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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

A Practical Framework for Simulating Time-Resolved Spectroscopy Based on a Real-Time Dyson Expansion

Time-resolved spectroscopy is a powerful tool for probing electron dynamics in molecules and solids, revealing transient phenomena on subfemtosecond time scales. The interpretation of experimental results is often enhanced by parallel numerical studies, which can provide insight and validation for experimental hypotheses. However, developing a theoretical framework for simulating time-resolved spectra remains a significant challenge. The most suitable approach involves the many-body nonequilibrium Green's function formalism, which accounts for crucial dynamical many-body correlations during time evolution. While these dynamical correlations are essential for observing emergent behavior in time-resolved spectra, they also render the formalism prohibitively expensive for large-scale simulations. Substantial effort has been devoted to reducing this computational cost─through approximations and numerical techniques─while preserving the key dynamical correlations. The ultimate goal is to enable first-principles simulations of time-dependent systems ranging from small molecules to large, periodic, multidimensional solids. Here, in this perspective, we outline key challenges in developing practical simulations for time-resolved spectroscopy, with a particular focus on Green's function methodologies. We highlight a recent advancement toward a scalable framework: the real-time Dyson expansion (RT-DE) [Phys. Rev. Lett. 2024, 133, 226902]. We introduce the theoretical foundation of RT-DE and discuss strategies for improving scalability, which have already enabled simulations of system sizes beyond the reach of previous fully dynamical approaches. We conclude with an outlook on future directions for extending RT-DE to first-principles studies of dynamically correlated, nonequilibrium systems.

Reeves, Cian C. [Univ. of California, Santa Barbar↗
DOE OSTI2020

The Breakthrough Listen Search for Intelligent Life: A 3.95–8.00 GHz Search for Radio Technosignatures in the Restricted Earth Transit Zone

We report on a search for artificial narrowband signals of 20 stars within the restricted Earth Transit Zone (rETZ) as a part of the ten-year Breakthrough Listen (BL) search for extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI). The rETZ is the region of the sky from which an observer would see Earth transit the Sun with an impact parameter of less than 0.5. This region of the sky is geometrically unique, providing a potential way for an ETI to discover the solar system. The targets were nearby (7–143 pc) and the search covered an electromagnetic frequency range of 3.95–8.00 GHz. We used the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope to perform these observations with the standard BL data recorder. We searched these data for artificial narrowband (∼Hz) signals with Doppler drift rates of ±20 Hz s{sup −1}. We find no evidence for radio technosignatures from ETI in our observations. The observing campaign would have allowed for detections of emissions that were 10{sup −3} to 0.88 times as powerful as the signaling capability of the Arecibo radar transmitter. We conclude that at least 0.6% of the systems in the rETZ within 150 pc do not possess the type of transmitters searched in this survey. To our knowledge, this is the first targeted search for ETI of the rETZ. All data used in this paper are publicly available via the BL Public Data Archive (http://seti.berkeley.edu/bldr2).

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS2003

Surface Penetrating Radar Simulations for Jupiter's Icy Moons

The icy moons of Jupiter (Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede) are of similar overall composition but show different surface features as a result of different sub-surface processes. Furthermore, each of these moons could have a liquid ocean of water buried underneath the icy crust, but their depth can only be speculated. For Europa, estimates put the thickness of the ice shell anywhere between 2-30 km, with'a few models predicting up to 100 km. Much of the uncertainties are due to the largely unknown temperature gradients and levels of water impurities across different surface layers. One of the most important geological processes is the possible transportation of heat by ice convection. If the ice is convecting, then an upper limit of about 20 km is set for the depth of the ocean underneath. Convection leads to a sharp increase in temperature followed by a thick region of nearly constant temperature. If ice is not convecting, then an exponentially increasing temperature profile is expected. The crust is thought to be a mixture of ice and rock, and although the exact percentage of rock is not known, it is expected to be low. Additionally, the ice crust could contain salt, similar to sea ice on Earth. The exact amount of salt and how that amount changes with depth is also unknown. In preparation for the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO) mission, we performed simulations for a surface-penetrating radar investigating signatures for different possible surface and sub-surface structures of these moons in order to estimate the applicability of using radar with a frequency range between 1 and 50 MHz. This includes simulations of power requirements, attenuation losses, layer resolutions for scenarios with and without the presence of a liquid ocean underneath the ice, cases of convecting and non-convecting ice, different impurities within the ice, and different surface roughnesses.

