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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 487 records · Page 27
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Stacking Faults and Short-Range Magnetic Correlations in Single Crystal Y 5 Ru 2 O 12 : A Structure with Ru +4.5 One-Dimensional Chains

In this paper, the synthesis, structure, and physical properties of Y 5 Ru 2 O 12 , a new member of the Ln 5 B 2 O 12 class (Ln = lanthanide, B = Ru, Re, Mo) are reported. Single crystals of Y 5 Ru 2 O 12 are synthesized using a high-temperature, high-pressure (700 °C, 200 MPa) hydrothermal method. The structure features edge-sharing Ru—O—Ru 1D chains of distorted RuO6 octahedra. The YO n (n = 6 and 7) polyhedral groups bridge Ru—O—Ru chains across the unit cell by forming a complex 3D structure. The Ru—O—Ru chains contain alternating shorter and longer Ru—Ru distances along the chain. Single crystal neutron diffraction shows streak-like diffuse scattering along the H-direction, due to stacking faults. Temperature-dependent anisotropic magnetic measurements reveal a broad feature over a wide temperature range, with a maximum at ≈70 K indicating potential short-range ordering, with canted antiferromagnetic behavior below 30 K. The dominant magnetic interactions are antiferromagnetic with a large negative Weiss temperature θ ≈ –200 K. The compound has an effective magnetic moment that is anomalously large for this class of compounds (≈4 μ B Ru –1 ), and a phenomenological spin Hamiltonian describing the unusual anisotropic magnetization of Y 5 Ru 2 O 12 is proposed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

When finite becomes infinite: convergence properties of vibrational spectra of oligomer chains

We present a computational study of convergence properties of vibrational IR and Raman spectra for a series of increasingly long units of polyethylene, cis- and trans-polyacetylenes, and polyynes. Convergent behavior to the spectra of infinitely long polymers was observed in all cases when chains reached lengths of approximately 60 carbon atoms, both with respect to the positions of the bands and to their intensities. The vibrational spectra of longer chains are practically indistinguishable. The convergence rate depends on the degree of the π conjugation in a studied system: Vibrational spectra for oligoethylenes converge noticeably faster than the spectra for the conjugated systems. Here, the slowest convergence is observed for skeletal motions of the oligomer chains, which may require more than a hundred carbon atoms in the chain to show deviations smaller than 1 cm –1 to the corresponding solid-state calculations. The results suggest that the boundary between the properties of finite and infinite molecular systems fades away for a surprisingly small number of atoms.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Development of PBT/Recycled-PET Blends and the Influence of Using Chain Extender

In this study, PBT/recycled-PET blends were developed using a twin-screw extruder. A commercial chain extender (Joncryl ADR 4468) was also used to melt mix with PBT/recycled-PET blend systems. Firstly, Joncryl at different loadings was extruded with recycled-PET to explore the influence of branching on melt behavior and crystallization of PET. The effect of blending recycled-PET with PBT on the final properties was then explored at different blending ratios (25w/75w, 50w/50w and 75w/25w). Similar blends were subsequently prepared while incorporating chain extender. Melt behavior, phase miscibility, crystallization behavior, solid viscoelastic properties, tensile and impact properties of the blends were eventually analyzed using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), melt flow indexer (MFI), dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), and tensile and Izod notched impact testing, respectively. The results showed that the addition of chain extender increased the melt viscosity of PET and at the low contents enhanced the PET’s crystallization rate. On the other hand, the blends of PBT/recycled-PET are fully miscible in the amorphous region whereas the crystalline phases are immiscible subsequent to a fast cooling. The PBT and PET molecules could also co-crystallize and be fully miscible in crystalline phases upon slow cooling of the melt. Blending recycled-PET with PBT didn’t suppress the tensile properties of PBT, however it could enhance the PBT’s ductility and reduce its impact strength. The chain extender didn’t influence the mechanical properties much. Graphical Abstract: .

