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At least 469 records · Page 26

Potential Advantages to Employing an Onsite Laboratory at FUSRAP Sites Contaminated with Radionuclides and Metals - 20353

Various factors that support an evaluation of the relative costs, advantages and disadvantages of utilizing an onsite laboratory or an offsite laboratory for remediation of Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP) sites contaminated with radionuclides and metals are presented. In terms of how much more quickly an onsite laboratory provides results versus an offsite laboratory, the results of this study provide tools for calculating the amount of cost savings per day for excavation of contaminated soils for various scenarios including: - State, municipal or local property remediation where the remediation schedule becomes time-critical due to the extra cost and inconvenience to the town or municipality caused by the need for increased security and safety personnel, possible road closures and detours, and the inconvenience to the public due to modified or decreased services of State or municipal facilities; - Residential property where the remediation schedule becomes time-critical due to the inconvenience to the homeowner as well as the importance of maintaining good community relations; - Commercial property where the remediation schedule becomes time-critical due to the hardship and potential loss of revenue endured by the property owner; - Open area where treatment of excavation water is required, and - Open area where treatment of excavation water is not required. For every scenario, the number of matrices, radionuclide and metal contaminants of concern and the project duration are important factors. The costs for the onsite laboratory included the capital costs associated with setting up the lab such as trailer(s) or building(s), power and water hookup, analytical testing equipment, balances, computers, desks and bookcases; support equipment such as hot plates, filtration assemblies, safety equipment, ovens, etc.; and supplies such as glassware, pipettes, filters, etc. and ongoing costs such as labor, chemicals and reagents, standards, cost of the laboratory obtaining certification and maintenance. Offsite laboratory sample testing costs are generally very competitive and typically substantially lower than onsite laboratory costs if only the sample testing costs are considered. The great disadvantage of using an offsite laboratory is that they often cannot guarantee rapid turnaround times for results which creates project delays associated with the remediation process including delays determining the completeness of the characterization and remediation processes, delays in backfilling a property and additional costs for treating wastewater (excavation water, stormwater or both). These costs will vary greatly depending upon the area of the country in which the project is located due to the wide range of labor costs for the onsite laboratory and field workers, as well as the contaminants of interest, matrices and most importantly the size of the impacted area and the number of properties located in that area. This paper provides guidelines for calculating the cost savings that may be realized if an onsite laboratory can generate results more quickly than an offsite laboratory by estimating the costs associated with the remediation process for the various scenarios noted above such as work crew labor costs, excavator and dump truck equipment rentals, wastewater treatment costs (if applicable) and the additional costs incurred by homeowners, commercial property owners and towns/municipalities that are reimbursed by the potentially responsible parties. Key assumptions involve the typical quickest turnaround time provided by the onsite and offsite laboratories. Costs for the operation of a wastewater treatment system and the remediation of a site area or property were provided by personnel who have been involved in the operation of a large FUSRAP site in New Jersey for many years. This study provides valuable information for determining the most cost-effective approach for analysis of project samples and therefore may be used on upcoming FUSRAP projects. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Drought conditioning of rhizosphere microbiome influences maize water use traits

Background and Aims: Beneficial plant–microbe interactions can improve plant performance under drought; however, we know less about how drought-induced shifts in microbial communities affect plant traits. Methods: We cultivated Zea mays in fritted clay with soil microbiomes originating from contrasting environments (agriculture or forest) under two irrigation treatments (well-watered or water limited). Using this design, we investigated whether water conditioning was carried forward through the microbiome to affect a subsequent plant cohort that was subjected to either a well-watered or water limited treatment. Results: Regardless of the microbiome-origin, plants inoculated with a microbiome from a water limited legacy had traits that allowed them to avoid stress but conserve water. They produced longer roots to explore soil, generated greater soil dissolved organic carbon, potentially stimulating the microbiome, and slower soil water content loss during drought. A well-watered legacy resulted in plants that delayed permanent stomatal closure and higher photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency. In plants with a forest-originated microbiome, a well-watered legacy and water treatment also resulted in higher rates of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that soil microbiomes can be developed to influence plant drought performance, impacting crop resilience, using short-term microbial conditioning.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

Interdependent Water And Power Infrastructure Model

The approach used is the Multi-Agent System (MAS) paradigms, where systems components are represented as agents, interacting both with each other, and with the environment in which they evolved. Agents behaviors correspond to components in the real Integrated Water-Power System. The model simulate actions and interactions of these (autonomous) agents to analyze their effects on the overall system. Agents in the water system capture components of water collection, treatment, transportation, distribution and use (e.g. pipe, canal, pump, water demands for agriculture, etc.). Agents in the power system capture components of power generation, transportation, distribution and use (electricity demands, sources, etc.).