Markus, Thorsten↗
NASA NTRS2010

PSR J2022 plus 3842: An Energetic Radio and X-Ray Pulsar Associated with SNR G76.9 plus 1.0

We present Chandra X-ray Observatory, Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Radio Telescope (GBT), and Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) observations directed toward the radio supernova remnant (SNR) G76.9+1.0. The Chandra investigation reveals a hard, unresolved X-ray source coincident with the midpoint of the double-lobed radio morphology and surrounded by faint, compact X-ray nebulosity. These features suggest that an energetic neutron star is powering a pulsar wind nebula (PWN) seen in synchrotron emission. Indeed, the spatial relationship of the X-ray and radio emissions is remarkably similar to the extended emission around the Vela pulsar. A follow-up pulsation search with the GBT uncovered a highly-dispersed (DM = 427 +/- 1 pc/cu cm) and highly-scattered pulsar with a period of 24 ms. Its subsequently measured spin-down rate implies a characteristic age T(sub c) = 8.9 kyr, making PSR J2022+3842 the most rapidly rotating young radio pulsar known. With a spin-down luminosity E = 1.2 x 10(exp 38) erg/s, it is the second-most energetic Galactic pulsar known, after the Crab pulsar. The 24-ms pulsations have also been detected in the RXTE observation; the combined Chandra and RXTE spectral fit suggests that the Chandra point-source emission is virtually 100% pulsed. The 2-16 keV spectrum of the narrow (0.06 cycles FWHM) pulse is well-fitted by an absorbed power-law model with column density N(sub H) = (1.7 +/- 0.5) x 10(exp 22)/sq cm and photon index Gamma = 1.0 +/- 0.2, strongly suggestive of magnetospheric emission. For an assumed distance of 10 kpc, the 2-10 keV luminosity of L(sub X) = 6.9 x 10(exp 33) erg/s suggests one of the lowest known X-ray conversion efficiencies L(sub X)/ E = 5.8 x 10(exp -5), similar to that of the Vela pulsar. Finally, the PWN around PSR J2022+3842 revealed by Chandra is also underluminous, with F(sub PWN)/ F(sub PSR) < or approx.1 in the 2-10 keV band, a further surprise given the pulsar's high spin-down luminosity.

Arzoumanian, Z.↗
DOE OSTI2021

The Effect of Spectral Resolution of Light Sources on Photopic and a-opic Quantities

There is a growing interest in including light source spectrum in advanced lighting software tools and simulations. Given that traditional lighting software tools have been used primarily for calculating photometric quantities, their simplifying assumptions may not be suitable for calculating other a-opic quantities. Commonly used simulation tools use three values to represent the three primary colors (red, green, and blue), but others have expanded the number of bands (i.e., the spectral resolution) to 9, 27, or 81 in an attempt to more accurately represent variations in light source spectrum and downstream spectrally-derived quantities. It remains unclear, however, to what extent spectral resolution affects calculated quantities. To address this gap, a numerical analysis was completed using a large spectral power distribution database (n = 1,302 light sources). Calculated illuminance, a-opic irradiance, luminous efficacy of radiation (LER), melanopic efficacy of radiation (MER), and melanopic to photopic (M/P) ratio were compared for spectral resolutions of 3 and 9 bands compared to a baseline of 81 bands. Across all examined lighting quantities, considerable errors—a mean absolute percent error of 18.4%—were found when using 3 band calculations. These were reduced to 4% for 9 band calculations. The errors varied by metric and light source type. The results suggest that the use of 9 bands can more accurately characterize performance of different light source types across a range of metrics compared to using 3 bands.

