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At least 487 records · Page 27
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

EFT at FASERν

We investigate the sensitivity of the FASERv detector to new physics in the form of non-standard neutrino interactions. FASERv which will be installed 480 m downstream of the ATLAS interaction point, will for the first time study interactions of multi-TeV neutrinos from a controlled source. Our formalism — which is applicable to any current and future neutrino experiment — is based on the Standard Model Effective Theory (SMEFT) and its counterpart, Weak Effective Field Theory (WEFT), below the electroweak scale. Starting from the WEFT Lagrangian, we compute the coefficients that modify neutrino production in meson decays and detection via deep-inelastic scattering, and we express the new physics effects in terms of modified flavor transition probabilities. For some coupling structures, we find that FASERv will be able to constrain interactions that are two to three orders of magnitude weaker than Standard Model weak interactions, implying that the experiment will be indirectly probing new physics at the multi-TeV scale. In some cases, FASERv constraints will become comparable to existing limits — some of them derived for the first time in this paper — already with 150 fb -1 of data.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Object detection with deep learning for rare event search in the GADGET II TPC

In the pursuit of identifying rare two-particle events within the GADGET II Time Projection Chamber (TPC), this paper presents a comprehensive approach for leveraging Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and various data processing methods. To address the inherent complexities of 3D TPC track reconstructions, the data is expressed in 2D projections and 1D quantities. This approach capitalizes on the diverse data modalities of the TPC, allowing for the efficient representation of the distinct features of the 3D events, with no loss in topology uniqueness. Additionally, it leverages the computational efficiency of 2D CNNs and benefits from the extensive availability of pre-trained models. Given the scarcity of real training data for the rare events of interest, simulated events are used to train the models to detect real events. To account for potential distribution shifts when predominantly depending on simulations, significant perturbations are embedded within the simulations. This produces a broad parameter space that works to account for potential physics parameter and detector response variations and uncertainties. These parameter-varied simulations are used to train sensitive 2D CNN object detectors. When combined with 1D histogram peak detection algorithms, this multi-modal detection framework is highly adept at identifying rare, two-particle events in data taken during experiment 21072 at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB), demonstrating a 100% recall for events of interest. Here, we present the methods and outcomes of our investigation and discuss the potential future applications of these techniques.

Convolutional neural network↗
DOE OSTI2010

The Characteristics of Boulby as a Site for the LAGUNA Experiment

LAGUNA is proposed project to build in Europe a megaton-scale detector for neutrino physics, neutrino astrophysics and proton decay requiring a deep underground site. We outline here the characteristics of Boulby Mine, UK as a potential place for LAGUNA. We find that this site, already the location of several particle astrophysics experiments at 1100 m depth, has several interesting advantages for LAGUNA.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Nucleon Resonance Electrocouplings from the CLAS Meson Electroproduction Data.

Transition helicity amplitudes {gamma}{sub {nu}}NN* (electrocouplings) were determined for prominent excited proton states with masses less than 1.8 GeV in independent analyses of major meson electroproduction channels: {pi}{sup +}n, {pi}{sup 0}p and {pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -}p. Consistent results on resonance electrocouplings obtained from analyses of these exclusive reactions with very different non-resonant contributions demonstrated reliable extraction of these fundamental quantities for states that have significant decays for either N{pi} or N{pi}{pi} channels. Preliminary results on electrocouplings of N* states with masses above 1.6 GeV have become available from the CLAS data on {pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -}p electroproduction off protons for the first time. Comparison with quark models and coupled channel approaches strongly suggest that N* structure is determined by contributions from an internal core of three constituent quarks and an external meson-baryon cloud at the distance scales covered in measurements with the CLAS detector.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Measurement of the branching ratios for the standard model Higgs decays into muon pairs and into Z boson pairs at a 1.4 TeV CLIC

The measurement of the Higgs production cross-section times the branching ratios for its decays into μ{sup +}μ{sup −} and ZZ* pairs at a 1.4 TeV CLIC collider is investigated in this paper. The Standard Model Higgs boson with a mass of 126 GeV is dominantly produced via WW fusion in e{sup +}e{sup −} collisions at 1.4 TeV centre-of-mass energy. Analyses of both decay channels are based on a full simulation of the CLIC-ILD detector. All relevant physics and beam-induced background processes are taken into account. An integrated luminosity of 1.5 ab{sup −1} and unpolarised beams are assumed. For the H→ZZ* decay, the purely hadronic final state (ZZ* → qq̄qq̄) is considered as well as ZZ* decays into two jets and two leptons (ZZ* → qql{sup +}l{sup −}). It is shown that the branching ratio for the Higgs decay into a muon pair times the Higgs production cross-section can be measured with 38% statistical uncertainty. It is also shown that the statistical uncertainty of the Higgs branching ratio for decay into a Z boson pair times the Higgs production cross-section can be measured with a precision of 18.3% and 5.6% for the hadronic and semi-leptonic ZZ* decays, respectively.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Constraints on Majorana dark matter from a fourth lepton family