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Traveling waves for the mass in mass model of granular chains

In this work, we consider the mass in mass (or mass with mass) system of granular chains, namely, a granular chain involving additionally an internal (or, respectively, external) resonator. For these chains, we rigorously establish that under suitable “anti-resonance” conditions connecting the mass of the resonator and the speed of the wave, bell-shaped traveling-wave solutions continue to exist in the system, in a way reminiscent of the results proven for the standard granular chain of elastic Hertzian contacts. Finally, we also numerically touch upon settings, where the conditions do not hold, illustrating, in line also with recent experimental work, that non-monotonic waves bearing non-vanishing tails may exist in the latter case.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Effect of Silicon Content on the Hardenability and Mechanical Properties of Link-Chain Steel

Heavy-section link-chains are increasingly required to satisfy industrial demands of shipping, lifting, and mining machinery. In this study, the hardenability of link-chain steels with different Si contents was investigated using end-quench tests. The microstructures of the end-quenched specimens were examined by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The mechanical properties were investigated by tension tests and impact tests. The effect of the Si content on the phase-transformation temperature during cooling was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that increasing the Si content from 0.24 to 0.74% led to a significant increase in hardenability; the ideal diameter (i.e., the diameter of given steel that would produce 50% martensite at the center when quenched in a hypothetical quenching medium that reduces the surface temperature of the heated steel to the bath temperature in zero time) increased from 187 to 248 mm. Si enhances the hardenability of link-chain steel by affecting its phase-transition behaviors during cooling, including suppressing ferrite formation, inhibiting carbide precipitation, and lowering the temperature of maximum transformation of bainite. The suggested Si content is 0.70-0.75% to produce link-chain steel with high hardenability and good mechanical properties.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Exotic odd–even parity effects in transmission phase, (Andreev) conductance, and shot noise of a dimer atomic chain by topology

We investigate the transport properties through a finite dimer chain connected to two normal leads or one normal and one superconductor (SC) leads. The dimer chain is described by the Su–Schrieffer–Hegger model and can be tuned into a topologically nontrivial phase with a pair of zero-energy edge states (ZEESs). We find that if the dimer chain is of nontrivial topology, (1) it will show opposite odd–even parity of the number of sites, in comparison with the topologically trivial and plain chains, in the (Andreev) transmission probability at the Fermi energy, the noise Fano factor in the zero bias limit, and even the transmission phase due to the coupled ZEESs; (2) the ZEES can determine appearance of the Andreev bound states at the site connected to the SC lead, and thereby induces a nonzero-bias-anomaly in the Andreev differential conductance of the hybrid junction; (3) the transmission phase of the normal junction has a unique 2π continuous phase variation at the zero-energy resonant peak that is also different from the usual phase shift in resonant point in usual systems.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2017

TCR crosslinking promotes Crk adaptor protein binding to tyrosine-phosphorylated CD3ζ chain

T cell antigen receptor (TCR) binding of a peptide antigen presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the context of surface MHC molecules initiates signaling events that regulate T cell activation, proliferation and differentiation. A key event in the activation process is the phosphorylation of the conserved tyrosine residues within the CD3 chain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs), which operate as docking sites for SH2 domain-containing effector proteins. Phosphorylation of the CD3ζ ITAMs renders the CD3 chain capable of binding the ζ-chain associated protein 70 kDa (ZAP70), a protein tyrosine kinase that is essential for T cell activation. We found that TCR/CD3 crosslinking in Jurkat T cells promotes the association of Crk adaptor proteins with the transiently phosphorylated CD3ζ chain. Pull down assays using bead-immobilized GST fusion proteins revealed that the Crk-SH2 domain mediates binding of phospho-CD3ζ. Phospho-CD3ζ binding is selective and is mediated by the three types of Crk, including CrkI, CrkII, and CrkL, but not by other SH2 domain-containing adaptor proteins, such as Grb2, GRAP and Nck. Crk interaction with phospho-CD3ζ is rapid and transient, peaking 1 min post TCR/CD3 crosslinking. The results suggest the involvement of Crk adaptor proteins in the early stages of T cell activation in which Crk might help recruiting effector proteins to the vicinity of the phospho-CD3ζ and contribute to the fine-tuning of the TCR/CD3-coupled signal transduction pathways. - Highlights: • TCR/CD3 crosslinking promotes Crk adaptor protein binding to tyrosine phosphorylated CD3ζ. • Crk interaction with phospho-CD3ζ is mediated by Crk-SH2 binding to CD3ζ phosphotyrosyl residues. • Interaction with phospho-CD3ζ is selective for Crk adaptor proteins. • Crk binding to tyrosine phosphorylated CD3ζ is independent of ZAP70.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Interactions of a potent cyclic peptide inhibitor with the light chain of botulinum neurotoxin A: insights from x-ray crystallography

