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A time dependent analytic formalism is utilized to examine the competing effects of transport, photodissociation, and frequency of injection on the steady state global distribution of heavy lift launch vehicle (HLLV) second stage discharges of H2O. The model is employed to estimate concomitant effects on the ion chemistries of the D and E regions of the atmosphere.
The SPAR thermal analyzer, a system of finite-element processors for performing steady-state and transient thermal analyses, is described. The processors communicate with each other through the SPAR random access data base. As each processor is executed, all pertinent source data is extracted from the data base and results are stored in the data base. Steady state temperature distributions are determined by a direct solution method for linear problems and a modified Newton-Raphson method for nonlinear problems. An explicit and several implicit methods are available for the solution of transient heat transfer problems. Finite element plotting capability is available for model checkout and verification.
A computer program that numerically predicts the steady state temperature distribution inside an axially grooved heat pipe wall for a given groove geometry and working fluid under various heat input and output modes is described. The program computes both evaporator and condenser film coefficients. The program is able to handle both axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric heat transfer cases. Non-axisymmetric heat transfer results either from non-uniform input at the evaporator or non-uniform heat removal from the condenser, or from both. The presence of a liquid pool in the condenser region under one-g condition also causes non-axisymmetric heat transfer, and its effect on the pipe wall temperature distribution is included in the present program. The hydrodynamic aspect of an axially grooved heat pipe is studied in the Groove Analysis Program (GAP). The present thermal analysis program assumes that the GAP program (or other similar programs) is run first so that the heat transport limit and optimum fluid charge of the heat pipe are known a priori.
Theoretical models are described for calculations of charge-carrier concentrations, Fermi energy, and conduction electron mobility as functions of x, temperature, and ionized and neutral defect concentrations of Hg(1-x)Cd(x)Te alloys. Measurements are reported of electron concentration and electron mobility from 5-300 K for alloys with x values of between 0.17 and 0.30. The electrical data are in reasonable agreement with theory, and were analyzed to obtain estimates of donor and acceptor state concentrations. The electron mobilities are calculated in terms of a microscopic theory of electrical conduction derived from the solution of the Boltzmann equation for the perturbed steady-state electron distribution function, and they show that longitudinal optical-phonon and charged and neutral defect scattering are the dominant mobility-limiting mechanisms.
A two step hybrid analysis technique to predict the nonlinear steady state temperature distribution in structures and solids is presented. The technique is based on the regular perturbation expansion and the classical Bubnov-Galerkin approximation. The functions are obtained by using the regular perturbation method. These functions are selected as coordinate functions and the classical Bubnov-Galerkin technique is used to compute their amplitudes. The potential of the proposed hybrid technique for the solution of nonlinear thermal problems is discussed. The effectiveness of this technique is demonstrated by the effects of conduction, convection, and radiation modes of heat transfer. It is indicated that the hybrid technique overcomes the two major drawbacks of the classical techniques: (1) the requirement of using a small parameter in the regular perturbation method; and (2) the arbitrariness in the choice of the coordinate functions in the Bubnov-Galerkin technique. The proposed technique extends the range of applicability of the regular perturbation method and enhances the effectiveness of the Bubnov-Galerkin technique.
The range of accuracies achieved in the gear tooth temperature using an automatic finite element mesh generator were investigated. Gear web contribution to the gear cooling process was studied by introducing a varying size hole at the center of the gear because of the versatility of program TARG in allowing different heat transfer coefficients in different areas of the gear tooth. A study was carried out to evaluate the contribution of the loaded and unloaded faces as well as the top and bottom lands. A general purpose two-dimensional finite element preprocessor ATOGEN has been developed for automatic generation of a finite element mesh over a pie-shaped sector of a gear. The program was used for facilitating the input to an upgraded version of a previously developed program for the thermal analysis of running gears (TARG). The latter program determined the steady state temperature distribution throughout the specified gear. The automatic mesh generator program includes a band width minimization routine for reducing computer cost.