Toba, Danho Ange Lionel [Idaho National Laboratory↗

Test results on reuse of reclaimed shower water - A summary

Results are presented from tests to evaluate a microgravity whole body shower and waste water recovery system design for possible use on the Space Station. Several water recovery methods were tested, including phase change distillation, a thermoelectric hollow fiber membrane evaporation subsystem, and a reverse osmosis dynamic membrane system. Consideration is given to the test hardware, the types of soaps evaluated, the human response to showering with reclaimed water, chemical treatment for microbial control, the procedures for providing hygienic water, and the quality of water produced by the systems. All three of the waste water recovery systems tested successfully produced reclaimed water for reuse.

Verostko, Charles E.↗

JSC ECLSS R/T Program Overview

Viewgraphs on Johnson Space Center Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) research and technology program overview are presented. Topics covered include: advancements in electrochemical CO2 removal; supercritical water waste oxidation; electrooxidation for post-treatment of reclaimed water; and photocatalytic post-treatment of reclaimed water.

Behrend, A. F.↗

Water Hyacinths for Upgrading Sewage Lagoons to Meet Advanced Wastewater Treatment Standards, Part 1

Water hyacinths, Eichhornia crassipes Mart. Solms, have demonstrated the ability to function as an efficient and inexpensive final filtration system in a secondary domestic sewage lagoon during a three month test period. These plants reduced the suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demanding substances, and other chemical parameters to levels below the standards set by the state pollution control agency. The water hyacinth-covered secondary lagoon utilized in this experiment had a surface area of 0.28 hectare (0.70 acre) with a total capacity of 6.8 million liters (1.5 million gallons), receiving an inflow of 522,100 liters (115,000 gallons) per day from a 1.1 hectare (3.8 acre) aerated primary sewage lagoon. These conditions allowed a retention time of 14 to 21 days depending on the water hyacinth evapotranspiration rates. The desired purity of final sewage effluent can be controlled by the water hyacinth surface area, harvest rate, and the retention time.

Wolverton, B. C.↗

Plasma treating water for nitrate based nitrogen fertilizer - A review of recent device designs

Atmospheric pressure air plasma treatment of water is a promising alternative to the industrially intensive Haber-Bosch process for the production of nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizer is vital for plant life, and the environmental impacts of modern fertilizer application cannot be neglected. In order to maintain or increase food production in the future, more sustainable alternatives must be investigated. Plasma can be easily operated at smaller scales, onsite, utilizing green energy sources, cutting down transportation costs and impacts. This article focuses on nitrogen fixation by plasma treating water for use as nitrogen fertilizer. Here, we highlight recent advances (within the last two years) regarding water treating plasma devices, the challenges still facing the field, and recommend more thorough collaborative investigations be carried out in order to focus on the design and optimization of these devices for the future.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Integrated water management system - Description and test results

Water recovery subsystems are being tested at the NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center for Space Station use to process waste water generated from urine and wash water collection facilities. These subsystems are being integrated into a water management system that will incorporate wash water and urine processing through the use of hyperfiltration and vapor compression distillation subsystems. Other hardware in the water management system includes a whole body shower, a clothes washing facility, a urine collection and pretreatment unit, a recovered water post-treatment system, and a water quality monitor. This paper describes the integrated test configuration, pertinent performance data, and feasibility and design compatibility conclusions of the integrated water management system.