Abboushi, Belal K.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Understanding and Controlling the Formation of Nonradiative Defects in Blue Organic Triplet Emitters

Phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices (PHOLEDs) suffer from destructive molecular processes due to triplet-polaron and triplet-triplet annihilation. These processes are energetically driven and hence are particularly active in decreasing the lifetime of blue PHOLEDs. It has recently been shown that increasing triplet radiative rates via the Purcell effect effectively extends the device operational lifetime by reducing the triplet radiative lifetime, thus decreasing their density and the probability of triplet-annihilation reactions. We provide an analytical framework using Marcus theory to explain the observed, approximately exponential relationship between exciton energy and device lifetime. From transient drift-diffusion dynamics, we show that the Purcell effect reduces the exciton density in the steady state and increases the photoluminescent yield, thereby reducing defect generation rates and extending the device lifetime. We control the radiative rate of excitons in microcavities, thereby connecting the exciton energy and decay rates with the observed device lifetime. The device lifetime is shown to follow a power-law dependence on the Purcell factor ( PF m ) with m = 1.5 to 2.5, dependent on the TTA-to-TPA ratio and photoluminescence quantum yield. From our analysis, a fivefold increase in PF has the potential to extend the blue PHOLED lifetime by up to 2 orders of magnitude, making the blue PHOLED lifetime comparable to that of state-of-the-art green PHOLEDs. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Zhao, Haonan (ORCID:0000000190584422)↗
NASA NTRS2003

Optical Reflectance and Fluorescence for Detecting Nitrogen Needs in Zea mays L.

Nitrogen (N) status in field grown corn (Zea mays L.) was assessed using spectral techniques. Passive reflectance remote sensing and, both passive and active fluorescence sensing methods were investigated. Reflectance and fluorescence methods are reported to detect changes in the primary plant pigments (chlorophylls a and b; carotenoids) in higher plant species. As a general rule, foliar chlorophyll a (Chl a) and chlorophyll b (Chl b) usually exist in approx.3:l ratio. In plants under stress, Chl b content is affected before Chl a reductions occur. For reflectance, a version of the chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index (CARI) method was tested with narrow bands from the Airborne Imaging Spectroradiometer for Applications (ASIA). CARI minimizes the effects of soil background on the signal from green canopies. A modified CARI (MCARI) was used to track total Chl a levels in the red dip of the spectrum from the corn canopy. A second MCARI was used to track the auxiliary plant pigments (Chl b and the carotenoids) in the yellow/orange/red edge part of the reflectance spectrum. The difference between these two MCARI indices detected variations in N levels across the field plot canopies using ASIA data. At the leaf level, ratios of fluorescence emissions in the blue, green, red and far-red wavelengths sensed responses that were associated with the plant pigments, and were indicative of energy transfer in the photosynthetic process. N stressed corn stands could be distinguish from those with optimally applied N with fluorescence emission spectra obtained from individual corn leaves. Both reflectance and fluorescence methods are sensitive in detecting corn N needs and may be especially powerful in monitoring crop conditions if both types of information can be combined.

McMurtrey, J. E.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Offshore Wind Composite Siting Exclusions Scenarios

This dataset consolidates criteria that restrict the siting of offshore wind energy installations, an update from Zuckerman et al. (2023). All scenarios exclude area from wind energy development due to legal or administrative restrictions (e.g., Marine Protected Areas), existing infrastructure, and technical constraints (e.g., 1,300 m bathymetry limit). A TIF data file and a PNG cartographic map of the data are provided for three scenarios ("Open", "Reference", and "Limited"), showing areas where offshore wind energy is restricted across the contiguous United States. The "Open" scenario only excludes areas with known preclusions for offshore wind deployment. The "Reference" scenario excludes all areas from the "Open" scenario, as well as additional best management practices such as known proposed protected areas, and state waters. The "Limited" scenario excludes all area from the "Reference" scenario. Additionally, it has more stringent siting criteria such as larger setbacks from shore and infrastructure, as well as shallower depth limits on floating technology. For further details and citation, please refer to the publication linked below: Zuckerman, Gabriel R., Anthony Lopez, Travis Williams, Rebecca Green, and Grant Buster. 2023. Impacts of Siting Considerations on Offshore Wind Technical Potential in the United States. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20- 85088.

