galactic type, where a number from 1 to 15 (Elliptical to peculiar, distorted, or interacting) has been assigned to each galaxy. So, stable, isolated galaxies tend not to have detectable hydroxyl. On the other hand, galaxies with more gas and dust, galaxies with a more peculiar or distorted appearance, and galaxies which are more tidally interacting tend to have much more detectable OH. These findings could indicate that these dusty, peculiar, distorted, and interacting galaxies could be the site of large amounts of shocked material where OH is likely to form. Hence, the hydroxyl abundance could be enhanced in these regions of shocked material making the detection of OH in these tidally distorted galaxies much more likely.

Schmelz, J. T.↗

Radiation transport in dust in disk geometry

The main objective of the research program is twofold: (1) to develop a computer code to solve the problem of scattering, absorption and emission of photons by dust grains in a dusty medium with 2 dimensional disk geometry, and (2) to study the various physical and geometrical effects of 2 dimensional radiation transport on the thermal structure and radiation field. These tasks were accomplished and are briefly summarized. The method for solving the radiation transport problem in disk geometry is a generalization of the quasi-diffusion method (QDM) previously developed by the author.

Chun, Ming Leung↗

A simple two-component model for the far-infrared emission from galaxies

A simple model was constructed to calculate the far-infrared emission of galaxies made up of a disk component containing cool dust heated by the general interstellar radiation field and of a molecular cloud component containing warm dust heated by recently formed massive stars. This model is fitted to the optical and far-infrared data of 120 Shapley-Ames galaxies and of 20 optically studied mini-survey galaxies, resulting in the determination of blue face-on extinctions and of the total luminosities of recently born massive stars and disk stars. The ratio of these two luminosities is a more reliable star formation activity index than the previously used ratio L sub IR/L sub B. The results show that infrared selected galaxies are on the average almost three times more dusty than optically selected ones. Only about 10% of the mini-survey galaxies exhibits strongly enhanced star formation.

Dejong, T.↗

The relation between star formation and active nuclei

Three questions relevant to the relation between an active nucleus and surrounding star formation are discussed. The infrared stellar CO absorption bands can be used to identify galaxies with large populations of young, massive stars and thus can identify strong starburst unambiguously, such as in NGC 6240, and can help identify composite active/starburst systems such as Arp 220. An active nucleus is probably not required for LINER spectral characteristics; dusty starburst galaxies, particularly if they are nearly edge-on, can produce LINER spectra through the shock heating of their interstellar media by supernovae combined with the obscuration of their nuclei in the optical. The Galactic Center would be an ideal laboratory for studying the interaction of starbursts and active nuclei, if both could be demonstrated to occur there. Failure to detect a cusp in the stellar distribution raises questions about the presence of an active nucleus, which should be answered by additional observations in the near future.

Rieke, G. H.↗

Shock waves and shock tubes; Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Symposium, Berkeley, CA, July 28-August 2, 1985

A detailed survey is presented of shock tube experiments, theoretical developments, and applications being carried out worldwide. The discussions explore shock tube physics and the related chemical, physical and biological science and technology. Extensive attention is devoted to shock wave phenomena in dusty gases and other multiphase and heterogeneous systems, including chemically reactive mixtures. Consideration is given to techniques for measuring, visualizing and theoretically modeling flowfield, shock wave and rarefaction wave characteristics. Numerical modeling is explored in terms of the application of computational fluid dynamics techniques to describing flowfields in shock tubes. Shock interactions and propagation, in both solids, fluids, gases and mixed media are investigated, along with the behavior of shocks in condensed matter. Finally, chemical reactions that are initiated as the result of passage of a shock wave are discussed, together with methods of controlling the evolution of laminar separated flows at concave corners on advanced reentry vehicles.

Bershader, D.↗

The scattered light echo of a supernova

A theoretical model of the scattering of SN radiation by a dusty circumstellar envelope is constructed and applied to observational data on SN 1979c and SN 1980k. The scattered-light curves are predicted by Monte Carlo simulation, and it is shown that the blue continuum of SN 1980k could be a scattered-light echo. The need for detailed late SN observations (especially UV observations of the type planned for the Space Telescope) is indicated.

Chevalier, R. A.↗

Discovery of an infrared-loud quasar

The IRAS source 13349 + 2438 is a quasar with a redshift of z = 0.107, broad (15,000 km/s) emission lines and a luminosity of 2.7 x 10 to the 12th solar luminosity, emitted mostly between 4.8 and 12 microns. The object, a weak radio source, is the first previously unidentified quasar selected through its infrared emission and is the prototype radio-quiet, infrared-bright quasar. A dusty interstellar medium may be responsible for the infrared emission as well as for quenching the visual emission and attenuating the radio emission from the central energy source.

Beichman, C. A.↗

Refractory grain processing in circumstellar shells Diagnostic infrared signatures

Recent advances in infrared speckle interferometry reported by Ridgway, et al. (1986) have made possible the determination of the temperatures at the inner radius of certain dusty outflows. When combined with recent data on the thermal annealing and hydrous alteration rates of amorphous magnesium silicate grains, this information allows one to predict that grains heated to high temperatures around stars such as NML Cygnus will be more crystalline than will cooler grains around stars like IRC +10420. In 1985, Jura and Morris (1985) showed that water vapor can condense on previously nucleated refractory grains in some stellar outflows. Stochastic heating events might provide sufficient energy to produce hydrated silicates from orginally amorphous grains provided that the loss of water from such materials does not occur too rapidly. Observable consequences of both types of grain processing are discussed.

Nuth, Joseph A., III↗

Time-dependent numerical modeling of dust halo formation at comets

The evolution of gas and dust distributions following a spatially and temporally localized comet outburst was calculated using a hybrid kinetic-hydrodynamic method. In the inner coma the time-dependent continuity, momentum, and energy equations of the dusty gas flow were solved simultaneously using 12 dust sizes. Beyond 300 km a three-dimensional kinetic model was used to calculate the trajectory of each individual dust grain. It was found that following the onset of the comet outburst a gas-dust blast wave propagates outward in the inner coma. About 15 minutes after the increased gas and dust production was initiated at the nucleus, a new equilibrium was reached in the inner coma. The most important feature of this new steady state was the significant increase of the dust terminal velocities. These higher terminal velocity values resulted in larger apex distances for dust particles emitted during the outburst. The dust particles spend a relatively long time near their apex points; therefore, the outburst generates long-lasting distinct dust envelopes in front of the regular dust coma.

Gombosi, T. I.↗