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Substrate Matters: Ionic Silver Alters Lettuce Growth, Nutrient Uptake, and Root Microbiome in a Hydroponics System

Ionic silver (Ag+) is being investigated as a residual biocide for use in NASA spacecraft potable water systems on future crewed missions. This water will be used to irrigate future spaceflight crop production systems. We have evaluated the impact of three concentrations (31 ppb, 125 ppb, and 500 ppb) of ionic silver biocide solutions on lettuce in an arcillite (calcinated clay particle substrate) and hydroponic (substrate-less) growth setup after 28 days. Lettuce plant growth was reduced in the hydroponic samples treated with 31 ppb silver and severely stunted for samples treated at 125 ppb and 500 ppb silver. No growth defects were observed in arcillite-grown lettuce. Silver was detectable in the hydroponic-grown lettuce leaves at each concentration but was not detected in the arcillite-grown lettuce leaves. Specifically, when 125 ppb silver water was applied to a hydroponics tray, Ag+ was detected at an average amount of 7 μg/g (dry weight) in lettuce leaves. The increase in Ag+ corresponded with a decrease in several essential elements in the lettuce tissue (Ca, K, P, S). In the arcillite growth setup, silver did not impact the plant root zone microbiome in terms of alpha diversity and relative abundance between treatments and control. However, with increasing silver concentration, the alpha diversity increased in lettuce root samples and in the water from the hydroponics tray samples. The genera in the hydroponic root and water samples were similar across the silver concentrations but displayed different relative abundances. This suggests that ionic silver was acting as a selective pressure for the microbes that colonize the hydroponic water. The surviving microbes likely utilized exudates from the stunted plant roots as a carbon source. Analysis of the root-associated microbiomes in response to silver showed enrichment of metagenomic pathways associated with alternate carbon source utilization, fatty-acid synthesis, and the ppGpp (guanosine 3′-diphosphate 5′-diphosphate) stringent response global regulatory system that operates under conditions of environmental stress. Nutrient solutions containing Ag+ in concentrations greater than 31 ppb in hydroponic systems lacking cation-exchange capacity can severely impact crop production due to stunting of plant growth.

lettuce↗

Sub-second and ppm-level optical sensing of hydrogen using templated control of nano-hydride geometry and composition

Abstract The use of hydrogen as a clean and renewable alternative to fossil fuels requires a suite of flammability mitigating technologies, particularly robust sensors for hydrogen leak detection and concentration monitoring. To this end, we have developed a class of lightweight optical hydrogen sensors based on a metasurface of Pd nano-patchy particle arrays, which fulfills the increasing requirements of a safe hydrogen fuel sensing system with no risk of sparking. The structure of the optical sensor is readily nano-engineered to yield extraordinarily rapid response to hydrogen gas (<3 s at 1 mbar H 2 ) with a high degree of accuracy (<5%). By incorporating 20% Ag, Au or Co, the sensing performances of the Pd-alloy sensor are significantly enhanced, especially for the Pd 80 Co 20 sensor whose optical response time at 1 mbar of H 2 is just ~0.85 s, while preserving the excellent accuracy (<2.5%), limit of detection (2.5 ppm), and robustness against aging, temperature, and interfering gases. The superior performance of our sensor places it among the fastest and most sensitive optical hydrogen sensors.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Development and Evaluation of TiAl Sheet Structures for Hypersonic Applications

A cooperative program between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Austrian Space Agency (ASA), Pratt & Whitney, Engineering Evaluation and Design, and Plansee AG was undertaken to determine the feasibility of achieving significant weight reduction of hypersonic propulsion system structures through the utilization of TiAl. A trade study defined the weight reduction potential of TiAl technologies as 25 to 35 percent compared to the baseline Ni-base superalloy for a stiffener structure in an inlet, combustor, and nozzle section of a hypersonic scramjet engine (ref. 1). A scramjet engine inlet cowl flap was designed, along with a representative subelement, using design practices unique to TiAl. A sub-element was fabricated and tested to assess fabricability and structural performance and validate the design system. The TiAl alloy selected was Plansee's third generation alloy Gamma Met PX (Plansee AG ), a high temperature, high strength gamma-TiAl alloy with high Nb content (refs. 2 and 3). Characterization of Gamma Met PX sheet, including tensile, creep, and fatigue testing was performed. Additionally, design-specific coupons were fabricated and tested in order to improve subelement test predictions. Based on the sheet characterization and results of the coupon tests, the subelement failure location and failure load were accurately predicted.

