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At least 469 records · Page 26

High speed flow past wings

The analytical solution to the transonic small perturbation equation which describes steady compressible flow past finite wings at subsonic speeds can be expressed as a nonlinear integral equation with the perturbation velocity potential as the unknown function. This known formulation is substituted by a system of nonlinear algebraic equations to which various methods are applicable for its solution. Due to the presence of mathematical discontinuities in the flow solutions, however, a main computational difficulty was to ensure uniqueness of the solutions when local velocities on the wing exceeded the speed of sound. For continuous solutions this was achieved by embedding the algebraic system in an one-parameter operator homotopy in order to apply the method of parametric differentiation. The solution to the initial system of equations appears then as a solution to a Cauchy problem where the initial condition is related to the accompanying incompressible flow solution. In using this technique, however, a continuous dependence of the solution development on the initial data is lost when the solution reaches the minimum bifurcation point. A steepest descent iteration technique was therefore, added to the computational scheme for the calculation of discontinuous flow solutions. Results for purely subsonic flows and supersonic flows with and without compression shocks are given and compared with other available theoretical solutions.

Norstrud, H.↗

Theoretical analysis of linearized acoustics and aerodynamics of advanced supersonic propellers

The derivation of a formula for prediction of the noise of supersonic propellers using time domain analysis is presented. This formula is a solution of the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings equation and does not have the Doppler singularity of some other formulations. The result presented involves some surface integrals over the blade and line integrals over the leading and trailing edges. The blade geometry, motion and surface pressure are needed for noise calculation. To obtain the blade surface pressure, the observer is moved onto the blade surface and a linear singular integral equation is derived which can be solved numerically. Two examples of acoustic calculations using a computer program are currently under development.

Farassat, F.↗

Long-distance sound propagation over discontinuous impedances

A calculation method is presented for sound propagation over an impedance discontinuity in flat ground with a homogeneous, still atmosphere. The method is based on an approximate solution to a two dimensional boundary integral equation formulation of the problem, which expresses the wave field as the solution for homogeneous ground plus an integral over half of the boundary. Through recognizing this integral as a generalized Fourier integral, asymptotic methods are applied to evaluate the part of the integral most expensive to compute by numerical quadrature. Single frequency excess attenuation results for propagation from a point source above rigid ground to a receiver above absorbing ground are discussed. The results are applied, with air attenuation and A-weighting, to a notional jet engine noise source. Simple trends are noted.

Chandler-Wilde, Simon N.↗

Objective Lightning Probability Forecasting for Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station

Five logistic regression equations were created that predict the probability of cloud-to-ground lightning occurrence for the day in the KSC/CCAFS area for each month in the warm season. These equations integrated the results from several studies over recent years to improve thunderstorm forecasting at KSC/CCAFS. All of the equations outperform persistence, which is known to outperform NPTI, the current objective tool used in 45 WS lightning forecasting operations. The equations also performed well in other tests. As a result, the new equations will be added to the current set of tools used by the 45 WS to determine the probability of lightning for their daily planning forecast. The results from these equations are meant to be used as first-guess guidance when developing the lightning probability forecast for the day. They provide an objective base from which forecasters can use other observations, model data, consultation with other forecasters, and their own experience to create the final lightning probability for the 1100 UTC briefing.

Lambert, Winifred↗

Note on the eigensolution of a homogeneous equation with semi-infinite domain

The 'variation-iteration' method using Green's functions to find the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenfunctions of a homogeneous Fredholm integral equation is employed for the stability analysis of fluid hydromechanics problems with a semiinfinite (infinite) domain of application. The objective of the study is to develop a suitable numerical approach to the solution of such equations in order to better understand the full set of equations for 'real-world' flow models. The study involves a search for a suitable value of the length of the domain which is a fair finite approximation to infinity, which makes the eigensolution an approximation dependent on the length of the interval chosen. In the examples investigated y = 1 = a seems to be the best approximation of infinity; for y greater than unity this method fails due to the polynomial nature of Green's functions.

