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At least 469 records · Page 26

A Unified Satellite-Observation Polar Stratospheric Cloud (PSC) Database for Long-Term Climate-Change Studies

This report summarizes the project team's activity and accomplishments during the period 12 February, 1999 - 12 February, 2000. The primary objective of this project was to create and test a generic algorithm for detecting polar stratospheric clouds (PSC), an algorithm that would permit creation of a unified, long term PSC database from a variety of solar occultation instruments that measure aerosol extinction near 1000 nm The second objective was to make a database of PSC observations and certain relevant related datasets. In this report we describe the algorithm, the data we are making available, and user access options. The remainder of this document provides the details of the algorithm and the database offering.

Fromm, Michael↗

System Engineering & Integration (SE&I) In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) Modeling and Analysis (SIMA)

NASA developed a flexible system modeling framework of integrated ISRU and ISRU related subsystem models: MAIT (Mission Analysis & Integration Tool) that enables point solutions, optimization, and/or parametric studies at the system level to predict mission architecture mass, power, and volume and provides accessible consolidated database that categorizes specific ISRU and ISRU related subsystem variables common between NASA & industry. Directly and indirectly addresses multiple STMD shortfalls: - ISRU-581 - ‘ISRU System Modeling’: Establish a modular end-to-end ISRU system modeling & analysis capability by leveraging and evolving prior, on-going, and future investments - More than an ISRU system modeling tool, MAIT integrates power, excavation, Environmental Control & Life Support System (ECLSS), Cryogenic Fluid Management (CFM) liquification, & compares surface ops & environments, to assist in the closure of other related ISRU shortfalls Adheres to governing NASA procedures for Models & Simulations (NASA-HDBK-7009) & AIAA standards for Mass Properties Control for Space Systems.

Modeling↗

Mining a human transcriptome database for chemical modulators of NRF2

Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (NRF2) encoded by the NFE2L2 gene is a transcription factor critical for protecting cells from chemically-induced oxidative stress. We developed computational procedures to identify chemical modulators of NRF2 in a large database of human microarray data. A gene expression biomarker was built from statistically-filtered gene lists derived from microarray experiments in primary human hepatocytes and cancer cell lines exposed to NRF2-activating chemicals (oltipraz, sulforaphane, CDDOIm) or in which the NRF2 suppressor Keap1 was knocked down by siRNA. Directionally consistent biomarker genes were further filtered for those dependent on NRF2 using a microarray dataset from cells after NFE2L2 siRNA knockdown. The resulting 143-gene biomarker was evaluated as a predictive tool using the correlation-based Running Fisher algorithm. Using 59 gene expression comparisons from chemically-treated cells with known NRF2 activating potential, the biomarker gave a balanced accuracy of 93%. The biomarker was comprised of many well-known NRF2 target genes (AKR1B10, AKR1C1, NQO1, TXNRD1, SRXN1, GCLC, GCLM), 69% of which were found to be bound directly by NRF2 using ChIP-Seq. NRF2 activity was assessed across ~9840 microarray comparisons from ~1460 studies examining the effects of ~2260 chemicals in human cell lines. A total of 260 and 43 chemicals were found to activate or suppress NRF2, respectively, most of which have not been previously reported to modulate NRF2 activity. Using a NRF2-responsive reporter gene in HepG2 cells, we confirmed the activity of a set of chemicals predicted using the biomarker. The biomarker will be useful for future gene expression screening studies of environmentally-relevant chemicals.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Water-Related Power Plant Curtailments: An Overview of Incidents and Contributing Factors

Water temperatures and water availability can affect the reliable operations of power plants in the United States. Data on water-related impacts on the energy sector are not consolidated and are reported by multiple agencies. This study provides an overview of historical incidents where water resources have affected power plant operations, discusses the various data sources providing information, and creates a publicly available and open access database that contains consolidated information about water-related power plant curtailment and shut-down incidents. Power plants can be affected by water resources if incoming water temperatures are too high, water discharge temperatures are too high, or if there is not enough water available to operate. Changes in climate have the potential to exacerbate uncertainty over water resource availability and temperature. Power plant impacts from water resources include curtailment of generation, plant shut-downs, and requests for regulatory variances. In addition, many power plants have developed adaptation approaches to reducing the potential risks of water-related issues by investing in new technologies or developing and implementing plans to undertake during droughts or heatwaves. This study identifies 42 incidents of water-related power plant issues from 2000-2015, drawing from a variety of different datasets. These incidents occur throughout the U.S., and affect coal and nuclear plants that use once-through, recirculating, and pond cooling systems. In addition, water temperature violations reported to the Environmental Protection Agency are also considered, with 35 temperature violations noted from 2012-2015. In addition to providing some background information on incidents, this effort has also created an open access database on the Open Energy Information platform that contains information about water-related power plant issues that can be updated by users.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗

Effect of turbulence–chemistry interactions on chemical pathways for turbulent hydrogen–air premixed flames

This paper considers the kinetic pathways of hydrogen oxidation in turbulent, premixed H 2 –air flames. It assesses the relative roles of different reaction steps in H 2 oxidation relative to laminar flames, and the degree to which turbulence–chemistry interactions alters the well understood oxidation pathway that exist in laminar flames. This is done by analyzing the turbulent, lean (Φ = 0.4), H 2 –air flame DNS database from Aspden et al. [17]. The relative roles of dominant reaction steps in heat release and radical formation/consumption are analyzed at different Karlovitz numbers and compared with laminar stretched flame calculations from counterflow flames and perfectly stirred reactors. It is found that both the progress variable conditioned and spatially integrated contributions of the dominant reactions remain qualitatively similar between a highly turbulent and a laminar unstretched flame. Larger changes, up to a factor of about two, occur in the relative roles of reactions with secondary influences on heat release and radical production/consumption. These results suggest that the kinetic routes through which H 2 is oxidized remain essentially constant between laminar, unstretched flames and high Karlovitz number flames.

Premixed flames↗

Development of an end state vision to implement digital monitoring in nuclear plants

Transitioning from an onsite Maintenance & Diagnostics Center to cloud-based services offers many new opportunities with computing power and storage, but also new challenges in terms of networking and security. This report will cover everything required for that transition including data processing and uploading to cloud services, feature selection, model creation, and result visualization for decision making. Although there are several other cloud-based services (e.g. Amazon Web Services and Google Cloud), this report explores Microsoft Azure to simplify nomenclature and maintain a consistent focus. Many of the services offered by Microsoft Azure are also available in the other cloud-based services, and their differences have been recorded in other literature. The Azure services most important to a nuclear power plant including networking & security, storage & databases, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are reviewed here. Networking covers all aspects related to communication to Azure resources including security, privacy, and redundancy. Storage & databases includes data storage, upgrading, patching, backups, and monitoring. The AI services allows the user access to the machine learning (ML) techniques developed with Azure including automated ML, anomaly detection, computer vision, and natural language processing. This report summaries the features, capabilities, and challenges when using cloud-based services in a user-friendly manner.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Y-12 Groundwater Protection Program Monitoring Well Inspection and Maintenance Plan