Draper, S. L.↗

Materials Data on Ag(OsO3)2 by Materials Project

Ag(OsO3)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Ima2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Os+5.50+ sites. In the first Os+5.50+ site, Os+5.50+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing OsO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 35–46°. There are a spread of Os–O bond distances ranging from 1.87–1.96 Å. In the second Os+5.50+ site, Os+5.50+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing OsO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 35–46°. There are a spread of Os–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.97 Å. Ag1+ is bonded in a hexagonal planar geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.50–2.79 Å. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Os+5.50+ and two equivalent Ag1+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent Os+5.50+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Os+5.50+ and one Ag1+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Os+5.50+ and one Ag1+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Ag3RuO4 by Materials Project

RuAg3O4 is Orthorhombic Perovskite-like structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal P4_122 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ru5+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form edge-sharing RuO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ru–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.02 Å. There are three inequivalent Ag1+ sites. In the first Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent O2- atoms. Both Ag–O bond lengths are 2.16 Å. In the second Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent O2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.35 Å) and two longer (2.49 Å) Ag–O bond lengths. In the third Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.37–2.71 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ru5+ and two equivalent Ag1+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to one Ru5+ and four Ag1+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on K3Zr4Ag2F23 by Materials Project

K3Zr4Ag2F23 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent K1+ sites. In the first K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight F1- atoms. There are a spread of K–F bond distances ranging from 2.64–3.13 Å. In the second K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six F1- atoms. There are a spread of K–F bond distances ranging from 2.71–2.92 Å. There are two inequivalent Zr4+ sites. In the first Zr4+ site, Zr4+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight F1- atoms. There are a spread of Zr–F bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.26 Å. In the second Zr4+ site, Zr4+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight F1- atoms. There are a spread of Zr–F bond distances ranging from 2.03–2.28 Å. Ag2+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to seven F1- atoms. There are a spread of Ag–F bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.74 Å. There are twelve inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one K1+, one Zr4+, and one Ag2+ atom. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two K1+, one Zr4+, and one Ag2+ atom. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Zr4+ and one Ag2+ atom. In the fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a linear geometry to one Zr4+ and one Ag2+ atom. In the fifth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent Zr4+ atoms. In the sixth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two K1+, one Zr4+, and one Ag2+ atom. In the seventh F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one K1+ and two Zr4+ atoms. In the eighth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one K1+, one Zr4+, and one Ag2+ atom. In the ninth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Zr4+ atoms. In the tenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent K1+ and two Zr4+ atoms. In the eleventh F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one K1+ and two Zr4+ atoms. In the twelfth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one K1+, one Zr4+, and one Ag2+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on AgAuCl4 by Materials Project

AgAuCl4 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two AgAuCl4 sheets oriented in the (1, 0, 0) direction. Au3+ is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four Cl1- atoms. All Au–Cl bond lengths are 2.33 Å. Ag1+ is bonded to six Cl1- atoms to form distorted edge-sharing AgCl6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ag–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.68–3.07 Å. There are two inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Au3+ and two equivalent Ag1+ atoms. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Au3+ and one Ag1+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on LiAgF2 by Materials Project

LiAgF2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnma space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Li1+ is bonded to four F1- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing LiF4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Li–F bond distances ranging from 1.83–1.95 Å. Ag1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six F1- atoms. There are a spread of Ag–F bond distances ranging from 2.38–2.89 Å. There are two inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Li1+ and three equivalent Ag1+ atoms. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and three equivalent Ag1+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on RbCdAg3(CN)6 by Materials Project

