Learning from Tomorrow’s Recyclers: Extension of Hands-on Recycled Waste Activity
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37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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The Effect of Natural Disasters and Extreme Weather on Household Location Choice and Economic Welfare
Natural disasters have increased in the United States in recent decades. At the same time, there has been a shift in population away from the states in the Northeast and Midwest to areas in the Sun Belt, many of which face increased risks from natural disasters. Spatial equilibrium theory predicts that households trade off risk for income in making location decisions. This study estimates a spatial equilibrium model of household location choice to understand these trade-offs. The results show that households require as much as 0.40% of annual household income to endure an additional disaster over the course of a decade. They also show that these values differ substantially depending on household skill level with higher-skill, higher-income households willing to pay three times more in annual income to avoid an additional natural disaster. Furthermore, these results have important implications for policymakers thinking about climate change adaptation and environmental justice.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Machine Learning-Assisted Stability Boundary Determination of Multiport Autonomous Reconfigurable Solar Power Plants
The multiport autonomous reconfigurable solar (MARS) power plant is a promising solution to integrate renewable resources and energy storage systems into the alternating current (ac) power grid and an high-voltage direct current (HVdc) link. In the MARS system, various input power sources are connected to the individual submodules (SMs) through direct current (dc)–dc converters. However, the presence of external power sources can result in unbalanced capacitor voltages of SMs, thereby violating stability constraints under multiple/diverse operating conditions. This article aims to address the gap by accurately determining the stability boundary of the MARS system. As such, a novel machine learning (ML)-assisted energy balancing control (EBC) criterion is proposed. Further, in conjunction with a refined EBC, this approach ensures balanced capacitor voltages across various types of SMs, significantly enhancing the overall system efficiency. The proposed EBC criterion effectively controls EBC activation and deactivation, achieving remarkable accuracy. Both power systems computer aided design (PSCAD)/electromagnetic transients including direct current (EMTDC) simulations and control hardware-in-the-loop (cHIL) tests are conducted to validate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed method. By combining the EBC and ML-assisted EBC criterion, efficient energy management is achieved for systems featuring multiple input power sources, such as MARS. This approach enables the system to fully exploit its potential across an expanded operational range while upholding high-efficiency standards.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NMR spectroscopy of coin cell batteries with metal casings
Battery cells with metal casings are commonly considered incompatible with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy because the oscillating radio-frequency magnetic fields (“rf fields”) responsible for excitation and detection of NMR active nuclei do not penetrate metals. Here, we show that rf fields can still efficiently penetrate nonmetallic layers of coin cells with metal casings provided “B 1 damming” configurations are avoided. With this understanding, we demonstrate noninvasive high-field in situ 7 Li and 19 F NMR of coin cells with metal casings using a traditional external NMR coil. This includes the first NMR measurements of an unmodified commercial off-the-shelf rechargeable battery in operando, from which we detect, resolve, and separate 7 Li NMR signals from elemental Li, anodic β-LiAl, and cathodic Li x MnO 2 compounds. Real-time changes of β-LiAl lithium diffusion rates and variable β-LiAl 7 Li NMR Knight shifts are observed and tied to electrochemically driven changes of the β-LiAl defect structure.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Aerial Crosspolarized NQR-NMR: Buried Explosive Detection From a Safe Distance
Nuclear quadrupole resonance is a non-destructive detection and inspection technique with potential as a non-destructive test (NDT) tool. Establishment of the capability opens the door to its use in furthering the mission of the labs. There are many possible uses of the capability: explosive detection and stress/strain detection in epoxies are two of the more obvious and are the main results of this work. Enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and improvements in the acquisition time of the experiment were key focuses of this work. These were achieved by combing special spin-lock pulse sequences with cross-polarization (CP) schemes to improve the signals with shorter acquisition times. A novel rotating magnetic field device was created to facilitate CP in the field. Implementation of these schemes provided a significant reduction in SNR/time.
45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗
Computational and Experimental Characterization of Intermediate Amorphous Phases in Geological Materials
In the subsurface, MgO engineered barriers are employed at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), a transuranic waste repository near Carlsbad, NM. During service, the MgO will be exposed to high concentration brine environments and may form stable intermediate phases that can alter the barriers effectiveness. Here, MgO was aged in water and three different brine solutions. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis were performed to identify the formation of secondary phases. After aging, ~4% of the MgO was hydrated and fine-grained powders resulted in greater loss of crystallinity than hard granular grains. 1 H magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra resolved minor phases not visible in XRD, indicating that diverse 1 H environments are present along with Mg(OH) 2 . Density functional theory (DFT) simulations for several proposed Mg-O-H, Mg-CI-O-H, and Na-O-H containing phases were performed to index peaks in the experimental 1 H MAS NMR spectra. While proposed intermediate crystal structures exhibited overlapping 1 H NMR peaks, Mg-O-H intermediates were attributed to the growth of the 1.0-0.0ppm peak while the Mg-CI-O-H structures contributed to the 2.5- 5.0ppm peak in the chloride containing brines. Overall, NMR analysis of aged MgO indicates the formation of a range of possible intermediate structures that cannot be resolved with XRD analysis alone.
