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At least 469 records · Page 26

Wash Vehicle Fleet Sizing for Contingency Planning Against Dust Storms

Wash vehicles containing either high- or low-pressure water sprayers, a collection of rotating brushes, or a combination of these, are frequently utilized in concentrating solar power (CSP) plants to maintain a high level of optical efficiency in the solar field. In recent years, multiple modeling approaches have been developed to obtain fleet sizes and mirror-washing schedules that optimize the tradeoff of vehicle capital and use costs and labor versus lost revenues due to soiling. These planning models cover normal operating conditions well but do not consider rare events such as dust storms which can cause a significant reduction in receiver productivity, or shut down operations until most or all of the solar field's mirrors have been cleaned. To that end, we propose a methodology that evaluates whether additional capital should be deployed to hedge against these events by weighing the net present value of the expected benefits against the capital costs. The output of this method is a breakeven frequency, a metric we sue to determine whether an additional vehicle should be purchased to address the contingency of dust storms by comparing it to the expected annual storm frequency We develop a small collection of case studies using commercial-scale CSP tower plants and obtain breakeven frequencies that mostly fall between 0.1 and 1.0 storms per year, depending on the existing fleet size and storm severity.

concentrating solar power↗

Wash Vehicle Fleet Sizing for Contingency Planning Against Dust Storms: Preprint

Wash vehicles containing either high- or low-pressure water sprayers, a collection of rotating brushes, or a combination of these, are frequently utilized in concentrating solar power (CSP) plants to maintain a high level of optical efficiency in the solar field. In recent years, multiple modeling approaches have been developed to obtain fleet sizes and mirror-washing schedules that optimize the tradeoff of vehicle capital and use costs and labor versus lost revenues due to soiling. These planning models cover normal operating conditions well but do not consider rare events such as dust storms which can a significant reduction in receiver productivity, or shut down operations until most or all of the solar field’s mirrors have been cleaned. To that end, we propose a methodology that evaluates whether additional capital should be deployed to hedge against these events by weighing the net present value of the expected benefits against the capital costs. The output of this method is a breakeven frequency, a metric we sue to determine whether an additional vehicle should be purchased to address the contingency of dust storms by comparing it to the expected annual storm frequency We develop a small collection of case studies using commercial-scale CSP tower plants and obtain breakeven frequencies that mostly fall between 0.1 and 1.0 storms per year, depending on the existing fleet size and storm severity.

41 EE - Solar Energy Technologies Office (EE-4S)↗

Studies of new media radiation induced laser

Various lasants were investigated especially, 2-iodohepafluoropropane (i-C3F7I) for the direct solar pumped lasers. Optical pumping of iodine laser was achieved using a small flashlamp. Using i-C3F7I as a laser gain medium, threshold inversion density, small signal gain, and laser performance at the elevated temperature were measured. The experimental results and analysis are presented. The iodine laser kinetics of the C3F7I and IBr system were numerically simulated. The concept of a direct solar-pumped laser amplifier using (i-C3F7I) as the laser material was evaluated and several kinetic coefficients for i-C3F7I laser system were reexamined. The results are discussed.

Han, K. S.↗

Weathering of Thermal Control Coatings

Spacecraft radiators reject heat to their surroundings. Radiators can be deployable or mounted on the body of the spacecraft. NASA's Crew Exploration Vehicle is to use body mounted radiators. Coatings play an important role in heat rejection. The coatings provide the radiator surface with the desired optical properties of low solar absorptance and high infrared emittance. These specialized surfaces are applied to the radiator panel in a number of ways, including conventional spraying, plasma spraying, or as an applique. Not specifically designed for a weathering environment, little is known about the durability of conventional paints, coatings, and appliques upon exposure to weathering and subsequent exposure to solar wind and ultraviolet radiation exposure. In addition to maintaining their desired optical properties, the coatings must also continue to adhere to the underlying radiator panel. This is a challenge, as new composite radiator panels are being considered as replacements for the aluminum panels used previously. Various thermal control paints, coatings, and appliques were applied to aluminum and isocyanate ester composite coupons and were exposed for 30 days at the Atmospheric Exposure Site of the Kennedy Space Center s Beach Corrosion Facility for the purpose of identifying their durability to weathering. Selected coupons were subsequently exposed to simulated solar wind and vacuum ultraviolet radiation to identify the effect of a simulated space environment on the as-weathered surfaces. Optical properties and adhesion testing were used to document the durability of the paints and coatings. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the weathering testing and to summarize the durability of several thermal control paints, coatings, and appliques to weathering and postweathering environments.