RbAg3Cd(CN)6 crystallizes in the trigonal P312 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Rb1+ is bonded to six equivalent N3- atoms to form distorted RbN6 octahedra that share edges with three equivalent CdN6 octahedra. All Rb–N bond lengths are 3.10 Å. Ag1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent C2+ atoms. Both Ag–C bond lengths are 2.05 Å. Cd2+ is bonded to six equivalent N3- atoms to form CdN6 octahedra that share edges with three equivalent RbN6 octahedra. All Cd–N bond lengths are 2.37 Å. C2+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Ag1+ and one N3- atom. The C–N bond length is 1.17 Å. N3- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Rb1+, one Cd2+, and one C2+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on CsScAgF6 by Materials Project

CsScAgF6 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Imma space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Cs1+ is bonded to five F1- atoms to form distorted CsF5 square pyramids that share corners with four equivalent ScF6 octahedra and corners with six equivalent AgF6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 64–70°. There are four shorter (3.30 Å) and one longer (3.58 Å) Cs–F bond lengths. Sc3+ is bonded to six F1- atoms to form ScF6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ScF6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent AgF6 octahedra, and corners with four equivalent CsF5 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 32–46°. There are four shorter (2.02 Å) and two longer (2.05 Å) Sc–F bond lengths. Ag2+ is bonded to six F1- atoms to form AgF6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent AgF6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent ScF6 octahedra, and corners with six equivalent CsF5 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 41–46°. There are two shorter (2.07 Å) and four longer (2.32 Å) Ag–F bond lengths. There are three inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent Sc3+ atoms. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Cs1+ and two equivalent Ag2+ atoms. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Cs1+, one Sc3+, and one Ag2+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Mg2TaAgO6 by Materials Project

Mg2TaAgO6 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Mg2+ sites. In the first Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.63 Å. In the second Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.62 Å. Ta5+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing TaO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 48°. There are a spread of Ta–O bond distances ranging from 1.95–2.03 Å. Ag3+ is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.77 Å. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Mg2+, one Ta5+, and one Ag3+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three Mg2+, one Ta5+, and one Ag3+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Mg2+ and two equivalent Ta5+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Mg2+ and two equivalent Ag3+ atoms to form corner-sharing OMg2Ag2 tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on YAg(WO4)2 by Materials Project

AgY(WO4)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Y3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted YO6 octahedra that share corners with eight equivalent WO6 octahedra and edges with two equivalent AgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 36–60°. There are a spread of Y–O bond distances ranging from 2.27–2.37 Å. W6+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted WO6 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent YO6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent AgO6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent WO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 36–61°. There are a spread of W–O bond distances ranging from 1.83–2.18 Å. Ag1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted AgO6 octahedra that share corners with eight equivalent WO6 octahedra and edges with two equivalent YO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 43–61°. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.34–2.59 Å. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Y3+, one W6+, and one Ag1+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent W6+ and one Ag1+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Y3+, one W6+, and one Ag1+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Y3+ and two equivalent W6+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on InAg(PSe3)2 by Materials Project

AgIn(PSe3)2 crystallizes in the trigonal P-31c space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two AgIn(PSe3)2 sheets oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Ag1+ is bonded to six equivalent Se2- atoms to form AgSe6 octahedra that share edges with three equivalent InSe6 octahedra. All Ag–Se bond lengths are 2.91 Å. In1+ is bonded to six equivalent Se2- atoms to form InSe6 octahedra that share edges with three equivalent AgSe6 octahedra. All In–Se bond lengths are 2.81 Å. P5+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three equivalent Se2- atoms. All P–Se bond lengths are 2.22 Å. Se2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Ag1+, one In1+, and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on InAg(PS3)2 by Materials Project

AgInP2S6 crystallizes in the trigonal P-31c space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two AgInP2S6 sheets oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Ag1+ is bonded to six equivalent S2- atoms to form AgS6 octahedra that share edges with three equivalent InS6 octahedra. All Ag–S bond lengths are 2.80 Å. In1+ is bonded to six equivalent S2- atoms to form InS6 octahedra that share edges with three equivalent AgS6 octahedra. All In–S bond lengths are 2.69 Å. P5+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three equivalent S2- atoms. All P–S bond lengths are 2.04 Å. S2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Ag1+, one In1+, and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on GaAg(PSe3)2 by Materials Project