This plan describes the systematic approach for: inspecting the physical condition of monitoring wells at Y-12, determining maintenance needs that extend the life of a well, and identifying those wells that no longer meet acceptable monitoring well design or well construction standards and require plugging and abandonment. The inspection and maintenance of groundwater monitoring wells is one of the primary management strategies of the Y-12 Groundwater Protection Program (GWPP) Management Plan, that is, the “proactive stewardship of the extensive monitoring well network at Y-12" (Consolidated Nuclear Security, L.L.C. [CNS], 2018). Effective stewardship, and a program of routine inspections of the physical condition of each monitoring well, ensures that representative water-quality samples and hydrologic data are obtained from the well network and protects the subsurface environment. In accordance with the Y-12 GWPP Monitoring Optimization Plan (MOP) for Groundwater Monitoring Wells at the Y-12 National Security Complex, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (CNS, 2017), the status designation (active or inactive) for each well determines the scope and extent of well inspections and maintenance activities. This plan, in conjunction with the above document, formalizes the GWPP approach to focus available resources on monitoring wells which provide the most useful data, and for that reason the GWPP inspects and performs maintenance on the wells sampled by the GWPP. This plan applies to groundwater monitoring wells installed at Y-12 and the related waste management facilities located within the three hydrogeologic regimes: (1) the Bear Creek Hydrogeologic Regime (Bear Creek Regime), (2) the Upper East Fork Poplar Creek Hydrogeologic Regime (East Fork Regime), and (3) the Chestnut Ridge Hydrogeologic Regime (Chestnut Ridge Regime). The Bear Creek Regime encompasses the section of Bear Creek Valley (BCV) immediately west of Y-12. The East Fork Regime encompasses most of the Y-12 process, operations, and support facilities in BCV west of Scarboro Road. The Chestnut Ridge Regime is directly south of Y-12 and encompasses a section of Chestnut Ridge that is bounded to the west by a surface drainage feature (Dunaway Branch, located immediately west of Industrial Landfill II) and by Scarboro Road to the east. The GWPP maintains an extensive database of geographic and construction details and related information for the monitoring wells in each hydrogeologic regime in the Updated Subsurface Database for Bear Creek Valley, Chestnut Ridge, and Parts of Bethel Valley on the U.S. DOE Oak Ridge Reservation (CNS, 2019). A detailed description of the hydrogeologic framework at Y-12 can be found in the GWPP Management Plan (CNS, 2018).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Geothermal NEPA Database on OpenEI (Poster)

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) developed the Geothermal National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Database as a platform for government agencies and industry to access and maintain information related to geothermal NEPA documents. The data were collected to inform analyses of NEPA timelines, and the collected data were made publically available via this tool in case others might find the data useful. NREL staff and contractors collected documents from agency websites, during visits to the two busiest Bureau of Land Management (BLM) field offices for geothermal development, and through email and phone call requests from other BLM field offices. They then entered the information into the database, hosted by Open Energy Information (http://en.openei.org/wiki/RAPID/NEPA). The long-term success of the project will depend on the willingness of federal agencies, industry, and others to populate the database with NEPA and related documents, and to use the data for their own analyses. As the information and capabilities of the database expand, developers and agencies can save time on new NEPA reports by accessing a single location to research related activities, their potential impacts, and previously proposed and imposed mitigation measures. NREL used a wiki platform to allow industry and agencies to maintain the content in the future so that it continues to provide relevant and accurate information to users.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

Full Integration of Lipidomics Data into Multi-OMIC Functional Enrichment

Lipids have numerous roles critical to living systems. Many of these vital functions are tightly linked or regulated by proteins. Even though the function of many lipid-related enzymes is known, direct links between most individual lipid species and the enzymes that metabolize them are severely lacking. This missing connection impedes biological progress. A resource that allows users to quickly identify protein-lipid relationships will advance our understanding of lipid homeostasis and metabolic perturbed systems. Databases are readily available for mapping small molecule metabolites (i.e., polar metabolites) and specific oxidized fatty acid lipids (e.g., arachidonic acid derivatives) to proteins/enzymes known to be directly involved in metabolism of these molecules (e.g. SMPDB, Reactome, HMDB, BioCyc). This enables the integration of metabolite and protein (as well as transcript) data when performing functional enrichment and metabolic modeling allowing researchers to rapidly examine metabolic pathways from multiple omics sources. Currently, linking lipidomics data with proteomics data is conducted using a time-intensive, user defined, manual process. Here we propose creating a tool that will link lipidomics and proteomics data and also conduct functional enrichment analysis and visualization allowing for full statistical integration. Using text-mining approaches, we will extract lipid references from uniprot and create a database linking lipid species to enzymes directly related to their metabolism. We will also extract directional annotation, which will allow even greater specificity when linking data types and will help eliminate false positives from functional associations.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Design and thermomechanical properties of a γ' precipitate-strengthened Ni-based superalloy with high entropy γ matrix