Array↗
NASA NTRS1994

DE 1 VLF observations during Activny wave injection experiments

We report on coordinated high-altitude satellite observations in support of one of the first space-based very low frequency (VLF) wave injection experiments, namely the USSR Aktivny mission. The Aktivny satellite (A) was designed to carry a VLF transmitter (nominal frequency approximately 10 kHz, transmitter power approximately 10 kW) coupled to a 20-m-diameter loop antenna in a nearly polar orbit (83 deg inclination, apogee approximately 2500 km, perigee approximately 500 km). We focus our attention on conjunction experiments between the Aktivny and DE 1 satellites. Because of problems in the deployment of the loop antenna, the radiated power capability of the antenna was significantly reduced. Although this substantially reduced the expectation of receiving detectable signal levels on the satellite, the DE 1/Aktivny conjunction experiments were nevertheless carried out as a means of possibly placing an upper limit on the radiated power. During the period November 1989 through April 1990, a total of 10 DE 1/Aktivny wave injection sessions were conducted. During each session the Aktivny transmitter operated at 10.537 kHz with 1 s On - 1 s Off format, for a period of 6 min centered around the conjunction time. During three conjunction periods (December 12, 26, and 27, 1989) both DE 1 and Aktivny were in the southern hemisphere, and DE 1 was at relatively low altitudes (ranging from 6211 to 14,810 km), thus providing the best conjunction possibilities according to the ray tracing criteria developed above. On most days, Omega transmitter signals as well as commonly occuring natural wave phenomena such as whistlers (0(+)) and hiss were clearly seen well above the background level, but there was no evidence of the Aktivny 1 s On/ 1 s Off pattern. Though no Aktivny signals were detected by the LWR on the DE 1 satellite, the experimental constraints allow us to place an upper limit on the total power radiated by the Aktivny transmitter in the whistler-mode. Using experimental parameters, and the minimum detectable signal level of 0.05 muV/m for LWR, we find the upper limit on the total power radiated by the Aktivny satellite in the whistler-mode to be approximately 10 mW. Several recommendations for future space-based wave injection experiments are presented.

Sonwalkar, V. S.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Tensor train continuous time solver for quantum impurity models

The simulation of strongly correlated quantum impurity models is a significant challenge in modern condensed matter physics that has multiple important applications. Thus far, the most successful methods for approaching this challenge involve Monte Carlo techniques that accurately and reliably sample perturbative expansions to any order. However, the cost of obtaining high precision through these methods is high. Recently, tensor train decomposition techniques have been developed as an alternative to Monte Carlo integration. In this study, we apply these techniques to the single-impurity Anderson model at equilibrium by calculating the systematic expansion in power of the hybridization of the impurity with the bath. Furthermore, we demonstrate the performance of the method in a paradigmatic application, examining the first-order phase transition on the infinite-dimensional Bethe lattice, which can be mapped to an impurity model through dynamical mean field theory. Our results indicate that using tensor train decomposition schemes allows the calculation of finite-temperature Green's functions and thermodynamic observables with unprecedented accuracy. The methodology holds promise for future applications to frustrated multiorbital systems, using a combination of partially summed series with other techniques pioneered in diagrammatic and continuous time quantum Monte Carlo.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
NASA NTRS2015

Altitude Effects on Thermal Ice Protection System Performance; A Study of an Alternative Simulation Approach

The quest for more energy-efficient green aircraft, dictates that all systems, including the ice protection system (IPS), be closely examined for ways to reduce energy consumption and to increase efficiency. A thermal ice protection systems must protect the aircraft from the hazardous effects of icing, and yet it needs to do so as efficiently as possible. The system can no longer be afforded the degree of over-design in power usage they once were. To achieve these more exacting designs, a better understanding of the heat and mass transport phenomena involved during an icing encounter is needed.

thermal ice protection system↗
DOE OSTI2025

Probing coherent electronic superpositions of singly and doubly excited states of krypton with extreme-ultraviolet four-wave-mixing spectroscopy