Wadia, A. R.↗

A FORTRAN computer code for calculating flows in multiple-blade-element cascades

A solution technique has been developed for solving the multiple-blade-element, surface-of-revolution, blade-to-blade flow problem in turbomachinery. The calculation solves approximate flow equations which include the effects of compressibility, radius change, blade-row rotation, and variable stream sheet thickness. An integral equation solution (i.e., panel method) is used to solve the equations. A description of the computer code and computer code input is given in this report.

Mcfarland, E. R.↗

A combined finite element-boundary element formulation for solution of axially symmetric bodies

A new method is presented for the computation of electromagnetic scattering from axially symmetric bodies. To allow the simulation of inhomogeneous cross sections, the method combines the finite element and boundary element techniques. Interior to a fictitious surface enclosing the scattering body, the finite element method is used which results in a sparce submatrix, whereas along the enclosure the Stratton-Chu integral equation is enforced. By choosing the fictitious enclosure to be a right circular cylinder, most of the resulting boundary integrals are convolutional and may therefore be evaluated via the FFT with which the system is iteratively solved. In view of the sparce matrix associated with the interior fields, this reduces the storage requirement of the entire system to O(N) making the method attractive for large scale computations. The details of the corresponding formulation and its numerical implementation are described.

Collins, Jeffrey D.↗

A Navier-Stokes boundary element solver

Using global interpolation functions (GIF's) boundary element solutions are obtained for two-dimensional laminar flows. Two schemes are proposed for handling the convective terms. The first treats convection as a forcing function, and converts the flow equations to pseudo-Poisson equations. In the second scheme, some convective effect is incorporated into the fundamental solution used in constructing the pertinent integral equations. The lid-driven cavity flow is selected as the benchmark problem.

Reddy, D. R.↗

A T Matrix Method Based upon Scalar Basis Functions

A surface integral formulation is developed for the T matrix of a homogenous and isotropic particle of arbitrary shape, which employs scalar basis functions represented by the translation matrix elements of the vector spherical wave functions. The formulation begins with the volume integral equation for scattering by the particle, which is transformed so that the vector and dyadic components in the equation are replaced with associated dipole and multipole level scalar harmonic wave functions. The approach leads to a volume integral formulation for the T matrix, which can be extended, by use of Green's identities, to the surface integral formulation. The result is shown to be equivalent to the traditional surface integral formulas based on the VSWF basis.

wave functions↗

Application of the Green's function method for 2- and 3-dimensional steady transonic flows

A Time-Domain Green's function method for the nonlinear time-dependent three-dimensional aerodynamic potential equation is presented. The Green's theorem is being used to transform the partial differential equation into an integro-differential-delay equation. Finite-element and finite-difference methods are employed for the spatial and time discretizations to approximate the integral equation by a system of differential-delay equations. Solution may be obtained by solving for this nonlinear simultaneous system of equations in time. This paper discusses the application of the method to the Transonic Small Disturbance Equation and numerical results for lifting and nonlifting airfoils and wings in steady flows are presented.

Tseng, K.↗

TRANAIR - A computer code for transonic analyses of arbitrary configurations

Attention is given to a new approach to solving full potential equations about arbitrary configurations. Numerical algorithms from such fields as finite elements, preconditioned Krylov subspace methods, discrete Fourier analysis, and integral equations are combined to take advantage of the size and speed of current and emerging supercomputers. On the basis of this appraoch, a robust, efficient and easy to use computer code referred to as TRANAIR has been developed for transonic analysis of complex geometries.

Samant, S. S.↗

Calculation of potential flow past airship bodies in yaw

An outline of Von Karman's method of computing the potential flow of airships in yaw by means of partially constant dipolar superposition on the axis of the body is followed by several considerations for beginning and end of the superposition. Then this method is improved by postulating a continuous, in part linearly variable dipolar superposition on the axis. The second main part of the report brings the calculation of the potential flow by means of sources and sinks, arranged on the surface of the airship body. The integral equation which must satisfy this surface superposition is posed, and the core reduced to functions developed from whole elliptical normal integrals. The functions are shown diagrammatically. The integration is resolvable by iteration. The consequence of the method is good. The formulas for computing the velocity on the surface and of the potential for any point conclude the report.