A novel Ni-based superalloy was designed with γ' precipitate strengthening, controlled γ/γ' lattice misfit and high configurational entropy of the γ matrix for improved high temperature performance up to 800 degrees C. The alloy contains nano-sized γ' precipitates, MC and other grain boundary carbides. Three variants of the alloy were fabricated using vacuum induction melting, a computational-based homogenization cycle for reducing solidification segregation, and thermomechanical processing steps of forging followed by hot rolling to produce plates from which ASTM standard test specimens were extracted. Tensile testing at room temperature and elevated temperatures up to 800 degrees C revealed superior yield stress when compared to Nimonic 105 with good tensile strength values. Furthermore, the three alloys are machinable with maximum stresses comparable to standard practices as determined using deformation mechanisms maps obtained from Gleeble testing and EBSD analysis. Due to the composition of the experimental alloys falling outside the typical range used to populate thermodynamic databases, differences in phase predictions and related temperatures were observed between the experiment and Thermo-Calc predictions. Here, the γ' forming elements Ti and Nb had a similar effect on the γ' precipitates and indirectly contributed to changing the entropy of the γ matrix. Based on the results of this study, these alloys have the potential for use at 800 degrees C in energy structural applications. Definitions related to this novel class of alloys are discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

PROPERTIES OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE NORTHWEST PHOTON DOMINATED REGION OF NGC 7023. III. QUANTIFYING THE TRADITIONAL PROXY FOR PAH CHARGE AND ASSESSING ITS ROLE

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission in the Spitzer/IRS spectral map of the northwest photon dominated region (PDR) in NGC 7023 is analyzed. Here, results from fitting the 5.2–14.5 μm spectrum at each pixel using exclusively PAH spectra from the NASA Ames PAH IR Spectroscopic Database (www.astrochem.org/pahdb/) and observed PAH band strength ratios, determined after isolating the PAH bands, are combined. This enables the first quantitative and spectrally consistent calibration of PAH charge proxies. Calibration is straightforward because the 6.2/11.2 μm PAH band strength ratio varies linearly with the ionized fraction (PAH ionization parameter) as determined from the intrinsic properties of the individual PAHs comprising the database. This, in turn, can be related to the local radiation field, electron density, and temperature. From these relations diagnostic templates are developed to deduce the PAH ionization fraction and astronomical environment in other objects. The commonly used 7.7/11.2 μm PAH band strength ratio fails as a charge proxy over a significant fraction of the nebula. The 11.2/12.7 μm PAH band strength ratio, commonly used as a PAH erosion indicator, is revealed to be a better tracer for PAH charge across NGC 7023. Attempting to calibrate the 12.7/11.2 μm PAH band strength ratio against the PAH hydrogen adjacency ratio (duo+trio)/solo is, unexpectedly, anti-correlated. This work both validates and extends the results from Paper I and Paper II.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Measurement of the 28 Si ⁢(𝑛,𝑛′⁢𝛾) cross section with 𝑛, 𝛾, and correlated 𝑛−𝛾 angular distributions

Silicon has become an unavoidable element in the circuitry central to everyday life. In turn, the interactions of silicon isotopes with neutrons for nuclear physics applications, among other motivations, have become increasingly important to understand. The dominant isotope of silicon, 28 Si, is thus of primary interest for enhanced understanding for neutron transport calculations and related investigations. Unfortunately, the existing measurement database for neutron scattering reactions on 28 Si is minimal, and nuclear data evaluations on this topic have not been updated for decades. This article details new measurements of the 28 Si ⁢(𝑛,𝑛′⁢𝛾) reaction utilizing multiple analysis methods available within the correlated gamma neutron array for scattering (CoGNAC). Specifically, high-precision near-threshold results and high-incident-energy results were obtained using the 𝛾-only and correlated 𝑛−𝛾 techniques. First-ever measurements of the correlated 𝑛−𝛾 angular distribution for particles emitted following population of the first excited state in 28 Si were obtained as well, which provide unique insight into theoretical descriptions of the inelastic neutron scattering reaction mechanism itself and detailed guidance for nuclear reaction models. The results agree well with literature data where they exist, and substantially expand on the current database for neutron reactions on 28 Si .

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Heatpipe power system and heatpipe bimodal system design and development options

The Heatpipe Power System (HPS) is a potential, near-term, low-cost space fission power system. The Heatpipe Bimodal System (HBS) is a potential, near-term, low-cost space fission power and/or propulsion system. Both systems will be composed of independent modules, and all components operate within the existing databases. The HPS and HBS have relatively few system integration issues; thus, the successful development of a module is a significant step toward verifying system feasibility and performance estimates. A prototypic HPS module is being fabricated, and testing is scheduled to begin in November 1996. A successful test will provide high confidence that the HPS can achieve its predicted performance.