AgGa(PSe3)2 crystallizes in the trigonal P-31c space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two AgGa(PSe3)2 sheets oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Ag1+ is bonded to six equivalent Se2- atoms to form AgSe6 octahedra that share edges with three equivalent GaSe6 octahedra. All Ag–Se bond lengths are 2.90 Å. Ga3+ is bonded to six equivalent Se2- atoms to form GaSe6 octahedra that share edges with three equivalent AgSe6 octahedra. All Ga–Se bond lengths are 2.65 Å. P4+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three equivalent Se2- atoms. All P–Se bond lengths are 2.23 Å. Se2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Ag1+, one Ga3+, and one P4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Ag5Sb23(PbS4)12 by Materials Project

Ag5Sb23(PbS4)12 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are five inequivalent Ag sites. In the first Ag site, Ag is bonded in a distorted see-saw-like geometry to four S atoms. There are a spread of Ag–S bond distances ranging from 2.51–2.74 Å. In the second Ag site, Ag is bonded in a see-saw-like geometry to four S atoms. There are a spread of Ag–S bond distances ranging from 2.49–2.79 Å. In the third Ag site, Ag is bonded in a see-saw-like geometry to four S atoms. There are a spread of Ag–S bond distances ranging from 2.51–2.77 Å. In the fourth Ag site, Ag is bonded in a see-saw-like geometry to four S atoms. There are a spread of Ag–S bond distances ranging from 2.50–2.75 Å. In the fifth Ag site, Ag is bonded to six S atoms to form AgS6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent PbS6 octahedra and an edgeedge with one PbS6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 14–28°. There are a spread of Ag–S bond distances ranging from 2.67–2.98 Å. There are twelve inequivalent Pb sites. In the first Pb site, Pb is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four S atoms. There are a spread of Pb–S bond distances ranging from 2.77–3.10 Å. In the second Pb site, Pb is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four S atoms. There are a spread of Pb–S bond distances ranging from 2.82–3.10 Å. In the third Pb site, Pb is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four S atoms. There are a spread of Pb–S bond distances ranging from 2.83–3.05 Å. In the fourth Pb site, Pb is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five S atoms. There are a spread of Pb–S bond distances ranging from 2.88–3.15 Å. In the fifth Pb site, Pb is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven S atoms. There are a spread of Pb–S bond distances ranging from 2.94–3.24 Å. In the sixth Pb site, Pb is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six S atoms. There are a spread of Pb–S bond distances ranging from 2.91–3.15 Å. In the seventh Pb site, Pb is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six S atoms. There are a spread of Pb–S bond distances ranging from 2.94–3.12 Å. In the eighth Pb site, Pb is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six S atoms. There are a spread of Pb–S bond distances ranging from 2.96–3.13 Å. In the ninth Pb site, Pb is bonded to six S atoms to form PbS6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent AgS6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one PbS6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one SbS6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 14–28°. There are a spread of Pb–S bond distances ranging from 2.88–3.13 Å. In the tenth Pb site, Pb is bonded to six S atoms to form PbS6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent SbS6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one PbS6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one SbS6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 14–27°. There are a spread of Pb–S bond distances ranging from 2.89–3.09 Å. In the eleventh Pb site, Pb is bonded to six S atoms to form PbS6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent SbS6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one AgS6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one PbS6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 14–27°. There are a spread of Pb–S bond distances ranging from 2.85–3.06 Å. In the twelfth Pb site, Pb is bonded to six S atoms to form PbS6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent SbS6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one PbS6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one SbS6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 12–26°. There are a spread of Pb–S bond distances ranging from 2.87–3.13 Å. There are twenty-three inequivalent Sb sites. In the first Sb site, Sb is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three S atoms. There are a spread of Sb–S bond distances ranging from 2.50–2.58 Å. In the second Sb site, Sb is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three S atoms. There are a spread of Sb–S bond distances ranging from 2.46–2.59 Å. In the third Sb site, Sb is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three S atoms. There are one shorter (2.50 Å) and two longer (2.57 Å) Sb–S bond lengths. In the fourth Sb site, Sb is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three S atoms. There are one shorter (2.46 Å) and two longer (2.56 Å) Sb–S bond lengths. In the fifth Sb site, Sb is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four S atoms. There are a spread of Sb–S bond distances ranging from 2.53–2.87 Å. In the sixth Sb site, Sb is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four S atoms. There are a spread of Sb–S bond distances ranging from 2.54–2.94 Å. In the seventh Sb site, Sb is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four S atoms. There are a spread of Sb–S bond distances ranging from 2.55–2.87 Å. In the eighth Sb site, Sb is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four S atoms. There are a spread of Sb–S bond distances ranging from 2.51–2.96 Å. In the ninth Sb site, Sb is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four S atoms. There are a spread of Sb–S bond distances ranging from 2.49–2.96 Å. In the tenth Sb site, Sb is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four S atoms. There are a spread of Sb–S bond distances ranging from 2.50–2.94 Å. In the eleventh Sb site, Sb is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four S atoms. There are a spread of Sb–S bond distances ranging from 2.50–2.93 Å. In the twelfth Sb site, Sb is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four S atoms. There are a spread of Sb–S bond distances ranging from 2.43–2.97 