Lotz, I↗

Determination of Interfacial Rheological Properties through Microgravity Oscillations of Bubbles and Drops

This report summarizes our derivations of analytical expressions for the frequencies and damping constants for small-amplitude axisymmetric shape oscillations of a liquid drop suspended in an immiscible fluid host in microgravity. In particular, this work addresses large Reynolds number shape oscillations and focuses on the surface rheological effects that arise from the presence of insoluble surfactants at the interface. Parameters characterizing viscous effects from the bulk phases, surface viscous effects, Marangoni effects from the surface advection and diffusion of surfactants, and the Gibbs elasticity are all considered and analyzed to determine the relative importance of each contribution. Supplementing the analytical treatment for small-amplitude oscillations, a numerical boundary integral equation formulation is developed for the study of large-amplittide axisymmetric oscillations of a drop in vacuum. The boundary integral formulation is an extension of classical potential flow theory and approximately accounts for viscous effects in the bulk fluid as well as the surface viscous and Marangoni effects resulting from an insoluble surfactant contaminating the interface. Theoretical and numerical results are presented for four distinct cases. These, range from the case when the effects of the surfactants are 'negligible' to 'large' when compared to the viscous effects in the bulk phases. The feasibility of the non-contact measurement of the surface parameters, using experimental observations for the oscillation frequencies and damping constants of drops and bubbles, is discussed.

Nadim, Ali↗

Symmetric Galerkin boundary formulations employing curved elements

Accounts of the symmetric Galerkin approach to boundary element analysis (BEA) have recently been published. This paper attempts to add to the understanding of this method by addressing a series of fundamental issues associated with its potential computational efficiency. A new symmetric Galerkin theoretical formulation for both the (harmonic) heat conduction and the (biharmonic) elasticity problem that employs regularized singular and hypersingular boundary integral equations (BIEs) is presented. The novel use of regularized BIEs in the Galerkin context is shown to allow straightforward incorporation of curved, isoparametric elements. A symmetric reusable intrinsic sample point (RISP) numerical integration algorithm is shown to produce a Galerkin (i.e., double) integration strategy that is competitive with its counterpart (i.e., singular) integration procedure in the collocation BEA approach when the time saved in the symmetric equation solution phase is also taken into account. This new formulation is shown to be capable of employing hypersingular BIEs while obviating the requirement of C 1 continuity, a fact that allows the employment of the popular continuous element technology. The behavior of the symmetric Galerkin BEA method with regard to both direct and iterative equation solution operations is also addressed. A series of example problems are presented to quantify the performance of this symmetric approach, relative to the more conventional unsymmetric BEA, in terms of both accuracy and efficiency. It is concluded that appropriate implementations of the symmetric Galerkin approach to BEA indeed have the potential to be competitive with, if not superior to, collocation-based BEA, for large-scale problems.

Kane, J. H.↗

Computation of aerodynamic interference effects on oscillating airfoils with controls in ventilated subsonic wind tunnels

Lift interference effects are discussed based on Bland's (1968) integral equation. A mathematical existence theory is utilized for which convergence of the numerical method has been proved for general (square-integrable) downwashes. Airloads are computed using orthogonal airfoil polynomial pairs in conjunction with a collocation method which is numerically equivalent to Galerkin's method and complex least squares. Convergence exhibits exponentially decreasing error with the number n of collocation points for smooth downwashes, whereas errors are proportional to 1/n for discontinuous downwashes. The latter can be reduced to 1/n to the m+1 power with mth-order Richardson extrapolation (by using m = 2, hundredfold error reductions were obtained with only a 13% increase of computer time). Numerical results are presented showing acoustic resonance, as well as the effect of Mach number, ventilation, height-to-chord ratio, and mode shape on wind-tunnel interference. Excellent agreement with experiment is obtained in steady flow, and good agreement is obtained for unsteady flow.

Fromme, J. A.↗