We study the possibility of dark matter in the form of heavy neutrinos from a fourth lepton family with helicity suppressed couplings such that dark matter is produced thermally via annihilations in the early Universe. We present all possible constraints for this scenario coming from LHC and collider physics, underground direct detectors, neutrino telescopes, and indirect astrophysical searches. Although we embed the WIMP candidate within a model of composite dynamics, the majority of our results are model independent and applicable to all models where heavy neutrinos with suppressed couplings account for the dark matter abundance.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

The laser-based gain monitoring system of the calorimeters in the Muon $g-2$ experiment at Fermilab

The Muon $g-2$ experiment, E989, is currently taking data at Fermilab with the aim of reducing the experimental error on the muon anomaly by a factor of four and possibly clarifying the current discrepancy with the theoretical prediction. A central component of this four-fold improvement in precision is the laser calibration system of the calorimeters, which has to monitor the gain variations of the photo-sensors with a 0.04\% precision on the short-term ($\sim 1\,$ms). This is about one order of magnitude better than what has ever been achieved for the calibration of a particle physics calorimeter. The system is designed to monitor also long-term gain variations, mostly due to temperature effects, with a precision below the per mille level. This article reviews the design, the implementation and the performance of the Muon $g-2$ laser calibration system, showing how the experimental requirements have been met.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Design and performance of a 35-ton liquid argon time projection chamber as a prototype for future very large detectors

Liquid argon time projection chamber technology is an attractive choice for large neutrino detectors, as it provides a high-resolution active target and it is expected to be scalable to very large masses. Consequently, it has been chosen as the technology for the first module of the DUNE far detector. However, the fiducial mass required for “far detectors” of the next generation of neutrino oscillation experiments far exceeds what has been demonstrated so far. Scaling to this larger mass, as well as the requirement for underground construction places a number of additional constraints on the design. A prototype 35-ton cryostat was built at Fermi National Acccelerator Laboratory to test the functionality of the components foreseen to be used in a very large far detector. The Phase I run, completed in early 2014, demonstrated that liquid argon could be maintained at sufficient purity in a membrane cryostat. A time projection chamber was installed for the Phase II run, which collected data in February and March of 2016. The Phase II run was a test of the modular anode plane assemblies with wrapped wires, cold readout electronics, and integrated photon detection systems. While the details of the design do not match exactly those chosen for the DUNE far detector, the 35-ton TPC prototype is a demonstration of the functionality of the basic components. Measurements are performed using the Phase II data to extract signal and noise characteristics and to align the detector components. A measurement of the electron lifetime is presented, and a novel technique for measuring a track's position based on pulse properties is described.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

The FRAM robotic telescope for atmospheric monitoring at the Pierre Auger Observatory

FRAM (F/Photometric Robotic Atmospheric Monitor) is a robotic telescope operated at the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina for the purposes of atmospheric monitoring using stellar photometry. As a passive system which does not produce any light that could interfere with the observations of the fluorescence telescopes of the observatory, it complements the active monitoring systems that use lasers. We discuss the applications of stellar photometry for atmospheric monitoring at optical observatories in general and the particular modes of operation employed by the Auger FRAM. We describe in detail the technical aspects of FRAM, the hardware and software requirements for a successful operation of a robotic telescope for such a purpose and their implementation within the FRAM system.

