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At least 469 records · Page 26

State Preparation of Antisymmetrized Geminal Power on a Quantum Computer without Number Projection

The antisymmetrized geminal power (AGP) is equivalent to the number projected Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (PBCS) wave function. It is also an elementary symmetric polynomial (ESP) state. We generalize previous research on deterministically implementing the Dicke state to a state preparation algorithm for an ESP state, or equivalently AGP, on a quantum computer. Our method is deterministic and has polynomial cost, and it does not rely on number symmetry breaking and restoration. We also show that our circuit is equivalent to a disentangled unitary paired coupled cluster operator and a layer of unitary Jastrow operator acting on a single Slater determinant. Here, the method presented herein highlights the ability of disentangled unitary coupled cluster to capture nontrivial entanglement properties that are hardly accessible with traditional Hartree–Fock based electronic structure methods.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Tables Of Gaussian-Type Orbital Basis Functions

NASA technical memorandum contains tables of estimated Hartree-Fock wave functions for atoms lithium through neon and potassium through krypton. Sets contain optimized Gaussian-type orbital exponents and coefficients, and near Hartree-Fock quality. Orbital exponents optimized by minimizing restricted Hartree-Fock energy via scaled Newton-Raphson scheme in which Hessian evaluated numerically by use of analytically determined gradients.

Partridge, Harry↗

General, Rigorous Approach for the Treatment of Interfragment Covalent Bonds

Here, a generalized, projection-based transformation of the method-agnostic Fock operator in various ab initio fragment-based quantum chemistry methods has been developed for the treatment of interfragment covalent bonds. This transformation freezes the relevant localized molecular orbital associated with each interfragment bond, thereby restricting the variational subspace of the fragment wave functions, in order to maintain the proper physical characteristics of the involved covalent bonds. In addition, sets of orbitals that would lead to multiple occupancy of certain orbitals are explicitly removed from the variational space. The transformation is developed for the specific case of mutually orthonormal frozen and unfrozen orbitals within each fragment. The newly developed approach is then used to study model systems with two popular ab initio fragment-based methods, and the results of these calculations are compared to those obtained by existing methodologies. Analysis is focused on both quantitative and qualitative accuracy as well as computational scalability and stability. Other methods for which the developed formalisms are appropriate are outlined, and future extensions of the methods are discussed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

TurboRVB: A many-body toolkit for ab initio electronic simulations by quantum Monte Carlo

TurboRVB is a computational package for ab initio Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) simulations of both molecular and bulk electronic systems. The code implements two types of well established QMC algorithms: Variational Monte Carlo (VMC) and diffusion Monte Carlo in its robust and efficient lattice regularized variant. A key feature of the code is the possibility of using strongly correlated many-body wave functions (WFs), capable of describing several materials with very high accuracy, even when standard mean-field approaches [e.g., density functional theory (DFT)] fail. The electronic WF is obtained by applying a Jastrow factor, which takes into account dynamical correlations, to the most general mean-field ground state, written either as an antisymmetrized geminal power with spin-singlet pairing or as a Pfaffian, including both singlet and triplet correlations. This WF can be viewed as an efficient implementation of the so-called resonating valence bond (RVB) Ansatz, first proposed by Pauling and Anderson in quantum chemistry [L. Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond (Cornell University Press, 1960)] and condensed matter physics [P.W. Anderson, Mat. Res. Bull 8, 153 (1973)], respectively. The RVB Ansatz implemented in TurboRVB has a large variational freedom, including the Jastrow correlated Slater determinant as its simplest, but nontrivial case. Moreover, it has the remarkable advantage of remaining with an affordable computational cost, proportional to the one spent for the evaluation of a single Slater determinant. Therefore, its application to large systems is computationally feasible. The WF is expanded in a localized basis set. Several basis set functions are implemented, such as Gaussian, Slater, and mixed types, with no restriction on the choice of their contraction. The code implements the adjoint algorithmic differentiation that enables a very efficient evaluation of energy derivatives, comprising the ionic forces. Thus, one can perform structural optimizations and molecular dynamics in the canonical NVT ensemble at the VMC level. For the electronic part, a full WF optimization (Jastrow and antisymmetric parts together) is made possible, thanks to state-of-the-art stochastic algorithms for energy minimization. In the optimization procedure, the first guess can be obtained at the mean-field level by a built-in DFT driver. The code was efficiently parallelized by using a hybrid MPI-OpenMP protocol, which is also an ideal environment for exploiting the computational power of modern Graphics Processing Unit accelerators.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Roadmap on methods and software for electronic structure based simulations in chemistry and materials