The effects of the feedback of e(+)-e(-) pair reinjection in a plasma due to photon-photon absorption of its own radiation was examined. Under the assumption of continuous electron injection with a power law spectrum E to the minus gamma power and Compton losses only, it is shown that for gamma 2 the steady state electron distribution function has a unique form independent of the primary injection spectrum. This electron distribution function can, by synchrotron emission, reproduce the general characteristics of the observed radio to optical active galactic nuclei spectra. Inverse Compton scattering of the synchrotron photons by the same electron distribution can account for their X-ray spectra, and also implies gamma ray emission from these objects. This result is invoked to account for the similarity of these spectra, and it is consistent with observations of the diffuse gamma ray background.
The effects of the feedback of e+-e- pair reinjection in a plasma due to photon photon absorption of its own radiation is examined. Under the assumption of continuous electron injection with a power law spectrum and Compton losses only, it is shown that for power law index 2 the steady state electron distribution function has a unique form independent of the primary injection spectrum. This electron distribution function can by then reproduce the general characteristics of AGN, QSO spectra from radio to X-rays. It also implies gamma ray emission from these objects consistent with the observations of the diffuse gamma ray background.
Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and quasars (QSOs) appear to emit roughly equal energy per decade from radio to gamma-ray energies (e.g. Ramaty and Ligenfelter 1982). This argues strongly for a nonthermal radiation mechanism (see Rees 1984). In addition, statistical studies have indicated that the spectra of these objects in the IR-UV and 2 to 50 keV X-ray band, can be fitted very well with power laws of specific indices. These spectral indices do not seem to depend on the luminosity or morphology of the objects (Rothschild et al. 1983; Malkan 1984), and any theory should account for them in a basic and model independent way. If shocks accelerate relativistic protons via the first-order Fermi mechanism (e.g. Axfor 1981), the radiating electrons can be produced as secondaries throughout the source by proton-proton (p-p) collisions and pion decay, thus eliminating Compton losses (Protheroe and Kazanas 1983). As shown by Kazanas (1984), if relativistic electrons are injected at high energies, e+-e- pair production results in a steady state electron distribution that is very similar to that observed in AGNs, independent of the details of injection and the dynamics of the source. The conditions required by this mechanism are met in the shock model of Eichler (1984) and Ellison and Eichler (1984) which allows the self-consistent calculation of the shock acceleration efficiency.
The effects of the feedback of e(+)-e(-) pair reinjection in a plasma due to photon-photon absorption of its own radiation was examined. Under the assumption of continuous electron injection with a power law spectrum E to the minus gamma power and Compton losses only, it is shown that for gamma 2 the steady state electron distribution function has a unique form independent of the primary injection spectrum. This electron distribution function can, by synchrotron emission, reproduce the general characteristics of the observed radio to optical active galactic nuclei spectra. Inverse Compton scattering of the synchrotron photons by the same electron distribution can account for their X-ray spectra, and also implies gamma ray emission from these objects. This result is invoked to account for the similarity of these spectra, and it is consistent with observations of the diffuse gamma ray background.
Two equivalent chips of lithology A (lith-A) and lithology C (lith-C) taken from the same interior portion of EETA 79001 shergottite have been analyzed for volatile species produced by high-vacuum pyrolysis. The lith-C was found to contain an oxidized sulfur component that does not occur in lith-A. The preterrestrial origin of this component in lith-C is supported by the occurrence in lith-C of sulfur- and chlorine-rich aluminosilicates that are not the same as Antarctic weathering products found in the control samples. The oxidation state and distribution of sulfur found in lith-C are consistent with the interpretation of EETA 79001 as a rock from Mars.
The model of gamma-ray-burst spectra proposed by Zdziarski and Lamb (1986, 1987) is reviewed and compared with observed spectra. In the model, the spectrum arises from multiple Compton scatterings in a nonthermal source with a deficit of soft photons. The steady-state electron distribution in such a source is a nonthermal power law that joins at low energies onto a thermal distribution that may be either optically thick or thin. Both cases lead naturally to a two-component spectrum with a photon-energy index in the X-ray spectrum which is much less than one and a photon-energy index in the gamma-ray spectrum which is larger than the X-ray photon-energy index. Fits to the observed gamma-ray-burst spectra (where data exist for both X-ray and gamma-ray energies) show good agreement with the model.