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
Printed Wiring Assemblies (PWA) and Counterfeit Detection using Non-Destructive X-ray CT Analysis.
Abstract not provided.
Washburn, Cody↗
Cascade Dielectrophoretic Separation for Selective Enrichment of Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)-Producing Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Maintaining favorable biological productivities in photosynthetic biomanufacturing systems, especially when the risk of contamination with competing microbes is high, remains a challenge to achieve while maintaining economic feasibility. This study presents a dielectrophoresis (DEP)-based microfluidic approach for isolating a desired strain within a co-culture. The cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (a strain capable of producing the bioplastic precursor polyhydroxybutyrate, or PHB) was enriched from mixed cultures containing the competing cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 (which does not naturally produce PHB). A DEP cascade electrode system was established to increase purification efficiency through sequential enrichment, which leveraged inherent differences in cell morphology and dielectric properties, to achieve the selective separation of these strains under physiological conditions. A substantial increase in the relative abundance of PHB-producing cells was assessed by optical microscopy and flow cytometry characterization, confirming more than five-fold reduction of the Synechococcus fraction in the refined cell mix. The presented electrokinetic platform offers a scalable and effective approach for selectively enhancing desired microbial components within microbial biomanufacturing systems, leading towards improved product yields.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Computational and Experimental 1H-NMR Study of Hydrated Mg-Based Minerals
Magnesium oxide (MgO) can convert to different magnesium-containing compounds depending on exposure and environmental conditions. Many MgO-based phases contain hydrated species allowing 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to be used in the characterization and quantification of proton-containing phases; however, surprisingly limited examples have been reported. Here, 1H-magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra of select Mg-based minerals are presented and assigned. These experimental results are combined with computational NMR density functional theory (DFT) periodic calculations to calibrate the predicted chemical shielding results. This correlation is then used to predict the NMR shielding for a series of different MgO hydroxide, magnesium chloride hydrate, magnesium perchlorate, and magnesium cement compounds to aid in the future assignment of 1H-NMR spectra for complex Mg phases.
1H-NMR↗
Stripline detector for in situ battery NMR
Provided are batteries and fuel cells incorporating a stripline detector for use in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The stripline batteries and fuel cells can be used for in situ NMR measurement of battery or fuel cell chemistry. Also provided are methods for measuring in situ battery and fuel cell NMR using the stripline batteries and fuel cells of the invention.
Tong, YuYe J.↗
High-resolution in situ electrochemical NMR with interdigitated electrodes
A system for carrying out electrochemical nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (EC-NMR) is disclosed, along with methods of manufacturing the EC-NMR system, and methods of using the EC-NMR system to monitor electrochemical reactions. The system comprises interdigitated electrodes arranged in a cylindrically symmetric manner. The system allows for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to be carried out on a sample during electrolysis with minimal effect to its sensitivity.
Tong, YuYe J.↗
Probe for operando in situ electrochemical nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Electrochemical devices with metal casings have been considered incompatible with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy because the oscillating magnetic fields (“rf fields”) responsible for excitation and detection of NMR active nuclei do not penetrate metals. According to the present invention, rf fields can still efficiently penetrate into nonmetallic layers of electrochemical cells (such as a coin cell battery configuration) provided the magnetic field is oriented tangentially to the electrochemical cell electrodes in a “skimming” orientation. As an example, noninvasive high field in situ 7Li and 19F NMR of an unmodified commercial off-the-shelf rechargeable coin cell was demonstrated using a traditional external NMR coil setup. The in operando NMR measurements revealed that irreversible physical changes accumulate at the anode during electrochemical cycling.
Sorte, Eric Glenn↗
Stripline detector for in situ battery and fuel cell NMR
Provided are batteries and fuel cells incorporating a stripline detector for use in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The stripline batteries and fuel cells can be used for in situ NMR measurement of battery or fuel cell chemistry. Also provided are methods for measuring in situ battery and fuel cell NMR using the stripline batteries and fuel cells of the invention.
Tong, YuYe J.↗
Development of Aviation Fuel from Plastic Waste
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09 BIOMASS FUELS↗