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At least 469 records · Page 26

Phase diagram of a distorted kagome antiferromagnet and application to Y-kapellasite

Abstract We investigate the magnetism of a previously unexplored distorted spin-1/2 kagome model consisting of three symmetry-inequivalent nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetic Heisenberg couplings J ⬡ , J , and $$J^{\prime}$$ J ′ , and uncover a rich ground state phase diagram even at the classical level. Using analytical arguments and numerical techniques we identify a collinear $$\overrightarrow{Q}=0$$ Q → = 0 magnetic phase, two unusual non-collinear coplanar $$\overrightarrow{Q}=(1/3,1/3)$$ Q → = ( 1 / 3 , 1 / 3 ) phases and a classical spin liquid phase with a degenerate manifold of non-coplanar ground states, resembling the jammed spin liquid phase found in the context of a bond-disordered kagome antiferromagnet. We further show with density functional theory calculations that the recently synthesized Y-kapellasite Y 3 Cu 9 (OH) 19 Cl 8 is a realization of this model and predict its ground state to lie in the region of $$\overrightarrow{Q}=(1/3,1/3)$$ Q → = ( 1 / 3 , 1 / 3 ) order, which remains stable even after the inclusion of quantum fluctuation effects within variational Monte Carlo and pseudofermion functional renormalization group. The presented model opens a new direction in the study of kagome antiferromagnets.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Search for 3D topological superconductors using laser-based spectroscopy (Final Technical Report)

The three-dimensional topological superconductor (3D TSC) is a novel quantum phase of matter that is predicted to exhibit exotic thermal and electrical properties, which may serve applications ranging from precision thermal management and sensing technologies to fault-tolerant quantum information processing. Over the past decade, there has been an intensive effort to realize 1D and 2D TSCs by artificially engineering them from combinations of already existing materials. For example, coupling conventional superconductors to spin-orbit coupled 1D nanowires or to 2D topological insulator surfaces by the proximity effect provides a route to realizing 1D and 2D TSCs respectively. However no artificial engineering strategy is available for a 3D TSC. Therefore, current searches are limited to intrinsically superconducting compounds whose topological properties are difficult to predict. The overarching goal of this project was to realize and to identify 3D TSCs in bulk single crystals using novel laser-based spectroscopic techniques. One major thrust was to develop ultralow temperature and ultra-high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) to directly measure the dispersion of Majorana excitations that are predicted to exist on the surfaces of 3D TSCs. Another major thrust was to develop a rational route to realize 3D TSCs by identifying their precursor phases. It is theoretically proposed that the critical fluctuations of certain ordered electronic phases can mediate Cooper pairing in odd-parity channels and lead to topological superconductivity. Therefore, 3D TSCs may potentially emerge upon suppressing these inversion symmetry broken precursor phases to a critical point with external perturbations such as pressure, strain or even light. To test this hypothesis, we studied candidate materials using a suite of symmetry-sensitive optical probes including rotational anisotropy optical second harmonic generation (RA-SHG) and time-resolved coherent phonon spectroscopy, all operable under high-pressure and low temperature environments.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Influence of Grafting Density and the Ionic Environment on the Structure of Zwitterionic Brushes

Zwitterionic polymer brushes possess a high potential for applications as surface coatings, e.g., in antifouling applications. Their complex association behavior due to the coexistence of oppositely charged groups on the same monomeric unit allows for a broad variation of polarity, hydrophilicity, and the antipolyelectrolyte effect with the variation of the surrounding environment. In this study, planar polysulfobetaine brushes were investigated with neutron reflectometry (NR) and neutron spin–echo spectroscopy under grazing incidence (GINSES) to explore the brush structure and its inner dynamics perpendicular to the substrate. In particular, the effects of the substrate–initiator system and ionic strength on the structure were investigated with neutron reflectometry and a swelling by a factor of 3–5 was found in the presence of aqueous NaCl and MgCl 2 solutions compared to the dry state. During the data analysis, the applicability of a model-free evaluation was also demonstrated for the investigated polysulfobetaine brushes. Furthermore, it was found with GINSES that in contrast to neutral brushes, these polysulfobetaine brushes do not show the typical concentration fluctuations in the nanosecond time range when partially swollen with salt-free water.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Axion baryogenesis puts a new spin on the Hubble tension