Å. In the thirteenth Sb site, Sb is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three S atoms. There are a spread of Sb–S bond distances ranging from 2.49–2.57 Å. In the fourteenth Sb site, Sb is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three S atoms. There are two shorter (2.51 Å) and one longer (2.53 Å) Sb–S bond lengths. In the fifteenth Sb site, Sb is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three S atoms. There are a spread of Sb–S bond distances ranging from 2.49–2.59 Å. In the sixteenth Sb site, Sb is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three S atoms. There are a spread of Sb–S bond distances ranging from 2.43–2.57 Å. In the seventeenth Sb site, Sb is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three S atoms. There are a spread of Sb–S bond distances ranging from 2.46–2.54 Å. In the eighteenth Sb site, Sb is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three S atoms. There are a spread of Sb–S bond distances ranging from 2.49–2.53 Å. In the nineteenth Sb site, Sb is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three S atoms. There are two shorter (2.49 Å) and one longer (2.54 Å) Sb–S bond lengths. In the twentieth Sb site, Sb is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three S atoms. There are a spread of Sb–S bond distances ranging from 2.49–2.54 Å. In the twenty-first Sb site, Sb is bonded to six S atoms to form SbS6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent PbS6 octahedra and an edgeedge with one PbS6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 14–27°. There are a spread of Sb–S bond distances ranging from 2.70–2.89 Å. In the twenty-second Sb site, Sb is bonded to six S atoms to form SbS6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent PbS6 octahedra and an edgeedge with one PbS6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 14–27°. There are a spread of Sb–S bond distances ranging from 2.69–2.94 Å. In the twenty-third Sb site, Sb is bonded to six S atoms to form SbS6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent PbS6 octahedra and an edgeedge with one PbS6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 12–26°. There are a spread of Sb–S bond distances ranging from 2.68–2.94 Å. There are forty-eight inequivalent S sites. In the first S site, S is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Pb and three Sb atoms. In the second S site, S is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Ag, one Pb, and two Sb atoms. In the third S site, S is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Pb and three Sb atoms. In the fourth S site, S is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Pb and three Sb atoms. In the fifth S site, S is bonded to one Ag, two Pb, and one Sb atom to form distorted corner-sharing SAgSbPb2 tetrahedra. In the sixth S site, S is bonded to two Pb and two Sb atoms to form distorted corner-sharing SSb2Pb2 tetrahedra. In the seventh S site, S is bonded to two Pb and two Sb atoms to form distorted corner-sharing SSb2Pb2 tetrahedra. In the eighth S site, S is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Pb and two Sb atoms. In the ninth S site, S is bonded to one Ag, two Pb, and one Sb atom to form distorted corner-sharing SAgSbPb2 tetrahedra. In the tenth S site, S is bonded to one Ag, two Pb, and one Sb atom to form distorted corner-sharing SAgSbPb2 tetrahedra. In the eleventh S site, S is bonded to one Ag, two Pb, and one Sb atom to form distorted corner-sharing SAgSbPb2 tetrahedra. In the twelfth S site, S is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Ag, two Pb, and one Sb atom. In the thirteenth S site, S is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Ag, one Pb, and two Sb atoms. In the fourteenth S site, S is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Ag, one Pb, and two Sb atoms. In the fifteenth S site, S is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Ag, one Pb, and two Sb atoms. In the sixteenth S site, S is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two Ag, two Pb, and one Sb atom. In the seventeenth S site, S is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Pb and two Sb atoms. In the eighteenth S site, S is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Pb and two Sb atoms. In the nineteenth S site, S is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Pb and two Sb atoms. In the twentieth S site, S is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Pb and two Sb atoms. In the twenty-first S site, S is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Ag, one Pb, and one Sb atom. In the twenty-second S site, S is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Ag, one Pb, and one Sb atom. In the twenty-third S site, S is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Ag, one Pb, and one Sb atom. In the twenty-fourth S site, S is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Ag, one Pb, and one Sb atom. In the twenty-fifth S site, S is bonded in a distorted see-saw-like geometry to one Ag, two Pb, and one Sb atom. In the twenty-sixth S site, S is bonded in a distorted see-saw-like geometry to two Pb and two Sb atoms. In the twenty-seventh S site, S is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Pb and two Sb atoms. In the twenty-eighth S site, S is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Pb and two Sb atoms. In the twenty-ninth S site, S is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Ag, two Pb, and one Sb atom. In the thirtieth S site, S is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Pb and two Sb atoms. In the thirty-first S site, S is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Pb and two Sb atoms. In the thirty-second S site, S is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Pb and two Sb atoms. In the thirty-third S site, S is bonded in a distorted L-shaped geometry to one Pb and two Sb atoms. In the thirty-fourth S site, S is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Pb and two Sb atoms. In the thirty-fifth S site, S is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Pb and two Sb atoms. In the thirty-sixth S site, S is bonded in a distorted L-shaped geometry to one Pb and two Sb atoms. In the thirty-seventh S site, S is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Ag, one Pb, and two Sb atoms. In the thirty-eighth S site, S is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Ag, one Pb, and two Sb atoms. In the thirty-ninth S site, S is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Ag, one Pb, and two Sb atoms. In the fortieth S site, S is bonded in a 4-coordi