Optics↗
DOE OSTI2023

Status and future plans for C 3 R&D

C 3 is an opportunity to realize an e + e - collider for the study of the Higgs boson at √s = 250 GeV, with a well defined upgrade path to 550 GeV while staying on the same short facility footprint. C 3 is based on a fundamentally new approach to normal conducting linear accelerators that achieves both high gradient and high efficiency at relatively low cost. Given the advanced state of linear collider designs, the key system that requires technical maturation for C 3 is the main linac. This paper presents the staged approach towards a facility to demonstrate C 3 technology with both Direct (source and main linac) and Parallel (beam delivery, damping ring, ancillary component) R&D. The primary goal of the C 3 Demonstration R&D Plan is to reduce technical and cost risk by building and operating the key components of C 3 at an adequate scale. This R&D plan starts with the engineering design, and demonstration of one cryomodule and will culminate in the construction of a 3 cryomodule linac with pre-production prototypes. This R&D program would also demonstrate the linac rf fundamentals including achievable gradient and gradient stability over a full electron bunch train and breakdown rates. It will also investigate beam dynamics including energy spread, wakefields, and emittance growth. This work will be critical to confirm the suitability of the C 3 beam parameters for the physics reach and detector performance in preparation for a Conceptual Design Report (CDR), as well as for follow-on technology development and industrialization. The C 3 Demonstration R&D Plan will open up significant new scientific and technical opportunities based on development of high-gradient and high-efficiency accelerator technology. It will push this technology to operate both at the GeV scale and mature the technology to be reliable and provide high-brightness electron beams. The timeline for progressing with C 3 technology development will be governed by practical limitations on both the technical progress and resource availability. It consists of four stages: Stage 0) Ongoing fundamental R&D on structure prototypes, damping and vibrations. Stage 1) Advancing the engineering maturity of the design and developing start-to-end simulations including space-charge and wakefield effects. This stage will include testing of strucutres operating at cryogenic temperatures. Beam tests would be performed with high beam current to test full beam loading. Stage 2) Production and testing of the first cryomodule at cryogenic temperatures. This would provide sufficient experimental data to compile a CDR and it is anticipated for Stage 2 to last 3 years and to culminate with the transport of photo-electrons through the first cryomodule. Stage 3) Updates to the engineering design of the cryomodules, production of the second and third cryomodule and their installation. Lower charge and lower emittance beams will be used to investigate emittance growth. The successful full demonstration of the 3 cryomodules to deliver up to a 3 GeV beam and achieve the C 3 five gradient will allow a comprehensive and robust evaluation of the technical design of C 3 as well as mitigate technical, schedule, and cost risks required to proceed with a Technical Design Report (TDR).

radiation hardened magnets↗
DOE OSTI2025

Prototype acoustic positioning system for the Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment

We present the design and initial performance characterization of the prototype acoustic positioning system intended for the Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment. It comprises novel piezo-acoustic receivers with dedicated filtering- and amplification electronics installed in P-ONE instruments and is complemented by a commercial system comprised of cabled and autonomous acoustic pingers for sub-sea installation manufactured by Sonardyne Ltd. We performed an in-depth characterization of the acoustic receiver electronics and their acoustic sensitivity when integrated into P-ONE pressure housings. These show absolute sensitivities of up to -125 dB re V2/μPa2 in a frequency range of 10–40 kHz. We furthermore conducted a positioning measurement campaign in the ocean by deploying three autonomous acoustic pingers on the seafloor, as well as a cabled acoustic interrogator and a P-ONE prototype module deployed from a ship. Using a simple peak-finding detection algorithm, we observe high accuracy in the tracking of relative ranging times at approximately 230–280 μs at distances of up to 1600 m, which is sufficient for positioning detectors in a cubic-kilometer detector and which can be further improved with more involved detection algorithms. The tracking accuracy is further confirmed by independent ranging of the Sonardyne system and closely follows the ship's drift in the wind measured by GPS. The absolute positioning shows the same tracking accuracy with its absolute precision only limited by the large uncertainties of the deployed pinger positions on the seafloor.

Data analysis↗
DOE OSTI2026

Measurement of the light yield response of the Gd-compatible water-based liquid scintillator with the Brookhaven one-ton testbed

The water-based liquid scintillator (WbLS) enables hybrid detection by combining scintillation and Cherenkov signals, providing superior event reconstruction capabilities compared to conventional neutrino detectors. For this work, we measured the light yield of Gd-compatible WbLS at varying concentrations from 0.35% to 1% by mass, using cosmic-ray muons in a 1-ton scale detector at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The light yield is measured as (69.2 ± 6.9) ph/MeV at 0.35% concentration, which increased to (87.3 ± 8.7) ph/MeV at 1%. These results establish a quantitative basis for optimizing future WbLS-based detectors in neutrino physics.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2016