We show that a rotating axion field that makes a transition from a matterlike equation of state to a kinationlike equation of state around the epoch of recombination can significantly ameliorate the Hubble tension, i.e., the discrepancy between the determinations of the present-day expansion rate H 0 from observations of the cosmic microwave background on one hand and type Ia supernovae on the other. We consider a specific, UV-complete model of such a rotating axion and find that it can relax the Hubble tension without exacerbating tensions in determinations of other cosmological parameters, in particular the amplitude of matter fluctuations S 8 . We subsequently demonstrate how this rotating axion model can also generate the baryon asymmetry of our Universe, by introducing a coupling of the axion field to right-handed neutrinos. This baryogenesis model predicts heavy neutral leptons that are most naturally within reach of future lepton colliders, but in finely tuned regions of parameter space may also be accessible at the high-luminosity LHC and the beam dump experiment SHiP. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Co, Raymond T. (ORCID:0000000283957056)↗

Gate-Controlled Anyon Generation and Detection in Kitaev Spin Liquids

Reliable manipulation of non-Abelian Ising anyons supported by Kitaev spin liquids may enable intrinsically fault-tolerant quantum computation. Here, we introduce a standalone scheme for both generating and detecting individual Ising anyons using tunable gate voltages in a heterostructure containing a non-Abelian Kitaev spin liquid and a monolayer semiconductor. In this study, the key ingredients of our setup are a Kondo coupling to stabilize an Ising anyon in the spin liquid around each electron in the semiconductor, and a large charging energy to allow control over the electron numbers in distinct gate-defined regions of the semiconductor. In particular, a single Ising anyon can be generated at a disk-shaped region by gate tuning its electron number to one, while it can be interferometrically detected by measuring the electrical conductance of a ring-shaped region around it whose electron number is allowed to fluctuate between zero and one. We provide concrete experimental guidelines for implementing our proposal in promising candidate materials like α-RuCl 3 .

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Dynamics of amphiphilic PEG–PDMS–PEG triblock copolymer assemblies

Here, the size and stability of micelles and vesicles determine the uptake capacity of guest molecules, thereby influencing potential applications in drug/gene delivery, bioreactors, and templates for nanoparticle synthesis. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are commonly used in these applications. We discovered that PEG-PDMS-PEG triblock copolymers can assemble into micelles and vesicles, making them valuable for dynamic studies to derive the bending elasticity, $κ_η$, which governs the stability these objects. We analyzed the structure using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and small-angle neutron scattering. We investigated the dynamics through dynamic light scattering and neutron spin echo spectroscopy. By varying the number of repeating units in the hydrophilic block, we created micellar (PEG 28 -PDMS 15 -PEG 28 ) and vesicular systems (PEG 14 -PDMS 15 -PEG 14 ). For the vesicle, membrane rigidity was determined from experiments to be $κ_η$ =(16 ± 2) $k_BT$, where $k_BT$ is the thermal energy ($k_B$ Boltzmann’s constant and T is the temperature). According to Zilman and Granek's concept, membrane rigidity reflects height-height fluctuations within the membrane layer. Compared to polymers at the oil-water interface of a microemulsion, the membrane rigidity in polymersomes is over an order of magnitude higher, indicating significantly enhanced stability. This value closely aligns with that of liposomes, suggesting similar stability between polymersomes and liposomes.

Gupta, Sudipta [Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge↗

Surface Hydroxyls of Imogolite Nanotubes Drive Distinct Structures and Mobility Differentiation of Nanoconfined Water

Abstract Nanoconfined fluids, particularly water, govern subsurface geochemistry, yet the molecular-level mechanisms by which mineral surfaces dictate confined water structure and mobility remain poorly resolved. Here, we combine solution- and solid-state proton (1H) NMR spectroscopy, NMR relaxometry, modulated-gradient spin–echo (MGSE) NMR diffusometry, infrared spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations to demonstrate that surface hydroxyls drive the structural and dynamic differentiation of water in imogolite nanotubes. In saturated suspensions, we observe the coexistence of distinct water 1H environments, each exhibiting significantly reduced mobility, which we attribute to strong interactions with the imogolite surfaces. As more mobile water is removed, long-range water diffusivity in the fibrous solid samples slows to 1.6 × 10–10 m2·s–1 while local fluctuations increase to 3.4 × 10–8 m2·s–1, indicating a significant increase in molecular restriction through surface interactions. Together, our experiments reveal three coexisting populations with varied structures and mobilities, all distinct from liquid bulk water. We resolve a persistent solid-like interfacial layer strongly bound to surface hydroxyls, characterized by an unusually short T2 (<1 ms), and a very close effective 1H–1H distance of ∼1.55 Å between water and the inner-surface silanol group. An inner-core population occupying the inner cavity exhibits an intermediate dynamic regime with restricted axial diffusion, while outer-surface water associated with aluminum hydroxyls retains relatively higher mobility. These results experimentally substantiate a hierarchy of water populations in imogolite and show how surface chemistry dictates the structures and dynamics of confined water.