This Roadmap article provides a succinct, comprehensive overview of the state of electronic structure methods and software for molecular and materials simulations. Seventeen distinct sections collect insights by 51 leading scientists in the field. Each contribution addresses the status of a particular area, as well as current challenges and anticipated future advances, with a particular eye towards software related aspects and providing key references for further reading. Foundational sections cover density functional theory and its implementation in real-world simulation frameworks, Green's function based many-body perturbation theory, wave-function based and stochastic electronic structure approaches, relativistic effects and semiempirical electronic structure theory approaches. Subsequent sections cover nuclear quantum effects, real-time propagation of the electronic structure, challenges for computational spectroscopy simulations, and exploration of complex potential energy surfaces. The final sections summarize practical aspects, including computational workflows for complex simulation tasks, the impact of current and future high-performance computing architectures, software engineering practices, education and training to maintain and broaden the community, as well as the status of and needs for electronic structure based modeling from the vantage point of industry environments. Overall, the field of electronic structure software and method development continues to unlock immense opportunities for future scientific discovery, based on the growing ability of computations to reveal complex phenomena, processes and properties that are determined by the make-up of matter at the atomic scale, with high precision.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Effects of spin-orbit coupling and very large supercells on the description of acceptors in CdTe

Predicting accurate shallow donor and acceptor levels in semiconductors has been quite challenging using periodic boundary conditions as implemented in current density functional theory codes. The reason is that the wave functions associated with the shallow centers are quite extended and are not fully contained in the supercell (typically with a few hundred atoms) so impurities in the periodically repeated image cells interact with each other. Errors of ~0.1 eV are expected, and these are of the same order of magnitude as the ionization energies themselves. In the case of acceptors in CdTe, this problem is exacerbated by the strong spin-orbit coupling that split the Te-related states at the top of the valence band, making the calculations at least 8 times more expensive. CdTe is an important solar-cell material with record high efficiency of 22%. One of the main limiting factors to increasing the efficiency towards the theoretical limit of ~30% is the often reported very low hole concentration. Pushing to the limit of computational capability by using very large supercells with spin-orbit coupling we report the results of hybrid functional calculations of group-V acceptors in CdTe. We show that extrapolation to the dilute limit leads to an interpretation of the experimental data that is qualitatively different from previous DFT and hybrid functional calculation reports. We find that the group-V impurities indeed behave as shallow acceptors and that the corresponding compensating AX-centers are unstable and do not limit p-type doping. We address the differences between our results and previous theoretical predictions and show that our calculated ionization energies predict hole concentrations that are in excellent agreement with recent temperature-dependent Hall measurements on high-quality single-crystal samples.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Overset-Grid Method with Smooth Orbital Partitioning for Molecular Scattering Calculations

To solve molecular photoionization and electron scattering problems, we use an overset-grid representation of electronic continuum functions, which has an extended central spherical grid that overlaps small spherical grids (subgrids) centered on each atom of a polyatomic molecule. Here, in this work, we present an improved algorithm that smoothly partitions the total wave function between the central grid and the atomic subgrids. The smooth partitioning allows one to use approximately one-fourth the number of partial waves on the central grid compared to our previous implementation with switching functions. The resulting numerical method for treating electron scattering and photoionization of polyatomic molecules combines the accuracy and flexibility of pure numerical grid representations with the rapid convergence of hybrid combinations of atom-centered basis-set expansions and grid methods. The overset-grid representation is implemented using the complex Kohn variational principle for scattering and photoionization amplitudes. The faster convergence with respect to the number of central grid partial waves is demonstrated and accuracy is verified by comparisons with the previous implementation and with far more computationally demanding single-center numerical expansions in electron-molecule scattering and photoionization calculations on the neon dimer (Ne 2 ) system, carbon tetrafluoride (CF 4 ) molecule, and the pyridine (C 5 H 5 N) molecule in the static-exchange approximation.

Molecules↗

Functional methods for waves in random media

Some basic ideas in functional methods for waves in random media are illustrated through a simple random differential equation. These methods are then generalized to solve certain random parabolic equations via an exponential representation given by the Feynman-Kac formula. It is shown that these functional methods are applicable to a number of problems in random wave propagation. They include the forward-scattering approximation in Gaussian white-noise media; the solution of the optical beam propagation problem by a phase-integral method; the high-frequency scattering by bounded random media, and a derivation of approximate moment equations from the functional integral representation.

Chow, P. L.↗

Functional methods for waves in random media

Some basic ideas in functional methods for waves in random media are illustrated through a simple random differential equation. These methods are then generalized to solve certain random parabolic equations via an exponential representation given by the Feynman-Kac formula. It is shown that these functional methods are applicable to a number of problems in random wave propagation. They include the forward-scattering approximation in Gaussian white-noise media; the solution of the optical beam propagation problem by a phase-integral method; the high-frequency scattering by bounded random media; and a derivation of approximate moment equations from the functional integral representation.