The seven antigenically distinct serotypes (A to G) of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) are responsible for the deadly disease botulism. BoNT serotype A (BoNT/A) exerts its lethal action by cleaving the SNARE protein SNAP-25, leading to inhibition of neurotransmitter release, flaccid paralysis and autonomic dysfunction. BoNTs are dichain proteins: the heavy chain is responsible for neurospecific binding, internalization and translocation, and the light chain is responsible for substrate cleavage. Because of their extreme toxicity and prior history of weaponization, the BoNTs are considered to be potential bioterrorism agents. No post-symptomatic therapeutic interventions are available for BoNT intoxication other than critical care; therefore it is imperative to develop specific antidotes against this neurotoxin. To this end, a cyclic peptide inhibitor (CPI-1) was synthesized and found to inhibit BoNT/A light chain (Balc) with high affinity. When tested in a cell-free Förster resonance excitation transfer (FRET) assay, CPI-1 was found to have a K i of 13.9 nM using full-length Balc448 and 42.1 nM using a truncated crystallizable form of light chain (Balc424). Co-crystallization of CPI-1 with Balc424 revealed that in the Balc-CPI-1 complex, the inhibitor adopts a helical conformation, occupies a high percentage of the active site cavity and interacts in an amphipathic manner with critical active site residues. The data suggest that CPI-1 prevents SNAP-25 from accessing the Balc active site by blocking both the substrate binding path at the surface and the Zn 2+ binding region involved in catalysis. This is in contrast to linear peptide inhibitors described to date which block only the latter

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

A quantile-based scenario analysis approach to biomass supply chain optimization under uncertainty

Supply chain optimization for biomass-based power plants is an important research area due to greater emphasis on renewable power energy sources. Biomass supply chain design and operational planning models are often formulated and studied using deterministic mathematical models. While these models are beneficial for making decisions, their applicability to real world problems may be limited because they do not capture all the complexities in the supply chain, including uncertainties in the parameters. This study develops a statistically robust quantile-based approach for stochastic optimization under uncertainty, which builds upon scenario analysis. We apply and evaluate the performance of our approach to address the problem of analyzing competing biomass supply chains subject to stochastic demand and supply. Finally, the proposed approach was found to outperform alternative methods in terms of computational efficiency and ability to meet the stochastic problem requirements.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Chain elongators, friends, and foes

Bioproduction of medium chain carboxylic acids has recently emerged as an alternative strategy to valorize low-value organic waste and side-streams. Key to this route is chain elongation, an anaerobic microbial process driven by ethanol, lactic acid, or carbohydrates. Additionally, because these technologies use wastes as feedstocks, mixed microbial communities are often considered as biocatalysts. Understanding and steering these microbiomes is key to optimize bioprocess performance. From a meta-analysis of publicly available sequencing data, we (i) explore how the current collection of isolated chain elongators compares to microbiome members, (ii) discuss the main beneficial and antagonistic interactions with community partners, and (iii) identify the key research gaps and needs to help understand chain elongation microbiomes, and design/steer these novel bioproduction processes.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Algorithms and algebraic solutions of decay chain differential equations for stable and unstable nuclide fractionation