Fleming, Xander B. [Earth and Environmental Scienc↗

Frustrated spin-1/2 dimer compound K 2 Co 2 ( Se O 3 ) 3 with easy-axis anisotropy

Magnetic susceptibility, magnetization, and specific-heat measurements under both in-plane and out-of-plane field on K 2 Co 2 (SeO 3 ) 3 single crystals are reported. The Co dimers in this compound, which are made from face-sharing effective spin-1/2 CoO 6 octahedra, sit on the corners of a geometrically frustrating triangular planar lattice. No long-range magnetic ordering is found down to 0.35 K, which, together with the large negative Curie-Weiss temperature obtained from fitting the temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility, indicates that the system is magnetically frustrated. Analysis of the field and orientation dependence of the magnetic and thermodynamic properties suggests the presence of an easy-axis anisotropy. Furthermore, the magnetic fluctuations present due to geometric frustration are more resistant to an in-plane field than a perpendicular-to-plane field.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Glue in hadrons at medium resolution and the QCD instanton vacuum

We discuss a general framework for the evaluation of the gluonic form factors in light hadrons at low momentum transfer, in the QCD instanton vacuum. At medium resolution of the order of the inverse mean instanton size, the glue is mostly localized in single or pairs of pseudoparticles and globally constrained by the fluctuations of their topological charges. These pseudoparticles trap light quarks, giving rise to emerging multiflavor ’t Hooft interactions. We explicitly evaluate the gluonic scalar, pseudoscalar, energy-momentum tensor (EMT), and the leading C -odd and C -even three-gluon hadronic form factors, at next to leading order in the instanton density, including molecular clusters of like and unlike instantons. We use the results for the EMT to address the contribution of the gluons in Ji’s mass and spin sum rules, at low resolution. When evolved, our results for the mass and spin composition of the nucleon are shown to be in good agreement with the recently reported lattice results at higher resolution. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗

Tuning the room temperature ferromagnetism in Fe 5 GeTe 2 by arsenic substitution

In order to tune the magnetic properties of the cleavable high-Curie temperature ferromagnet Fe$_{5-x}$GeTe 2 , the effect of increasing the electron count through arsenic substitution has been investigated. Small additions of arsenic (2.5% and 5%) seemingly enhance ferromagnetic order in polycrystalline samples by quenching fluctuations on one of the three magnetic sublattices, whereas larger As concentrations decrease the ferromagnetic Curie temperature (T C ) and saturation magnetization. Furthermore, this work also describes the growth and characterization of Fe 4.8 AsTe 2 single crystals that are structurally analogous to Fe$_{5-x}$GeTe 2 but with some phase stability complications. Magnetization measurements reveal dominant antiferromagnetic behavior in Fe 4.8 AsTe 2 with a Néel temperature of $T_{\textrm{N}} \approx$ 42 K. A field-induced spin-flop below T N results in a switch from negative to positive magnetoresistance, with significant hysteresis causing butterfly-shaped resistance loops. In addition to reporting the properties of Fe 4.8 AsTe 2 , this work shows the importance of manipulating the individual magnetic sublattices in Fe$_{5-x}$GeTe 2 and motivates further efforts to control the magnetic properties in related materials by fine tuning of the Fermi energy or crystal chemistry.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Experimental observation of short-range magnetic correlations in amorphous Nb 2 O 5 and Ta 2 O 5 thin films

We use muon spin rotation/relaxation/resonance ( μ SR ) to investigate the magnetic properties of niobium pentoxide ( Nb 2 O 5 ) and tantalum pentoxide ( Ta 2 O 5 ) thin films. In both oxides, we observe a magnetic response at the lowest available temperature of 2.8 K. This response appears to be structurally dependent: thermally oxidized Ta 2 O 5 with low crystallinity demonstrates suppressed magnetism, while fully amorphous Ta 2 O 5 demonstrates local static magnetism. In contrast, amorphous Nb 2 O 5 is dominated by magnetic fluctuations and is strongly magnetically disordered compared to Ta 2 O 5 . Our results suggest that these fundamental differences in the magnetism of Ta and Nb oxides could explain the performance limitations in superconducting qubits and resonators.

