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At least 487 records · Page 27
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Nb2(AlGa)3 by Materials Project

Nb2(GaAl)3 crystallizes in the tetragonal P-4m2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Nb is bonded to six Ga and six Al atoms to form NbAl6Ga6 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent NbAl6Ga6 cuboctahedra, corners with eight equivalent AlNb4Al2Ga6 cuboctahedra, edges with four equivalent AlNb4Al4Ga4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent NbAl6Ga6 cuboctahedra, edges with twelve GaNb4Al4Ga4 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent NbAl6Ga6 cuboctahedra, faces with six GaNb4Al4Ga4 cuboctahedra, and faces with eight AlNb4Al2Ga6 cuboctahedra. All Nb–Ga bond lengths are 2.90 Å. There are four shorter (2.71 Å) and two longer (2.90 Å) Nb–Al bond lengths. There are three inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded to four equivalent Nb, four equivalent Ga, and four equivalent Al atoms to form GaNb4Al4Ga4 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve GaNb4Al4Ga4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent NbAl6Ga6 cuboctahedra, edges with sixteen AlNb4Al2Ga6 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent NbAl6Ga6 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent AlNb4Al2Ga6 cuboctahedra, and faces with ten GaNb4Al4Ga4 cuboctahedra. All Ga–Ga bond lengths are 2.71 Å. All Ga–Al bond lengths are 2.91 Å. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded to four equivalent Nb and eight Al atoms to form GaNb4Al8 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve GaNb4Al4Ga4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent NbAl6Ga6 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent GaNb4Al4Ga4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent AlNb4Al2Ga6 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent NbAl6Ga6 cuboctahedra, faces with six GaNb4Al4Ga4 cuboctahedra, and faces with eight AlNb4Al2Ga6 cuboctahedra. There are four shorter (2.71 Å) and four longer (2.89 Å) Ga–Al bond lengths. In the third Ga site, Ga is bonded to four equivalent Nb, four equivalent Ga, and four equivalent Al atoms to form GaNb4Al4Ga4 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent GaNb4Al4Ga4 cuboctahedra, corners with eight equivalent AlNb4Al4Ga4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent NbAl6Ga6 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent GaNb4Al8 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent AlNb4Al2Ga6 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent NbAl6Ga6 cuboctahedra, faces with six AlNb4Al2Ga6 cuboctahedra, and faces with eight GaNb4Al4Ga4 cuboctahedra. All Ga–Al bond lengths are 2.91 Å. There are two inequivalent Al sites. In the first Al site, Al is bonded to four equivalent Nb, six Ga, and two equivalent Al atoms to form AlNb4Al2Ga6 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent AlNb4Al2Ga6 cuboctahedra, corners with eight equivalent NbAl6Ga6 cuboctahedra, edges with twelve GaNb4Al4Ga4 cuboctahedra, edges with twelve AlNb4Al2Ga6 cuboctahedra, faces with six equivalent NbAl6Ga6 cuboctahedra, faces with six GaNb4Al4Ga4 cuboctahedra, and faces with six AlNb4Al2Ga6 cuboctahedra. Both Al–Al bond lengths are 2.89 Å. In the second Al site, Al is bonded to four equivalent Nb, four equivalent Ga, and four equivalent Al atoms to form distorted AlNb4Al4Ga4 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent AlNb4Al4Ga4 cuboctahedra, corners with eight equivalent GaNb4Al4Ga4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent NbAl6Ga6 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent GaNb4Al4Ga4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent AlNb4Al2Ga6 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent NbAl6Ga6 cuboctahedra, faces with six GaNb4Al8 cuboctahedra, and faces with eight AlNb4Al2Ga6 cuboctahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Pu(AlGa)2 by Materials Project

Pu(GaAl)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Imma space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Pu is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Ga and seven Al atoms. There are four shorter (3.00 Å) and two longer (3.14 Å) Pu–Ga bond lengths. There are a spread of Pu–Al bond distances ranging from 3.05–3.14 Å. Ga is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Pu, three equivalent Ga, and four Al atoms. There are two shorter (2.60 Å) and one longer (2.76 Å) Ga–Ga bond lengths. There are a spread of Ga–Al bond distances ranging from 2.72–3.05 Å. There are two inequivalent Al sites. In the first Al site, Al is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Pu, six equivalent Ga, and four equivalent Al atoms. All Al–Al bond lengths are 3.04 Å. In the second Al site, Al is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Pu, two equivalent Ga, and four equivalent Al atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on AlGa(PO4)2 by Materials Project

GaAl(PO4)2 is quartz (alpha)-derived structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic C2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ga3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form GaO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent PO4 tetrahedra. All Ga–O bond lengths are 1.84 Å. Al3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AlO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent PO4 tetrahedra. All Al–O bond lengths are 1.75 Å. P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent GaO4 tetrahedra and corners with two equivalent AlO4 tetrahedra. There is two shorter (1.54 Å) and two longer (1.55 Å) P–O bond length. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Ga3+ and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Al3+ and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Ga3+ and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on AlGa(CuSe2)2 by Materials Project