Jaworske, Donald A.↗

The Distance and Mass of the Galaxy Cluster Abell 1995 Derived from Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect and X-Ray Measurements

We present multiwavelength observations of the Abell 1995 galaxy cluster. From an analysis of X-ray spectroscopy and imaging data, we derive the electron temperature, cluster core radius, and central electron number density. Using optical spectroscopy of 15 cluster members, we derive an accurate cluster redshift and velocity dispersion. Finally, the interferometric imaging of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect toward Abell 1995 at 28.5 GHz provides a measure of the integrated pressure through the cluster. The X-ray and Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect observations are combined to determine the angular diameter distance to the cluster of D(sub A) = 1294(sup +294 +438, sub -283 -458) Mpc (Statistical followed by systematic uncertainty), implying a Hubble constant of H(sub 0) = 52.2(sup +11.4 +18.5, sub -11.9 -17.7) km/s.Mpc for Omega(sub M) = 0.3 and Omega(sub lambda) = 0.7. We find a best-fit H(sub 0) of 46 km/s.Mpc for the Omega(sub M) = 1 and Omega(sub lambda) = 0 cosmology, and 48 km/s.Mpc for Omega(sub M) = 0.3 and Omega(sub lambda) = 0.0. The X-ray data are also used to derive a total cluster mass of M(sup HSE, sub tot)(r(sub 500)) = 5.18(sup +0.62, sub -0.48) x 10(exp 14)/h solar mass; the optical velocity dispersion yields an independent and consistent estimate of M(sup virial, sub tot)(r(sub 500)) = 6.35(sup +1.51, sub -1.19) X 10(exp 14) /h solar mass. Both of the total mass estimates are evaluated at a fiducial radius, r(sub 500) = 830 /h kpc, where the overdensity is 500 times the critical density. The total cluster mass is then combined with gas mass measurements to determine a cluster gas mass fraction of F(sub g) = 0.056(sup +0.010, sub -0.013) /h(sup 3/2) in combination with recent baryon density constraints, the measured gas mass fraction yields an upper limit on the mass density parameter of Omega(sub M) h(sup 1/2) <= 0.34(sup +/0.06, sub 0.05.

Patel, Sandeep K.↗

Solar Spectrum Conversion for an Algae Bioreactor (CRADA Final Report)

This project focused on developing advanced optical coatings to improve solar energy utilization. The research aimed to create lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) capable of capturing unused near-infrared (NIR) light from the sun and converting it into visible light (blue and red photons) that can be used for photosynthesis. The primary goal was to identify, synthesize, and integrate highly efficient UCNPs into a transparent thin-film device. Through a comprehensive workflow involving computer simulations, high-throughput robotic synthesis, and detailed optical characterization, the project successfully developed a high-performance material. The key technical achievement was the creation of a core-shell UCNP (NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺, 2%Er³⁺ coated with a 10 nm NaYF₄ shell) that demonstrated a quantum yield of 3.2% for converting 980 nm NIR light into visible light. Transparent thin films fabricated from these nanoparticles showed excellent optical properties, confirming their potential for practical applications. This research adds to the scientific understanding of energy transfer in lanthanide materials and demonstrates a technically effective method for creating efficient light-converting coatings. The primary benefit to the public lies in the potential for these coatings to enhance the efficiency of solar-driven processes, such as boosting the growth of algae in photobioreactors for biofuel production.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Spectroscopic planetary detection

One of the most promising methods for the detection of extra-solar planets is the spectroscopic method, where a small Doppler shift (approximately 10 meters/sec) in the spectrum of the parent star reveals the presence of planetary companions. However, solar-type stars may show spurious Doppler shifts due to surface activity. If these effects are periodic, as is the solar activity cycle, then they may masquerade as planetary companions. The goal of this investigation is to determine whether the solar cycle affects the Doppler stability of integrated sunlight. Observations of integrated sunlight are made in the near infrared (approximately 2 micrometer), using the Kitt Peak McMath Fourier transform spectrometer, with an N2O gas absorption cell for calibration. Researchers currently achieve an accuracy of approximately 5 meters/sec. Solar rotation velocities vary by plus or minus 2000 meters/sec across the solar disk, and imperfect optical integration of these velocities is the principal source of error. We have been monitoring the apparent velocity of integrated sunlight since 1983. They initially saw a decrease of approximately 30 meters/sec in the integrated light velocity from 1983 through 1985, but in 1987 to 1988 the integrated light velocity returned to its 1983 level. It is too early to say whether these changes are solar-cycle related. Although the FTS, unlike a slit spectrograph, has a large field of view, researchers are always looking for ways to improve the optical integration of the solar disk. They recently made an improvement in the method used to optically collimate the FTS, and this has reduced the error level, eliminating some systematic effects seen earlier.