Radioactive decay processes, such as alpha decay, produce decay chains where the mass numbers of nuclides decrease as larger nuclides expel energetic particles to form smaller nuclides. Under these conditions, the coefficient matrix that describes the differential rate expressions for radioactive decay can be made lower triangular. With this special structure, formulating an algebraic solution to the decay chains can be done by first formulating the eigenvectors that make up the coefficient matrix, which can then be solved using forward substitution for a lower triangular matrix. This work details the derivation of algebraic solutions for decay chains of any number of stable and unstable nuclides with any number of branching based on this eigenvector analysis. A prototype computational code was developed to validate and compare this methodology against a number of other methods for solving similar systems. A two-phase sorting algorithm yielding the lower triangular matrix structure was established to apply the developed algebraic solutions for decay chains involving beta-emitting radionuclides transformed into daughter nuclides without change in their mass number. In conclusion, the methodologies produced in this work provide an efficient way to estimate nuclide fractions from natural decay processes.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Orientational order of [VOF{sub 5}]{sup 2-} and [NbOF{sub 5}]{sup 2-} polar units in chains

The generation of polarity in the solid state necessitates ordered, polar basic-building units (BBUs). This paper examines the evolution of ordered BBUs of 1D chains constructed of early transition metals (ETMs) and late transition metals. The cause of polar distortion orientation is illustrated with subtle alterations in the heterotypic structures of one previously reported compound (CuNbOF{sub 5}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}(pyz){sub 3}) and three new hybrid materials, presented here: CuNbOF{sub 5}(H{sub 2}O){sub 4}(pyz){sub 2} (1), CuVOF{sub 5}(H{sub 2}O){sub 4}(pyz){sub 2} (2) and CuVOF{sub 5}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}(pyz){sub 3} (3) (pyz=pyrazine). In contrast to the [NbOF{sub 5}]{sup 2-} octahedra of CuNbOF{sub 5}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}(pyz){sub 3} and compound (1) that have oxide ligands within the 1D BBUs, the [VOF{sub 5}]{sup 2-} octahedra of compounds (2) and (3) contain disordered oxide ligands perpendicular to the chains. To create polar 1D BBUs in the solid state, one must have an understanding of how to direct distortions. We demonstrate that the choice of specific polar BBUs within a distinct environment is necessary for orientational order of the ETM anions. - Graphical abstract: The orientational order of [VOF{sub 5}]{sup 2-} and [NbOF{sub 5}]{sup 2-} polar anions in chains and its influence on noncentrosymmetry are discussed on the basis of the three new hybrid compounds composed of linear chains: (CuVOF{sub 5}(H{sub 2}O){sub 4}(pyz){sub 2}, CuNbOF{sub 5}(H{sub 2}O){sub 4}(pyz){sub 2} and CuVOF{sub 5}(H{sub 2}O){sub 2}(pyz){sub 3}). Orientational order of the distortion of the early transition metal can be achieved by subtle modifications of the anisotropy in the anionic environment and a proper choice of the polar anion. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Three new hybrid compounds were characterized by single-crystal XRD. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer [VOF{sub 5}]{sup 2-} and [NbOF{sub 5}]{sup 2-} anions differ in the nucleophilicities of the ligands. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The order of the anion is controlled by increasing the anisotropy of its environment.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Synthesis, crystal structure, and electrical and magnetic properties of BaMo{sub 6}Te{sub 6}: A novel reduced molybdenum telluride containing infinite chains of trans-face shared Mo{sub 6} octahedra

Powder samples and single crystals of the new ternary compound BaMo{sub 6}Te{sub 6} were obtained by solid state reaction. The structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. BaMo{sub 6}Te{sub 6} crystallizes in the hexagonal space group P6{sub 3}/m (No. 176) with unit-cell parameters a=9.3941(2) Å, c=4.5848(1) Å and Z=1. Full-matrix least-squares refinement on F{sup 2} using 452 independent reflections for 17 refinable parameters resulted in R1=0.0208 and wR2=0.0539. The structure consists of one-dimensional infinite chains of trans-face shared Mo{sub 6} octahedra capped by Se atoms. These chains that are running along the c axis are separated from each other by nine-coordinate Ba atoms. Resistivity measurements on a single crystal indicated that the BaMo{sub 6}Te{sub 6} compound is metallic down to 160 K and semiconductor below. Magnetic susceptibility measurements showed that BaMo{sub 6}Te{sub 6} is weakly diamagnetic with no anomaly at the metal–semiconductor transition. - Graphical abstract: We present here the synthesis, the crystal structure, and the electrical and magnetic properties of the new compound BaMo{sub 6}Te{sub 6} containing infinite chains of trans-face shared Mo{sub 6} octahedra. - Highlights: • BaMo{sub 6}Te{sub 6} contains infinite chains of trans-face-sharing Mo{sub 6} octahedra |Mo{sub 6/2}|{sub ∞}{sup 1}. • Synthesis by solid state reaction. • Single-crystal X-ray study. • Continuous metal–nonmetal transition. • Anderson localization.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Hydrothermal synthesis, crystal structure and properties of a novel chain coordination polymer constructed by tetrafunctional phosphonate anions and cobalt ions