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on TaAgS3 by Materials Project

AgTaS3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmc2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ta5+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight S2- atoms. There are a spread of Ta–S bond distances ranging from 2.54–2.65 Å. Ag1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to six S2- atoms. There are a spread of Ag–S bond distances ranging from 2.45–3.12 Å. There are three inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Ta5+ and two equivalent Ag1+ atoms. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Ta5+ and two equivalent Ag1+ atoms. In the third S2- site, S2- is bonded to two equivalent Ta5+ and two equivalent Ag1+ atoms to form corner-sharing STa2Ag2 tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Ag4Te(ClO3)2 by Materials Project

(Ag2O3Cl)2Te crystallizes in the cubic P2_13 space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of four tellurium molecules and one Ag2O3Cl framework. In the Ag2O3Cl framework, there are two inequivalent Ag2+ sites. In the first Ag2+ site, Ag2+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three equivalent O2- and one Cl1- atom. All Ag–O bond lengths are 2.73 Å. The Ag–Cl bond length is 2.83 Å. In the second Ag2+ site, Ag2+ is bonded in a water-like geometry to two O2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.38 Å) and one longer (2.55 Å) Ag–O bond lengths. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Ag2+ and one Cl1- atom. The O–Cl bond length is 1.52 Å. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Ag2+ and one Cl1- atom. The O–Cl bond length is 1.50 Å. There are two inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Ag2+ and three equivalent O2- atoms. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three equivalent O2- atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