A theoretical study has been made of the severity of nonadiabatic surface conditions arising from internal heat sources within a model in a cryogenic wind tunnel. Local surface heating is recognized as having an effect on the development of the boundary layer, which can introduce changes in the flow about the model and affect the wind tunnel data. The geometry was based on the NTF Pathfinder I wind tunnel model. A finite element heat transfer computer code was developed and used to compute the steady state temperature distribution within the body of the model, from which the surface temperature distribution was extracted. Particular three dimensional characteristics of the model were represented with various axisymmetric approximations of the geometry. This analysis identified regions on the surface of the model susceptible to surface heating and the magnitude of the respective surface temperatures. It was found that severe surface heating may occur in particular instances, but could be alleviated with adequate insulating material. The heat flux through the surface of the model was integrated to determine the net heat required to maintain the instrumentation cavity at the prescribed temperature. The influence of the nonadiabatic condition on boundary layer properties and on the validity of the wind tunnel simulation was also investigated.
The orbital evolutions of 1-45 km-diameter Apollo and Amor bodies generated by asteroid belt collisions interior to 2.6 AU are presently traced by Monte Carlo calculations. About 3 percent of the asteroidal fragments of this type and size that are ejected with velocities of 100 m/sec are perturbed into earth-crossing orbits by the 3:1 Jovian commensurability resonance at 2.5 AU, as well as a secular resonance in the innermost asteroid belt. While the initial earth-crossing orbits of these bodies are concentrated near 1 AU, their steady-state orbital distribution is widely dispersed. Additional objects that may be characterized as inactive comets are inferred from strongly suggestive data.
The effects of temperature and acoustic loading are included in a theoretical finite element large deflection formulation for thin, isotropic beams. Thermal loads are applied as steady-state temperature distributions, and acoustic loads are taken to be ergodic and Gaussian with zero mean and uniform magnitude and phase along the length of the beam. Material properties are considered presently to be independent of temperature. Also, inplane and rotary inertia terms are assumed to be negligible, and all inplane edge conditions are taken to be immovable. For the random response analysis, both auto- and cross-correlation terms are included. The nature of the loads leads to the solution of two separate problems. First, the problem of thermal postbuckling is solved to determine the deflections and stresses due to the thermal load only. These deflections and stresses are then used as initial deflections and stresses for the random vibration analysis. Root-mean-square (RMS) maximum deflections and strains are obtained and compared with previous classical equivalent linearization results.
Theoretical expressions are derived for the steady-state frequency response of a thermocouple wire. In particular, the effects of axial heat conduction are demonstrated for both a uniform thermocouple wire and a nonuniform wire with unequal material properties and wire diameters across the junction. For the case of a uniform wire, the amplitude ratio and phase angle compare favorably with the series solution of Scadron and Warshawsky (1952) except near the ends of the wire. For the case of a non-uniform wire, the amplitude ratio at low frequency omega yields 0 agrees with the results of Scadron and Warshawsky for a steady-state temperature distribution. Moreover, the frequency response for a non-uniform wire in the limit of infinite length l yields infinity is shown to reduce to a simple expression that is analogous to the classic first order solution for a thermocouple wire with uniform properties.
The 1971 and 1973 Goldstone 12.6-cm radar observations of Mars are separate data sets which include reflectivity as a function of latitude, longitude, and season. It has been argued that secular reflectivity variations of Mars' surface are indicated by the data and that shallow subsurface melting is the causal mechanism most compatible with the observations; however, the melting hypothesis conflicts with accepted notions of the state and distribution of water on Mars. The data are examined to identify temporal and spatial domains within which statistically significant changes in measured reflectivity are clustered. Brines which might satisfy the best supported reflectivity variations are out of equilibrium with the chemical megaenvironment. It is unclear whether such a brine, if emplaced in the Martian regolith at a depth shallow enough to affect the radar reflectivity, could survive even a single freeze-thaw cycle. Some combination of unique scattering properties or some as yet unidentified process other than melting is responsible for any genuine reflectivity variations.
A quantitative formalism for Keplerian particulate disk dynamics having its basis in a heuristic description of viscous transport is presently applied to the case of a ring with optical thickness radial gradient. A steady-state velocity distribution solution directly yields both the radial mass transport and the viscosity. The analytical method employed involves the solution of a novel form of the Krook equation through the separation of the phase-space collisional-products distribution into a symmetrical component and a delta function-approachable remainder. While this model is simplified for the case treated, its general approach may be extended to less artificially restricted cases.