A novel cobalt phosphonate, [Co(HL)(H{sub 2}O){sub 3}]{sub n} (1) (L=N(CH{sub 2}PO{sub 3}H){sub 3}{sup 3−}) has been synthesized by hydrothermal reaction at 150 °C and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, elemental and thermogravimetric analysis. Complex 1 features a 1D chain structure with double-channel built from CoO{sub 6} octahedra bridged together by the phosphonate groups. Each cobalt ion is octahedrally coordinated by three phosphonate oxygen atoms and three water molecules. The coordinated water molecules can form the hydrogen bonds with the phosphonate oxygen atoms to link the 1D chains, building a 2D layered structure, further resulting in a 3D network. The luminescence spectrum indicates an emission maximum at 435 nm. The magnetic susceptibility curve exhibits a dominant antiferromagnetic behavior with a weakly ferromagnetic component at low temperatures. - Graphical abstract: The connectivity between cobalt ions and the ligands results in a chain structure with a 1D double-channel structure, which is constructed by A-type subrings and B-type subrings. - Highlights: • The tetrafunctional phosphonate ligand was used as the ligand. • A novel chain structure can be formed by A-type rings and B-type rings. • Two types of rings can form a 1D double-channel structure, along the c-axis.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Synthesis and structures of ligand-dominated one-dimensional silver(I)–bis(pyridylmethyl)amine coordination chains

Reactants slow diffusion of Ag(I) salts with 3,4′-bis(pyridylmethyl)amine (3,4′-bpma), an unsymmetric bis-pyridyl ligand equipped with a non-innocent amine backbone, afforded polymeric coordination adducts 1–5 having a general formula ([Ag(3,4′-bpma)(solv)]X){sub n} (solv = H{sub 2}O, CH{sub 3}OH, and none; X= CF{sub 3}CO{sub 2}{sup –}, BF{sub 4}{sup –}, ClO{sub 4}{sup –}, CF{sub 3}SO{sub 3}{sup –}, and SbF{sub 6}{sup –}). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) analyses reveal that colorless crystals of Ag(I) coordination polymers (CPs) 1–5 have very similar one-dimensional (1D) non-flat chain structures, which are preferentially depicted as a “zipper-like” rather than a ladder-like or a double-stranded chain topologies. The 3,4′-bpma ligand in these Ag(I) CPs displays a μ{sub 3}-bridging mode with a gauche–trans (1,4, and 5) and a trans–trans (2 and 3) conformations. Noteworthy, anions do not show strong influence on structural modulation of Ag(I) CPs in the solid state, but really affect CP conformations and packing fashions, indicative of a ligand-dominated assembly process for such a Ag(I)–3,4′-bpma system. Thermal stabilities and solid-state photoluminescence properties of crystalline materials 1–5 were investigated. - Graphical abstract: This work has addressed five ligand-dominated Ag(I)–3,4′-bpma polymeric adducts, which show similar one-dimensional non-flat chain structures depicting a “zipper-like” topology rather than a ladder-like or a double-stranded chain structures.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2017

A novel cryogenic magnetic refrigerant metal-organic framework based on 1D gadolinium(III) chain