Krasnikova, Y. V. [Fermilab] (ORCID:00000002893659↗

Universality of Collective Density Fluctuations in Liquids at and away from Equilibrium – An Integrated Neutron Scattering, Theoretical, and Computational Study (Final Technical Report)

Liquids, ubiquitous on earth, are prototypical disordered condensed matter. As the mediate phase between non-structured gases and ordered solids, liquids p ossess intriguing complexities that are absent on either extreme counter phase, especially when they are driven away from equilibrium. Despite decades of studies, the physics of liquids still keeps surprising us and challenges our understanding of condensed matter, emergent phenomena, and complex systems. Among the many interesting properties, the nature of collective dynamics in liquids remains elusive because of both the presence of strong interactions and the absence of translational invariance. This project studied the universal features of collective density fluctuations (or collective modes), which include both phonon-like excitations and collective relaxations, in the Q-dependent generalized hydrodynamic regime in liquids and liquid-like matter both at and away from equilibrium. We performed systematic studies of the fast collective dynamics (including both phonon-like excitations and collective relaxations) of four classes of liquids characterized by different fragilities and interactions using synergistically integrated coherent neutron scattering experiments (Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS), Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering (QENS), and Neutron Spin Echo (NSE)), a ViscoElastic Hydrodynamics theory we have been developing, andMolecular Dynamics (MD) simulations and our analysis package LiquidLib. The transformative knowledge of the collective dynamics in liquids is important to understand and ultimately control the transport of mass, energy, and charge in liquids, both at and away from thermal equilibrium, which may will likely impact a wide range of disciplines.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Quantum electron liquid and its possible phase transition

Purely quantum electron systems exhibit intriguing correlated electronic phases by virtue of quantum fluctuations in addition to electron–electron interactions. To realize such quantum electron systems, a key ingredient is dense electrons decoupled from other degrees of freedom. Here, we report the discovery of a pure quantum electron liquid that spreads up to ~3 Å in a vacuum on the surface of an electride crystal. Its extremely high electron density and weak hybridization with buried atomic orbitals show the quantum and pure nature of the electrons, which exhibit a polarized liquid phase, as demonstrated by our spin-dependent measurement. Furthermore, upon enhancing the electron correlation strength, the dynamics of the quantum electrons change to that of a non-Fermi liquid along with an anomalous band deformation, suggestive of a transition to a hexatic liquid crystal phase. Here, our findings develop the frontier of quantum electron systems and serve as a platform for exploring correlated electronic phases in a pure fashion.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Fermi-liquid theory and divergences of the two-particle irreducible vertex in the periodic Anderson lattice

Here we analyze the divergences of the irreducible vertex function in dynamical mean field theory, which may indicate either a nonphysical breakdown of the perturbation theory or a response to some physical phenomenon. To investigate this question, we construct a quasiparticle vertex from the diverging irreducible vertex functions. This vertex describes the scattering between quasiparticles and quasiholes in a Fermi liquid. We show that the quasparticle vertex does not diverge in the charge channel, wherein the irreducible vertex does diverge; and we show that the quasiparticle vertex does diverge in the spin channel, wherein the irreducible vertex does not diverge. This divergence occurs at the Mott transition, wherein the Fermi-liquid theory breaks down. Both the half filled Hubbard and Anderson lattices are investigated. In general, our results support that the divergences of the irreducible vertex function do not indicate a nonphysical failure of the perturbation theory. Instead, the divergences are the mathematical consequence of inverting a matrix (the local charge susceptibility) which accumulates increasingly negative diagonal elements as the Hubbard interaction suppresses charge fluctuations. Indeed, we find that the first divergences of the irreducible vertex in both Hubbard and Anderson lattices occurs near the maximum magnitude of the (negative) vertex-connected part of the charge susceptibility.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Magnetic dipole γ-ray strength functions in the crossover from spherical to deformed neodymium isotopes