Chow, P. L.↗

Renormalon cancellation and linear power correction to threshold-like asymptotics of space-like parton correlators

Abstract In this paper, we show that the common hard kernel of double-log-type or threshold-type factorization for certain space-like parton correlators that arise in the context of lattice parton distributions, theheavy-light Sudakov hard kernel, has linear infrared (IR) renormalon. We explicitly demonstrate how this IR renormalon correlates with ultraviolet (UV) renormalons of next-to-leading power operators in two explicit examples: threshold asymptotics of space-like quark-bilinear coefficient functions and transverse momentum dependent (TMD) factorization of quasi wave function amplitude. Theoretically, the pattern of renormalon cancellation complies with general expectations to marginal asymptotics in the UV limit. Practically, this linear renormalon explains the slow convergence of imaginary parts observed in lattice extraction of the Collins-Soper kernel and signals the relevance of next-to-leading power contributions. Fully factorized, fully controlled threshold asymptotic expansion for space-like quark-bilinear coefficient functions in coordinate and moment space has also been proposed.

Physics↗

Computation of Auger Electron Spectra in Organic Molecules with Multiconfiguration Pair-Density Functional Theory

Efficient and accurate computation of molecular Auger electron spectra for larger systems is limited by the rapid increase in the number of doubly ionized final states as the system size grows. Here, in this work, we benchmark the application of multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory with a restricted active space (RAS) reference wave function for computing the carbon K-edge decay spectra of 20 organic molecules. Decay rates are computed within the one-center approximation. We evaluate the performance of different basis sets and on-top functionals and find that multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory achieves accuracy comparable to RAS followed by second-order perturbation theory, but at significantly lower computational cost.

Fouda, Adam E. A. [Argonne National Laboratory (AN↗

Optical Imaging and Radiometric Modeling and Simulation

OPTOOL software is a general-purpose optical systems analysis tool that was developed to offer a solution to problems associated with computational programs written for the James Webb Space Telescope optical system. It integrates existing routines into coherent processes, and provides a structure with reusable capabilities that allow additional processes to be quickly developed and integrated. It has an extensive graphical user interface, which makes the tool more intuitive and friendly. OPTOOL is implemented using MATLAB with a Fourier optics-based approach for point spread function (PSF) calculations. It features parametric and Monte Carlo simulation capabilities, and uses a direct integration calculation to permit high spatial sampling of the PSF. Exit pupil optical path difference (OPD) maps can be generated using combinations of Zernike polynomials or shaped power spectral densities. The graphical user interface allows rapid creation of arbitrary pupil geometries, and entry of all other modeling parameters to support basic imaging and radiometric analyses. OPTOOL provides the capability to generate wavefront-error (WFE) maps for arbitrary grid sizes. These maps are 2D arrays containing digital sampled versions of functions ranging from Zernike polynomials to combination of sinusoidal wave functions in 2D, to functions generated from a spatial frequency power spectral distribution (PSD). It also can generate optical transfer functions (OTFs), which are incorporated into the PSF calculation. The user can specify radiometrics for the target and sky background, and key performance parameters for the instrument s focal plane array (FPA). This radiometric and detector model setup is fairly extensive, and includes parameters such as zodiacal background, thermal emission noise, read noise, and dark current. The setup also includes target spectral energy distribution as a function of wavelength for polychromatic sources, detector pixel size, and the FPA s charge diffusion modulation transfer function (MTF).

Ha, Kong Q.↗

Franck-Condon Tuning of Optical Cycling Centers by Organic Functionalization

Laser induced electronic excitations that spontaneously emit photons and decay directly to the initial ground state (“optical cycling transitions”) are used in quantum information and precision measurement for state initialization and readout. To extend this primarily atomic technique to large, organic compounds, we theoretically investigate optical cycling of alkaline earth phenoxides and their functionalized derivatives. We find that optical cycle leakage due to wave function mismatch is low in these species, and can be further suppressed by using chemical substitution to boost the electron-withdrawing strength of the aromatic molecular ligand through resonance and induction effects. This provides a straightforward way to use chemical functional groups to construct optical cycling moieties for laser cooling, state preparation, and quantum measurement.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Calculation of the Full Scattering Amplitude without Partial Wave Decomposition II: Inclusion of Exchange

As is well known, the full scattering amplitude can be expressed as an integral involving the complete scattering wave function. We have shown that the integral can be simplified and used in a practical way. Initial application to electron-hydrogen scattering without exchange was highly successful. The Schrodinger equation (SE), which can be reduced to a 2d partial differential equation (pde), was solved using the finite element method. We have now included exchange by solving the resultant SE, in the static exchange approximation, which is reducible to a pair of coupled pde's. The resultant scattering amplitudes, both singlet and triplet, calculated as a function of energy are in excellent agreement with converged partial wave results.