Deming, Drake↗

Energetics of the gradual phase of solar flares

The Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) has operated since 1980 with a package of instruments that cover the solar spectrum from optical to gamma-ray wavelengths. While these instruments were not specifically designed to gather data on flare energetics, the SMM can measure many of the terms in the energy budget of a flare that have not been possible to determine in the past, especially when SMM data are combined with complementary data from other spacecraft and ground-based observatories, as was done as part of the SMY. During the recent SMM workshops on solar flares, the energetics of the gradual phase of several well-observed flares were investigated. The results of these studies are reviewed in this presentation. The advances that have resulted from the SMM flare energetics studies are discussed in context of what still must be done observationally and theoretically to define the complete energy budget of a flare.

Strong, Keith T.↗

Near Earth Asteroid Scout: Exploring Asteroid 1991VG Using A Smallsat

After its deployment from NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) in 2020, the Near Earth Asteroid (NEA) Scout mission will image an asteroid on a close flyby using an 86m2 solar sail as its primary propulsion. NEA Scout, with a 6U CubeSat form factor, is one of several secondary CubeSat payloads to be deployed from the SLS on its maiden flight. The NEA Scout will be ejected from the SLS on a trajectory toward the moon and will use its onboard cold gas propulsion system to attain an elliptical lunar orbit. Once the spacecraft is in orbit, the solar sail will deploy and spacecraft checkout will begin. The NEA Scout will remain in the lunar vicinity until the low-thrust trajectory to the destination asteroid, 1991VG, or another NEA of interest, can be attained. The spacecraft will then begin its 2.0 – 2.5 year journey to the asteroid. About one month before the asteroid flyby, NEA Scout will search for the target and start its Approach Phase, using a combination of radio tracking and optical navigation. The solar sail will provide continuous low thrust to enable a relatively slow flyby (10-20 m/s) of the target asteroid under lighting conditions favorable to geological imaging (<50 degree phase angle). Once the flyby is complete, and if the system is still fully functioning, an extended mission will be considered – the reconnaissance of another asteroid or a re-flyby of the first asteroid several months later are both options. NEA Scout is funded by the NASA Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate.

In-Space Propulsion↗

Compact Solar Simulator with a Small Subtense Angle and Controlled Magnification Optics

The present invention is directed to a method of simulating a pseudosun using a solar simulator. In the present invention the collector and lens of a lamp are designed to properly focus a plurality of light beams onto a segmented turning mirror. The path of light rays are traced from the lamp to the collector and then finally to the lens to control the solid and tangential magnification of the solar simulator. The segmented turning mirror is located at the focal point of the light beam and redirects the light into a vacuum chamber.

Jefferies, Kent S.↗

FOXSI-2 Solar Microflares: Multi-Instrument Differential Emission Measure Analysis

Outline: Overview of FOXSI-2 (Focusing Optics X-ray Solar Imager) coordinated microflare observations with Hinode/XRT (X-Ray Telescope) and SDO/AIA (Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly); Temperature response functions for FOXSI-2, XRT and AIA; Combined Differential Emission Measure (DEM) analysis - to determine the amount of plasma in the line of sight that emits the radiation as a function of temperature; Thermal energy released during the microflares; Summary.

Athiray, P. S.↗

Fabrication of optical components for the ultraviolet spectrometer and polarimeter on the Solar Maximum Mission

The Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) satellite was launched in February 1980 into a 573 km high circular orbit. It contains X-ray, UV, and optical instruments for the simultaneous observation of solar flares. The ultraviolet spectrometer and polarimeter (UVSP) is one of these instruments. The objectives of the UVSP require the employment of a raster scanning telescope to study the spatial dynamics of flares, the use of a high resolution spectrometer to select and scan spectral lines for temperature and velocity diagnostics, and the utilization of a polarimeter to measure magnetic fields in the solar transition zone. The present paper has the objective to provide a description of the optical fabrication techniques developed for the instrument. Attention is given to telescope mirrors, metering rods, the Ebert mirror, grating blanks, a four-mirror polarizer, beam splitter assemblies, beam splitter fabrication, deflector mirrors, and shipping containers.