SU-G-IeP2-09: Iodine Imaging at Spectral CT with a Dual-Layer Detector

Purpose: To evaluate the attenuation response of iodine and the accuracy of iodine quantification on a detector-based spectral CT scanner. Methods: A Gammex 461A phantom was scanned using a dual-layer detector (IQon, Philips) at 120 kVp using helical acquisition with a CDTIvol of 15 mGy to approximate the hospital’s clinical body protocol. No modifications to the standard protocol were necessary to enable spectral imaging. Iodine inserts at 6 concentrations (2, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20 mg/ml) were scanned individually at the center of the phantom and the 20 mg/ml insert was additionally scanned at the 3, 6, and 12 o’clock positions. Scans were repeated 10 times. Conventional, virtual monoenergetic (40–200 keV) and iodine-no-water images (with pixel values equal to iodine concentration of corresponding tissue) were reconstructed from acquired data. A circular ROI (diameter=30 pixels) was used in each conventional and monoenergetic image to measure the mean and standard deviation of the CT number in HU and in each iodine-no-water image to measure iodine concentration in mg/ml. Results: Mean CT number and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) measured from monoenergetic images increased with decreasing keV for all iodine concentrations and matched measurements from conventional images at 75 keV. Measurements from the 20 ml insert showed the CT number is independent of location and CNR is a function only of noise, which was higher in the center. Measured concentration from iodine-no-water images matched phantom manufacturer suggested concentration to within 6% on average for inserts at the center of the phantom. Measured concentrations were systematically higher due to optimization of iodine quantification parameters for clinical mixtures of iodine and blood/tissue. Conclusion: Spectral acquisition and reconstruction with a dual-layer detector represents the physical behavior of iodine as expected and accurately quantifies the material concentration. This should permit a variety of clinical applications including lesion characterization, vessel patency, and myocardial perfusion. This study was performed as part of a research agreement among Philips Healthcare, University Hospitals of Cleveland, and Case Western Reserve University.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2010

QCD corrections to the Drell-Yan process for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC): Vertex functions and gluon bremsstrahlung

With an eye to future experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), O(aa{sub s}) QCD corrections to the Drell-Yan process are calculated for vertex functions and gluon bremsstrahlung. Use is made of fully differential cross sections, so that the result obtained in the present study can readily be applied in analyzing experimental data (in correcting data from future experiments at LHC). It is shown both analytically and numerically that the results are independent of unphysical parameters, including the parameter separating the regions of soft and hard gluons and the quark mass. A numerical analysis of radiative effects was performed by means of the FORTRAN code READY with allowance for the experimental cuts used at the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Contribution of inverse gluon emission to QCD corrections to the Drell-Yan process for experiments at the large hadron collider (LHC)

The contributions of inverse gluon emission to the lowest order QCD corrections to the Drell-Yan process for future experiments at LHC are calculated. The use of fully differential cross sections makes it possible to apply readily the results of these calculations for experimental purposes (in correcting data from future experiments at LHC). It is shown analytically that the present results are independent of the quark mass. A numerical analysis of respective radiative effects is performed by means of the READY FORTRAN code with allowance for the experimental cuts used at the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Study of clusters and hypernuclei production with the NICA/MPD experiment

Heavy-ion collisions provide the unique possibility to create and investigate hot and dense matter in the laboratory. At the initial stage of the reaction a QGP is formed, while the final stage is driven by the hadronization process and the formation of clusters. The capture of the produced hyperons by clusters of nucleons leads to the hypernuclei formation which is a very rare process at strangeness threshold energies. We report on the first results on the dynamical modeling of cluster formation with the combined PHSD + SACA (Parton–Hadron–Strings dynamics + Simulated Annealing Clusterization Algorithm) model at Nuclotron and NICA energies. The clusters selection in SACA is realized by a simulated annealing procedure to obtain the most bound configuration of fragments and nucleons. Based on present predictions of the combined model we study the possibility to detect such clusters and hypernuclei in the NICA/MPD detector.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Foundations of automatic feature extraction at LHC–point clouds and graphs

Abstract Deep learning algorithms will play a key role in the upcoming runs of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), helping bolster various fronts ranging from fast and accurate detector simulations to physics analysis probing possible deviations from the Standard Model. The game-changing feature of these new algorithms is the ability to extract relevant information from high-dimensional input spaces, often regarded as “replacing the expert” in designing physics-intuitive variables. While this may seem true at first glance, it is far from reality. Existing research shows that physics-inspired feature extractors have many advantages beyond improving the qualitative understanding of the extracted features. In this review, we systematically explore automatic feature extraction from a phenomenological viewpoint and the motivation for physics-inspired architectures. We also discuss how prior knowledge from physics results in the naturalness of the point cloud representation and discuss graph-based applications to LHC phenomenology.

Bhardwaj, Akanksha↗
DOE OSTI2018

Surface Characterization of NbTiN Films for Accelerator Applications

The development of next-generation SRF cavities requires the deployment of innovative material solutions with RF performance beyond bulk Nb. Theoretical interest has stimulated efforts to grow and characterize thin multi-layer superconductor/insulator/superconductor (SIS) structures for their potential capability of supporting otherwise inaccessible surface magnetic fields in SRF cavities *. The ternary B1-compound NbTiN is among the candidate superconducting materials for SIS structures. Single crystal NbTiN films with thicknesses below 15 nm are also of interest for the development of high resolution, high sensitivity (SNSPD) detectors for particle physics application. Using DC reactive magnetron sputtering, NbTiN can be deposited with nominal superconducting parameters. This contribution presents the on-going material surface and superconducting properties characterization in order to optimize the NbTiN films for each application.

Beverstock, David R.↗