GaAl(CuSe2)2 is Stannite-like structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal I-4 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Cu1+ sites. In the first Cu1+ site, Cu1+ is bonded to four equivalent Se2- atoms to form CuSe4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent CuSe4 tetrahedra, corners with four equivalent GaSe4 tetrahedra, and corners with four equivalent AlSe4 tetrahedra. All Cu–Se bond lengths are 2.43 Å. In the second Cu1+ site, Cu1+ is bonded to four equivalent Se2- atoms to form CuSe4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent CuSe4 tetrahedra, corners with four equivalent GaSe4 tetrahedra, and corners with four equivalent AlSe4 tetrahedra. All Cu–Se bond lengths are 2.43 Å. Ga3+ is bonded to four equivalent Se2- atoms to form GaSe4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent AlSe4 tetrahedra and corners with eight CuSe4 tetrahedra. All Ga–Se bond lengths are 2.46 Å. Al3+ is bonded to four equivalent Se2- atoms to form AlSe4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent GaSe4 tetrahedra and corners with eight CuSe4 tetrahedra. All Al–Se bond lengths are 2.43 Å. Se2- is bonded to two Cu1+, one Ga3+, and one Al3+ atom to form corner-sharing SeAlGaCu2 tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Whole Algae Hydrothermal Liquefaction Technology Pathway

In support of the Bioenergy Technologies Office, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) are undertaking studies of biomass conversion technologies to hydrocarbon fuels to identify barriers and target research toward reducing conversion costs. Process designs and preliminary economic estimates for each of these pathway cases were developed using rigorous modeling tools (Aspen Plus and Chemcad). These analyses incorporated the best information available at the time of development, including data from recent pilot and bench-scale demonstrations, collaborative industrial and academic partners, and published literature and patents. This pathway case investigates the feasibility of using whole wet microalgae as a feedstock for conversion via hydrothermal liquefaction. Technical barriers and key research needs have been assessed in order for the hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae to be competitive with petroleum-derived gasoline, diesel and jet range blendstocks.

algae↗
DOE OSTI2013

Pilot Scale Integrated Biorefinery for Producing Ethanol from Hybrid Algae (CRADA Final Report)

This collaboration between Algenol Biofuels Inc. and NREL will provide valuable information regarding Direct to Ethanol technology. Specifically, the cooperative R&D will analyze the use of flue gas from industrial sources in the Direct to Ethanol process, which may demonstrate the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions while simultaneously producing a valuable product, i.e., ethanol. Additionally, Algenol Biofuels Inc. and NREL will develop both a techno-economic model with full material and energy balances and an updated life-cycle analysis to identify greenhouse gas emissions relative to gasoline, each of which will provide a better understanding of the Direct to Ethanol process and further demonstrate that it is a breakthrough technology with varied and significant benefits.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Solazyme Integrated Biorefinery (SzIBR): Diesel Fuels from Heterotrophic Algae

Under Department of Energy Award Number DE-EE0002877 (the “DOE Award”), Solazyme, Inc. (“Solazyme”) has built a demonstration scale “Solazyme Integrated Biorefinery (SzlBR).” The SzIBR was built to provide integrated scale-up of Solazyme’s novel heterotrophic algal oil biomanufacturing process, validate the projected commercial-scale economics of producing multiple algal oils, and to enable Solazyme to collect the data necessary to complete the design of its first commercial-scale facility. Solazyme’s technology enables it to convert a range of low-cost plant-based sugars into high-value oils. Solazyme’s renewable products replace or enhance oils derived from the world’s three existing sources—petroleum, plants, and animal fats. Solazyme tailors the composition of its oils to address specific customer requirements, offering superior performance characteristics and value. This report summarizes history and the results of the project.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Optimized Co-Processing of Algae Bio-Crude through a Petroleum Refinery

A middle distillate algal oil blend and red diesel algal oil blend from Sapphire Energy, Inc. were hydrotreated and distilled. The middle distillate feedstock blend was 8.0 wt.% biocrude and 92.0 wt.% middle distillate. The red diesel feedstock blend was 12.6 wt.% biocrude and 87.4 wt.% red diesel. During steady state, 151.4 kilograms of hydrotreated middle distillate/algal oil blend product was collected. During steady state, 312.6 kilograms of red diesel/algal oil blend hydrotreated product was collected. From the liquid product of the hydrotreated middle distillate/algal oil blend, 9.75 wt.% of the jet fuel cut is estimated to be from the algal oil. From the liquid product of the hydrotreated red diesel/algal oil blend, 11.3 wt.% of the diesel cut is estimated to be from the algal oil. The jet fuel cut of the middle distillate algal oil blend hydrotreated liquid product was analyzed using ASTM D1655, Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels. The diesel cut of the red diesel algal oil blend hydrotreated liquid product was analyzed using ASTM D975, Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Using algae to solve the plastic problem