Radiative nonlinear four-wave mixing can monitor the evolution of electronic wave packets, providing access to lifetimes and quantifying the light-induced couplings between excited states. In this article, we report the observation of quantum beats in an autoionizing electronic wave packet in krypton, probed using this technique. Analysis of the signal reveals that these beats originate from the contribution of previously unassigned, doubly excited states interacting with singly excited ones. We introduce a minimal theoretical model, based on multichannel quantum-defect theory, which quantitatively reproduces both the wave-packet dynamics and the static spectrum. This work combines a versatile, noncommensurate XUV-IR-based experimental scheme with a tractable model, establishing a powerful approach for the metrology and control of complex, correlated electronic states.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1979

A correlation between auroral kilometric radiation and inverted V electron precipitation

The paper discusses the direct relationship between the auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) power flux observed by the eccentric orbiting Hawkeye spacecraft and energetic electron precipitation in the nighttime auroral zone measured by the low-altitude polar orbiting AE-D spacecraft. The results of this study show that AKR is more closely associated with inverted V electron precipitation than with plasma sheet precipitation. It is found that as the observed AKR power flux increases, so does the simultaneously observed peak energy in inverted V electron precipitation increase. There is an evidence that suggests that the efficiency of generating AKR from inverted V particle participation ranges from 1/100,000% to a maximum efficiency of about 1%.

Green, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS2007

Simplified Microarray Technique for Identifying mRNA in Rare Samples

Two simplified methods of identifying messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), and compact, low-power apparatuses to implement the methods, are at the proof-of-concept stage of development. These methods are related to traditional methods based on hybridization of nucleic acid, but whereas the traditional methods must be practiced in laboratory settings, these methods could be practiced in field settings. Hybridization of nucleic acid is a powerful technique for detection of specific complementary nucleic acid sequences, and is increasingly being used for detection of changes in gene expression in microarrays containing thousands of gene probes. A traditional microarray study entails at least the following six steps: 1. Purification of cellular RNA, 2. Amplification of complementary deoxyribonucleic acid [cDNA] by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 3. Labeling of cDNA with fluorophores of Cy3 (a green cyanine dye) and Cy5 (a red cyanine dye), 4. Hybridization to a microarray chip, 5. Fluorescence scanning the array(s) with dual excitation wavelengths, and 6. Analysis of the resulting images. This six-step procedure must be performed in a laboratory because it requires bulky equipment.

Almeida, Eduardo↗
DOE OSTI2023

Uncovering hidden market opportunities for advanced nuclear reactors

Decarbonizing to meet aggressive climate change mitigation targets requires energy transition within all sectors. In the industrial sector, global emissions will need to decrease by 65–90% by 2050 to avert warming greater than 1.5°C (Pörtner et al., 2022). Recent U.S. laws, including the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL), Defense Production Act, Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors (or CHIPS), state programs, and other recent laws, have clean energy requirements and provide financial incentives to accelerate the use of clean energy technologies in the industrial sector. These new laws include supporting mechanisms with direct financial support for nuclear power (e.g., advanced reactor development and hydrogen production). However, advanced nuclear could also gain these financial benefits by coupling with low-carbon industrial projects. For example, microreactors could supply low-carbon energy to producers of critical metals that (1) are eligible to receive investment and production tax credits and favorable loans, and (2) the low-carbon product could gain preference in emerging markets for green products.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
NASA NTRS2012