Space Propulsion Reactors↗

Astronomical Software Directory Service

With the support of NASA's Astrophysics Data Program (NRA 92-OSSA-15), we have developed the Astronomical Software Directory Service (ASDS): a distributed, searchable, WWW-based database of software packages and their related documentation. ASDS provides integrated access to 56 astronomical software packages, with more than 16,000 URLs indexed for full-text searching. Users are performing about 400 searches per month. A new aspect of our service is the inclusion of telescope and instrumentation manuals, which prompted us to change the name to the Astronomical Software and Documentation Service. ASDS was originally conceived to serve two purposes: to provide a useful Internet service in an area of expertise of the investigators (astronomical software), and as a research project to investigate various architectures for searching through a set of documents distributed across the Internet. Two of the co-investigators were then installing and maintaining astronomical software as their primary job responsibility. We felt that a service which incorporated our experience in this area would be more useful than a straightforward listing of software packages. The original concept was for a service based on the client/server model, which would function as a directory/referral service rather than as an archive. For performing the searches, we began our investigation with a decision to evaluate the Isite software from the Center for Networked Information Discovery and Retrieval (CNIDR). This software was intended as a replacement for Wide-Area Information Service (WAIS), a client/server technology for performing full-text searches through a set of documents. Isite had some additional features that we considered attractive, and we enjoyed the cooperation of the Isite developers, who were happy to have ASDS as a demonstration project. We ended up staying with the software throughout the project, making modifications to take advantage of new features as they came along, as well as influencing the software development. The Web interface to the search engine is provided by a gateway program written in C++ by a consultant to the project (A. Warnock).

Hanisch, Robert J.↗

Astronomical Software Directory Service

This is the final report on the development of the Astronomical Software Directory Service (ASDS), a distributable, searchable, WWW-based database of software packages and their related documentation. ASDS provides integrated access to 56 astronomical software packages, with more than 16,000 URL's indexed for full-text searching.

Hanisch, R. J.↗

Sequence of the bchG gene from Chloroflexus aurantiacus: relationship between chlorophyll synthase and other polyprenyltransferases

The sequence of the Chloroflexus aurantiacus open reading frame thought to be the C. aurantiacus homolog of the Rhodobacter capsulatus bchG gene is reported. The BchG gene product catalyzes esterification of bacteriochlorophyllide a by geranylgeraniol-PPi during bacteriochlorophyll a biosynthesis. Homologs from Arabidopsis thaliana, Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803, and C. aurantiacus were identified in database searches. Profile analysis identified three related polyprenyltransferase enzymes which attach an aliphatic alcohol PPi to an aromatic substrate. This suggests a broader relationship between chlorophyll synthases and other polyprenyltransferases.

NASA Program Exobiology↗

Kaizen newspaper

Systems, computer program products, and methods are disclosed for tracking an improvement event. An embodiment includes an event interface configured to receive a plurality of entries related to each of a plurality of improvement events. The plurality of entries includes a project identifier for the improvement event, a creation date, an objective, an action related to reaching the objective, and a first deadline related to the improvement event. A database interface is configured to store the plurality of entries in an event database.

Shearer, Scott C.↗

Implementation Challenges for Sintered Silicon Carbide Fiber Bonded Ceramic Materials for High Temperature Applications

During the last decades, a number of fiber reinforced ceramic composites have been developed and tested for various aerospace and ground based applications. However, a number of challenges still remain slowing the wide scale implementation of these materials. In addition to continuous fiber reinforced composites, other innovative materials have been developed including the fibrous monoliths and sintered fiber bonded ceramics. The sintered silicon carbide fiber bonded ceramics have been fabricated by the hot pressing and sintering of silicon carbide fibers. However, in this system reliable property database as well as various issues related to thermomechanical performance, integration, and fabrication of large and complex shape components has yet to be addressed. In this presentation, thermomechanical properties of sintered silicon carbide fiber bonded ceramics (as fabricated and joined) will be presented. In addition, critical need for manufacturing and integration technologies in successful implementation of these materials will be discussed.

Singh, M.↗