A metal-organic framework (MOF) based on gadolinium ion (Gd{sup 3+}) and tricarboxylate ligand, [Gd(BTPCA)(H{sub 2}O)]·2DMF·3H{sub 2}O (Gd-BTPCA) (H{sub 3}BTPCA =1,1′,1′-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl)tripiperidine-4-carboxylic acid; DMF=dimethylformamide), was synthesized and structurally characterized. The adjacent Gd{sup 3+} ions are intraconnected by the carboxylate groups of the BTPCA{sup 3-} ligands to form a 1D Gd{sup 3+} ion chain. The 1D Gd{sup 3+} ion chains are interconnected by the BTPCA{sup 3-} ligands, giving rise to a 3D framework with 1D open channel. The magnetic studies indicate that Gd-BTPCA exhibits weak ferromagnetic interactions, and acts as a cryogenic magnetic refrigerant having the magnetic entropy change (−ΔS{sub m}) of 20.40 J kg{sup −1} K{sup −1} for ΔH =7 T at 3 K. - Graphical abstract: A 1D gadolinium(III) chains-based metal-organic framework performed ferromagnetic coupling on the magnetic property. Magnetic investigation reveals that Gd-BTPCA exhibits the entropy change (−ΔS{sub m}) of 20.40 J kg{sup −1} K{sup −1} for ΔH =7 T at 3 K. - Highlights: • The MOF based on gadolinium ion and tricarboxylate ligand was synthesized. • This MOF is connected with 1D Gd{sup 3+} ions chain and the carboxylate groups of BTPCA{sup 3-} ligands. • The magnetic studies indicate that the MOF exhibits the weak ferromagnetic interactions. • Magnetic investigation reveals that the MOF exhibits the high entropy change.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

The Case for Recycling: Overview and Challenges in the Material Supply Chain for Automotive Li-Ion Batteries

Lithium ion batteries (LIB) continue to gain market share in response to the increasing demand for electric vehicles, consumer electronics, and energy storage. The increased demand for LIB has highlighted potential problems in the supply chain of raw materials needed for their manufacture. Some critical metals used in LIB, namely lithium, cobalt, and graphite are scarce, are not currently mined in large quantities, or are mined in only a few countries whose trade policies could limit availability and impact prices. The environmental and social impacts of mining these materials have also drawn attention as production ramps up to meet the increased demand. Closed-loop systems with recycling at the end-of-life provide a pathway to lower environmental impacts and a source of high value materials that can be used in producing new batteries. Because environmental regulations concerning end-of-life batteries are not fully developed or implemented, most of these batteries currently end up in the landfills, with a very small number of spent batteries sent to the existing recycling facilities. However, with proactive regulations, an increasing supply of spent batteries, and innovations in recycling technologies, end-of-life batteries could supply a significant fraction of the materials needed for manufacturing of new LIB. This paper reviews the current state of the LIB manufacturing supply chain, addresses some issues associated with battery end-of-life, and sheds light on the importance of LIB recycling from the environmental and value chain perspectives. We also discuss the expected benefits of recycling on the global LIB supply chain.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Global reverse supply chain design for solid waste recycling under uncertainties and carbon emission constraint

Highlights: • We propose a robust model for global reverse supply chain design. • The uncertain waste collection rate, currency exchange rate, and the maritime cost are incorporated. • The total emission and cost are affected by both the uncertainties and the global carbon cap. • The waste products flows between countries vary with the levels of uncertainties and the global carbon cap. • There is an opportunity to reduce the maritime emission. - Abstract: The emergence of concerns over environmental protection, resource conservation as well as the development of logistics operations and manufacturing technology has led several countries to implement formal collection and recycling systems of solid waste. Such recycling system has the benefits of reducing environmental pollution, boosting the economy by creating new jobs, and generating income from trading the recyclable materials. This leads to the formation of a global reverse supply chain (GRSC) of solid waste. In this paper, we investigate the design of such a GRSC with a special emphasis on three aspects; (1) uncertainty of waste collection levels, (2) associated carbon emissions, and (3) challenges posed by the supply chain’s global aspect, particularly the maritime transportation costs and currency exchange rates. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first attempt to integrate the three above-mentioned important aspects in the design of a GRSC. We have used mixed integer-linear programming method along with robust optimization to develop the model which is validated using a sample case study of e-waste management. Our results show that using a robust model by taking the complex interactions characterizing global reverse supply chain networks into account, we can create a better GRSC. The effect of uncertainties and carbon constraints on decisions to reduce costs and emissions are also shown.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