Fast Paced, Low Cost Projects at MSFC

What does an orbiting microsatellite, a robotic lander and a ruggedized camera and telescope have in common? They are all fast paced, low cost projects managed by Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) teamed with successful industry partners. MSFC has long been synonymous with human space flight large propulsion programs, engineering acumen and risk intolerance. However, there is a growing portfolio/product line within MSFC that focuses on these smaller, fast paced projects. While launching anything into space is expensive, using a managed risk posture, holding to schedule and keeping costs low by stopping at egood enough f were key elements to their success. Risk is defined as the possibility of loss or failure per Merriam Webster. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) defines risk using procedural requirement 8705.4 and establishes eclasses f to discern the acceptable risk per a project. It states a Class D risk has a medium to significant risk of not achieving mission success. MSFC, along with industry partners, has created a niche in Class D efforts. How did the big, cautious MSFC succeed on these projects that embodied the antithesis of its heritage in human space flight? A key factor toward these successful projects was innovative industry partners such as Dynetics Corporation, University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAHuntsville), Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU APL), Teledyne Brown Engineering (TBE), Von Braun Center for Science and Innovation (VCSI), SAIC, and Jacobs. Fast Affordable Satellite Technology (FastSat HSV01) is a low earth orbit microsatellite that houses six instruments with the primary scientific objective of earth observation and technology demonstration. The team was comprised of Dynetics, UAHuntsvile, SAIC, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and VCSI with the United States Air Force Space Test Program as the customer. The team completed design, development, manufacturing, environmental test and integration in one year. FastSat HSV01 also deployed a Poly Picosatellite Orbital Deployer (PPOD) for a separate nano ]satellite class spacecraft (Cubesat: Nano Sail Demonstration) in partnership with Ames Research Center. The Robotic lunar lander is a MSFC JHU APL partnership that led to the development of a flexible architecture for landers to support robotic missions to a wide range of lunar and asteroid destinations. The team started with the goal of meeting NASA agency directives that led to the creation of a test bed focusing on GN&C and software to demonstrate the descent and landing on any airless body for the final 30 to 60 meters. The team created a complex technology demonstration as well as Guidance Control and Navigation (GN&C) algorithms providing autonomous control of the lander. The team uses a green propellant of 90% hydrogen peroxide and has completed 18 successful test flights. The International Space Station (ISS) SERVIR Environmental Research and Visualization System (ISERV) is a technology demonstration payload to assist the SERVIR project with environmental monitoring for disaster relief and humanitarian efforts. The ISERV project was a partnership with TBE. The ISERV payload consists of a commercial off the shelf camera, telescope, and MSFC developed power distribution box and interfaces on ISS with the Window Observational Research Facility in the US Lab. MSFC has identified three key areas that enabled the low cost mission success to include culture, partnering, and cost/schedule control. This paper will briefly discuss these three Class D efforts, FastSat HSV-01, the Robotic Lunar Lander and the ISERV camera system, the lessons learned, their successes and challenges.

Watson-Morgan, Lisa↗
DOE OSTI2020

Elucidating nanoscale mechanical properties of diabetic human adipose tissue using atomic force microscopy

Abstract Obesity-related type 2 diabetes (DM) is a major public health concern. Adipose tissue metabolic dysfunction, including fibrosis, plays a central role in DM pathogenesis. Obesity is associated with changes in adipose tissue extracellular matrix (ECM), but the impact of these changes on adipose tissue mechanics and their role in metabolic disease is poorly defined. This study utilized atomic force microscopy (AFM) to quantify difference in elasticity between human DM and non-diabetic (NDM) visceral adipose tissue. The mean elastic modulus of DM adipose tissue was twice that of NDM adipose tissue (11.50 kPa vs. 4.48 kPa) to a 95% confidence level, with significant variability in elasticity of DM compared to NDM adipose tissue. Histologic and chemical measures of fibrosis revealed increased hydroxyproline content in DM adipose tissue, but no difference in Sirius Red staining between DM and NDM tissues. These findings support the hypothesis that fibrosis, evidenced by increased elastic modulus, is enhanced in DM adipose tissue, and suggest that measures of tissue mechanics may better resolve disease-specific differences in adipose tissue fibrosis compared with histologic measures. These data demonstrate the power of AFM nanoindentation to probe tissue mechanics, and delineate the impact of metabolic disease on the mechanical properties of adipose tissue.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2023

Mars Surface Solar Arrays With Storage (SAWS) Seedling Study

The Solar Arrays With Storage (SAWS) Seedling Study was a year-long effort initiated by the Game Changing Development (GCD) Program under NASA’s Space Technology Mission Directorate to evaluate the feasibility and key technical challenges that must be addressed for a solar-based surface power system to support a crewed Mars base.

Frederick Elliott↗