Imagine our world without modern plastics—they are everywhere, from construction and electronics to transportation and packaging. Overall strength and durability make plastic so useful, but they also make plastic a leading contributor to the world’s pollution problem. According to a study performed by the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis at the University of California–Santa Barbara, as much as 13 million metric tons of plastic end up in the world’s oceans each year. This study also found that about one-half of the 300 million tons of plastic produced worldwide annually is used only once. To put these numbers into perspective, in 2014 the United States alone sold more than 100 billion plastic beverage bottles that account for 14 percent of America’s pollution problem, despite recycling efforts. Plastics can take up to 1,000 years to decompose in landfills and oceans. Thinner plastics, such as those used for water bottles, can take more than 450 years to degrade—that’s still a long time. To address this worldwide problem, scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory have come together to develop an alternative method to sustainably manufacture plastic that is not only durable but is easily biodegradable.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Realization of Algae Potential (REAP)

The goal of the REAP R&D program was to advance the DOE goal of demonstrating 5,000 gallons per acre per year by 2022 by developing an integrated process for producing at least 3,500 gallons of bio-fuel intermediate per acre per year. The work plan called for developing a transformation system for Chlorella with which constructs would be developed that demonstrated a 40% increase productivity by attenuating the light harvest antennae and that provided 300% increase in lipid content. In addition, REAP would cultivate thermophilic acidophiles and would explore crop rotation strategies. The extremophile R&D hedged the risk surrounding metabolic engineering and also explored mixotrophic strains that could provide productivity boosts on organic substrates. Cultivation was to be carried out in horizontal photobioreactors developed by Algenol, one of the REAP corporate partners. The horizontal Algeonol PBRs were made from inexpensive plastic film and had low mixing energy requirements. Progress was made toward a transformation system for Chlorella sorokiniana 1412, but much more time and effort were required than anticipated. As a result, antenna mutants and strains with enhanced lipid accumulation were not available for outdoor testing. Thus, the hypothesis that reducing light attenuation can enhance the net productivity remains untested. Further, Chlorella sorokiniana was found to be more susceptible to predation and infection when grown at NMSU. Later experiments at ASU have been more successful, but culture stability for C. sorokiniana remains a concern. A C. sorokiniana (UTEX 1230) proline-overproducing strain (P5CS) was constructed that provided higher thermo-tolerance and salinity tolerance in laboratory tests. Algenol horizontal photobioreactors were hampered by mixing problems and vertical versions had mixing and biofouling issues. Outdoor, flat-panel, air-lift systems at ASU provided excellent productivity for extremophiles and Chlorella alike. Galdieria sulphuraria mixotrophy enabled volumetric productivities of 1.0 g/L/day at 0.5 meter spacing and an aerial productivity of 82 g/m²/day in July. Mixing energy requirements were too high to achieve target GHG emissions. Over the course of the REAP experiment, sequential hydrothermal liquefaction (SEQHTL) and direct hydrothermal liquefaction (DHTL) experiments have been performed under a number of conditions. The total areal yield is 2300 gal/ac/yr under for the DHTL yields. This value falls to 1800 gal/ac/yr for the SEQHTL yields.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Identification and Quantification of Photosynthetic Pigments in Algae (Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP))

The Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP) outlined here describes a method to quantitatively extract phytopigments from microalgae biomass, as well as to identify and quantify individual pigments based on separation and detection with a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) system coupled to a Diode Array Detector (DAD). Pigments were extracted with greater than 95 % extraction efficiency. Chromatographic conditions allowed for isomeric resolution between pigments and identification based on UV/Vis spectra and comparison to analytical standards.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Algae, Wastewater Treatment and SAF

Microalgal biomass production has been proposed for many years for the low-cost production of foods, feeds, fuels and other bio-products, and to treat wastewaters, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions, with raceway ponds the most economical technology for cultivating microalgae.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Algae, Wastewater Treatment and SAF

Microalgal biomass production has been proposed for many years for the low-cost production of foods, feeds, fuels and other bio-products, and to treat wastewaters, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions, with raceway ponds the most economical technology for cultivating microalgae.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Algae, Wastewater Treatment and SAF

Microalgal biomass production has been proposed for many years for the low-cost production of foods, feeds, fuels and other bio-products, and to treat wastewaters, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions, with raceway ponds the most economical technology for cultivating microalgae.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Domesticating the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus

Microalgae cultivation processes exist only for a few species used in commercial applications. Their domestication is still in its infancy, with major advances required, specifically to overcome limiting factors in microalgae production. The goal is to develop superior strains without the need of genetic technologies that would require lengthy regulatory permits, and often limit consumer acceptance. Adaptive Laboratory Evolution techniques, alone or in conjunction with sexual recombination, can allow for rapid develop of improved strains and their industrial production. Approaches include increased photon utilization efficiency by cultures operating under full sunlight conditions due to higher light saturation levels, allowing for higher productivities under outdoor conditions. Decades of research yielded some promising results under controlled conditions with a few specific mutant strains. However, these failed to achieve the anticipated higher productivities in actual algal mass cultures, in part due to the inability of mutations to overcome photoinhibition, reactive oxygen species, and other pleiotropic impacts on photosynthesis.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