Shertzer, Janine↗

The optimization of single mode basis functions for polyatomic vibrational problems with application to the water molecule

The optimization of the wave functions is considered for coupled vibrations represented by linear combinations of products of functions depending only on a single vibrational coordinate. The functions themselves are optimized as well as configuration list. For the H2O molecule highly accurate results are obtained for the lowest 15 levels using significantly shorter expansions than would otherwise be possible.

Schwenke, David W.↗

Photoelectrochemically Self Improving Si/GaN Photocathode: Figure 4a Raw Data

Calculated formation energy of (0001 ̅) c-plane GaN surfaces. The density-functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed with the generalized gradient approximation, using the plane-wave pseudopotential quantum-ESPRESSO package. Ultrasoft pseudopotentials were used to describe the interaction between valence electrons and ionic cores, where Ga 3d electrons were explicitly treated as valence electrons. The wave functions and electronic density were expanded in a plane-wave basis set truncated at a cutoff energy of 30 Ry and 240 Ry, respectively. The surface was modeled using a repeated slab geometry using a (2×2) unit cell with a thickness of seven GaN bilayers, where the Ga-terminated bottom side was passivated by pseudo-hydrogen with charge of 1.25e. In addition, the (1010) surface was modeled using 8 GaN atomic layers with a lateral dimension of 9.57 Å x 10.38 Å. A vacuum width of at least 15.0 Å was introduced between consecutive slabs, and a k-point mesh of 5x5x1 and 2x2x1 was used to sample the surface Brillouin zone for the polar and non-polar surfaces, respectively. Calculated formation energy of (0001 ̅) c-plane GaN surfaces with different oxygen configuration within the anion and cation-rich limits: ideal GaN surfaces of c-plane and m-plane; configurations with 100% replacement of nitrogen by oxygen on the surface c-plane and m-plane; 100% replacement of nitrogen by oxygen in the subsurface bilayer c-plane and m-plane; and configurations with 50% replacement of nitrogen of the surface and subsurface bilayers by oxygens c-plane and m-plane. In both cases, the ideal surface is chosen as the reference.

photocathode↗

Photoelectrochemically Self Improving Si/GaN Photocathode: Figure 4b Raw Data

Calculated formation energy of (1010 ̅) m-plane GaN surfaces. The density-functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed with the generalized gradient approximation, using the plane-wave pseudopotential quantum-ESPRESSO package. Ultrasoft pseudopotentials were used to describe the interaction between valence electrons and ionic cores, where Ga 3d electrons were explicitly treated as valence electrons. The wave functions and electronic density were expanded in a plane-wave basis set truncated at a cutoff energy of 30 Ry and 240 Ry, respectively. The surface was modeled using a repeated slab geometry using a (2×2) unit cell with a thickness of seven GaN bilayers, where the Ga-terminated bottom side was passivated by pseudo-hydrogen with charge of 1.25e. In addition, the (1010) surface was modeled using 8 GaN atomic layers with a lateral dimension of 9.57 Å x 10.38 Å. A vacuum width of at least 15.0 Å was introduced between consecutive slabs, and a k-point mesh of 5x5x1 and 2x2x1 was used to sample the surface Brillouin zone for the polar and non-polar surfaces, respectively. Calculated formation energy of (1010 ̅) m-plane GaN surfaces with different oxygen configuration within the anion and cation-rich limits: ideal GaN surfaces of c-plane and m-plane; configurations with 100% replacement of nitrogen by oxygen on the surface c-plane and m-plane; 100% replacement of nitrogen by oxygen in the subsurface bilayer c-plane and m-plane; and configurations with 50% replacement of nitrogen of the surface and subsurface bilayers by oxygens c-plane and m-plane. In both cases, the ideal surface is chosen as the reference.

photocathode↗

Modeling of pressure-induced far-infrared absorption spectra Molecular hydrogen pairs

Meyer et al. (1985) have calculated the accurate induced dipole moment function of H2-H2 from first principles, using highly correlated wave functions for the first time in such work. The present paper is concerned with the collision-induced translational-rotational absorption coefficient for molecular hydrogen pairs, taking into account computations on the basis of the fundamental theory considered by Meyer et al. Data have been obtained for temperatures in the range from 40 to 300 K. Criteria are developed for choosing among various model line shapes. It is found that certain models are capable of approximating the quantum profiles closely, with rms errors of only a few percent.

Borysow, J.↗