We calculate the magnetic dipole $\gamma$-ray strength functions in a chain of even-mass neodymium isotopes $^{144-152}$Nd in the framework of the configuration-interaction (CI) shell model. We infer the strength function by applying the maximum entropy method (MEM) to the exact imaginary-time response function calculated with the shell-model Monte Carlo (SMMC) method. The success of the MEM depends on the choice of a good strength function as a prior distribution. We investigate two choices for the prior strength function: the static path approximation (SPA) and the quasiparticle random-phase approximation (QRPA). We find that the QRPA is a better approximation at low temperatures (i.e., near the ground state), while the SPA is a better choice at finite temperatures. We identify a low-energy enhancement (LEE) in the MEM deexcitation $M1$ strength functions of the even-mass neodymium isotopes and compare with recent experimental results for the total deexcitation $\gamma$-ray strength functions. The LEE is already seen in the SPA strength function but not in the QRPA strength function, indicating the importance of large-amplitude static fluctuations around the mean field in reproducing the LEE. Our method is currently the only one which can reproduce LEE in heavy open-shell nuclei where conventional CI shell model calculations are prohibited. With the onset of deformation as number of neutrons increases along the chain of neodymium isotopes, we observe that some of the LEE strength transfers to a low-energy excitation, which we interpret as a finite-temperature ``scissors'' mode. Here, we also observe a finite-temperature spin-flip mode.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Orbital character of the spin-reorientation transition in TbMn 6 Sn 6

Ferromagnetic (FM) order in a two-dimensional kagome layer is predicted to generate a topological Chern insulator without an applied magnetic field. The Chern gap is largest when spin moments point perpendicular to the kagome layer, enabling the capability to switch topological transport properties, such as the quantum anomalous Hall effect, by controlling the spin orientation. In TbMn 6 Sn 6 , the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy of the Tb 3+ ion is effective at generating the Chern state within the FM Mn kagome layers while a spin-reorientation (SR) transition to easy-plane order above T SR = 310 K provides a mechanism for switching. Here, we use inelastic neutron scattering to provide key insights into the fundamental nature of the SR transition. The observation of two Tb excitations, which are split by the magnetic anisotropy energy, indicates an effective two-state orbital character for the Tb ion, with a uniaxial ground state and an isotropic excited state. The simultaneous observation of both modes below T SR confirms that orbital fluctuations are slow on magnetic and electronic time scales < ps and act as a spatially-random orbital alloy. A thermally-driven critical concentration of isotropic Tb ions triggers the SR transition.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Frustrated charge density wave and quasi-long-range bond-orientational order in the magnetic kagome FeGe

The intrinsic frustrated nature of a kagome lattice is amenable to the realization of exotic phases of matter, such as quantum spin liquids or spin ices, and the multiple-q charge density waves (CDW) in the kagome metals. Despite intense efforts to understand the mechanism driving the electronic modulations, its origin is still unknown and obscured by competing interactions and intertwined orders. Here, we identify a dimerization-driven 2D hexagonal charge-diffuse precursor in the antiferromagnetic kagome metal FeGe and demonstrate that the fraction of dimerized/undimerized states is the relevant order parameter of the multiple-q CDW of a continuous phase transition. The pretransitional charge fluctuations with propagation vector q = q M at T CDW < T < T*(125 K) are anisotropic, hence holding a quasi-long-range bond-orientational order. The broken translational symmetry emerges from the anisotropic diffuse precursor, akin to the Ising scenario of antiferromagnetic triangular lattices. The temperature and momentum dependence of the critical scattering show parallels to the stacked hexatic B-phases reported in liquid crystals and transient states of CDWs and highlight the key role of the topological defect-mediated melting of the CDW in FeGe.

Subires, D. [Donostia International Physics Center↗

An Energy-Integrated Analysis for Measuring the Anomalous Precession Frequenzc for the Muon g - 2 Experiment at Fermilab

In the search for physics beyond the Standard Model, the Muon g - 2 Experiment at Fermilab (E989) will make the most precise measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, a μ . Improvements in precision come from both increased statistics and new techniques to significantly reduce previous systematic uncertainties. The muon a μ is determined by extracting both the anomalous spin precession frequency, ω a , and the average magnetic field sampled by the muons, B. Traditionally an energy threshold analysis method which requires reconstruction of decay positrons from the muon decay, μ + → e + ν e ν μ has been used to extract ω a . This thesis will describe a novel, energy-integrated analysis method for ωa extraction that does not require full reconstruction of positron hits and lowers the energy threshold therefore sampling more of the stored muons. This new technique has different sensitivities to effects like gain fluctuations and positron pulse pile-up. The analysis results will focus on data taken in 2019, the second year of running the experiment.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