Spencer, R. S.↗

Radiative Transfer Modeling of Phytoplankton Fluorescence Quenching Processes

We report the first radiative transfer model that is able to simulate phytoplankton fluorescence with both photo chemical and non-photo chemical quenching included. The fluorescence source term in the inelastic radiative transfer equation is proportional to both the quantum yield and scalar irradiance at excitation wavelengths. The photo chemical and non photo chemical quenching processes change the quantum yield based on the photosynthetic active radiation. A sensitivity study was performed to demonstrate the dependence of the fluorescence signal on chlorophyll a concentration, aerosol optical depths and solar zenith angles. This work enables us to better model the phytoplankton fluorescence, which can be used in the design of new space-based sensors that can provide sufficient sensitivity to detect the phytoplankton fluorescence signal. It could also lead to more accurate remote sensing algorithms for the study of phytoplankton physiology.

Inelastic scattering↗

Low Energy Ionizing Radiation and Plasma Contributions to Radiation Dose in Materials at Sun-Earth Lagrange Points

- High energy radiation environments responsible for radiation damage to thick materials are well characterized and modeled: - Galactic cosmic rays — Badhwar-O’Neil 2020, CREME96, Nymmik - Solar particle events — Emission of Solar Protons, SAPPHIRE, JPL, King 1972 - Trapped radiation belts — AE8/AP8, AE9/AP9/IRENE - Low energy radiation environments responsible for radiation damage to thin materials relevant to Lagrange points and interplanetary missions have not been treated as comprehensively to date: - Solar wind - Magnetosheath - Magnetotail - Concern to spacecraft design and operations is radiation damage to surfaces and thin materials with mission critical applications on exterior of spacecraft - Applications: thermal control coatings, sunshields, multilayer insulation, optical thin film coatings, solar sails, thermo-optical properties of space exposed materials - Damage processes: radiation degradation (total dose), light ion sputtering, proton blistering of soft metals, modification of optical properties (α/ε), modification of charging properties (SEY, surface conductivity)

Joseph I. Minow↗

Portable fiber optic sensor for rare earth elements and other critical metals using photoluminescence methods

Rare earth elements and other metals are vital to a range of technologies that are used in the energy and defense sectors. However, monopolistic market conditions have caused significant concern over the stability of the critical metal supply chain, and this has spurred extensive efforts in many nations to produce these metals domestically, both from conventional sources such as mining and well as from unconventional sources such as coal and its utilization byproducts. Slow and expensive characterization methods pose a significant barrier for both metals prospecting and process monitoring. A promising solution to this challenge is the development of highly sensitive luminescent sensors for metals, which can offer low costs, portability, and sensitivity. Anionic zinc adeninate metal-organic frameworks (BioMOFs) are known to distinguishing and detect part-per-billion levels of terbium, europium, samarium, and dysprosium in water by sensitizing the narrow, element-specific emission bands from these lanthanides. Here, a BioMOF material is immobilized onto a large diameter, solarization-resistant fiber optic tip integrated with a portable, low-cost spectrometer for rare earth element sensing. Immobilizing the sensing material on fiber instead of dispersing the sensing material in solution offers several advantages: it facilitates solvent removal, which enhances luminescent signal from the sensitized lanthanides, and it also allows the BioMOF to be recycled for multiple uses. The sensing system was deployed on a simulated process stream and exhibited qualitative agreement with inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry for terbium and europium detection, highlighting the potential for the sensing system to be deployed for real-world applications. By using different sensing materials, the same portable sensor may be deployed to detect other energy relevant metals such as cobalt, providing a cost-effective and sensitive platform for critical metal characterization.

Crawford, Scott↗

Atomic oxygen resistant protective coatings for the Hubble Space Telescope solar array in low earth orbit

The Hubble Space Telescope back-up solar array (BSFR-ATOX) was designed with atomic oxygen resistant materials to replace the original high efficiency cell (HEC) array. Pending qualification of the BSFR-ATOX array, protective coatings for application to the existing HEC array were evaluated. Three polysiloxane-type coating materials, SWS V-10, DC-100, and CV-1144 were evaluated with respect to atomic oxygen resistance, outgassing, contamination potential, stability under UV irradiation, electron-proton irradiation, thermal cycling, and long-term storage after application. Atomic oxygen testing included characterization of the atomic oxygen plasma using comparison of Kapton reaction to existing flight data, residual gas analysis, and temperature measurements. Results from these tests show DC-100 as a greater contamination concern if used in the vicinity of sensitive optical surfaces, i.e., solar cell cover glasses. The SWS V-10 and CV-1144 coatings met all acceptance criteria.

Burns, H. D.↗