Elden, N. C.↗

Electron beam treatment for the removal of 1,4-dioxane in water and wastewater

Electron beam (e-beam) treatment uses accelerated electrons to form oxidizing and reducing radicals when applied to water without the use of external chemicals. In this study, electron beam treatment was used to degrade 1,4-dioxane in several water matrices. Removal improved in the progressively cleaner water matrices and removals as high as 94% to 99% were observed at a dose of 2.3 kGy in secondary effluent. 1,4-dioxane removal was confirmed to be primarily through hydroxyl radical oxidation. The calculated electrical energy per order was found to be 0.53, 0.26, and 0.08 kWh/m 3 /order for secondary effluent (Avg. total organic carbon (TOC) 9.25 mg/L), granular activated carbon effluent (TOC 3.46 mg/L), and ultrapure water, respectively, with a 70% generation and transfer efficiency applied.

1,4-dioxane↗

Oil and water resistant low adhesion surface treatment and coatings

A novel omniphobic surface coating is disclosed that provides both high oil-repellency and high-water repellency to the coated surface. The coating may contain perfluoropolyether (PFPE) or a similar fluorinated or perfluorinated polymer, as well as a hardener and a catalyst. One or more surfactants or viscosifiers may also be added. Further, the coating may contain one or more functional additives, including, but not limited to, coloring agents, anti-corrosive agents, anti-fouling agents, water-repellent agents, and/or oil-repellent agents. Methods for formulating the novel omniphobic surface coating are also described. Such methods include preparing a first part of the coating, which may contain, at minimum, a polymer such as PFPE or a similar fluorinated or perfluorinated polymer, and a suitable solvent; preparing a second part of the coating, which is a water-free system that may contain, at minimum, a hardener and a catalyst; and combining the first part and the second part together.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Advancing hydrogen production: A comprehensive review of wastewater reforming techniques, feedstocks, and opportunities

Wastewater is produced across nearly all human activities and requires treatment to safeguard human health and the natural environment. Treatment of wastewater often requires a large amount of thermal energy, resulting in wasted heat after the treatment process. Because hydrocarbon reforming needs both water and heat, the integration of wastewater treatment with hydrocarbon reforming, a process that produces synthesis gas rich in hydrogen, offers an excellent opportunity to utilize this waste heat and the impurities in wastewater to produce valuable hydrogen gas, to minimize waste from industrial processes, and to integrate water treatment with the hydrogen economy. Yet, no comprehensive literature review has been conducted to examine the integration of reforming and wastewater. To address this lack, we summarize the variety of catalytic reforming techniques available in the open literature and review the current literature on wastewater reforming with these techniques. Subsequently, we conduct a review of common types of wastewater contaminants and their possible effects on reforming catalyst performance and life. Lastly, three underexamined wastewater sources are identified, namely, oilfield wastewater, geothermal water, and mining and mineral processing wastewater, and their potential for future study as a reforming feedstock is examined.

08 HYDROGEN↗

Water Walls Architecture: Massively Redundant And Highly Reliable Life Support For Long Duration Exploration Missions

The Water Wall concept proposes a system for structural elements that provide,thermal, radiation, water, solids and air treatment functions which are placed at the periphery of inflatable or rigid habitats. It also provides novel and potentially game changing mass reduction and reuse options for radiation protection. The approach would allow water recycling, air treatment, thermal control, and solids residuals treatment and recycling to be removed from the usable habitat volume, and placed in the walls by way of a radiation shielding water wall. It would also provide a mechanism to recover and reuse water treatment (solids) residuals to strengthen the habitat shell and a method of deriving radiation shielding from wastes generated on orbit. Water wall treatment elements would be a much-enlarged version of the commercially available hydration bags. Some water bags may have pervaporation membranes facing outward, which would provide the ability to remove H20, C02 and trace organics from the atmosphere and some would have hydrophobic internal membranes which would provide water, and waste recycling and some power generation.

Water Recycling↗

An Update on Project PARETO - New Capabilities in DOE's Produced Water Optimization Framework

Managing oil and gas produced water, characterized by hypersalinity and large volumes, presents significant challenges. This paper introduces an advanced optimization framework, PARETO, which offers a novel approach to strategic water management, emphasizing produced water (PW) treatment, quality tracking, quantification of emissions, and environmental justice. This work pre-sents a case study showcasing different produced water management challenges. The PARETO framework demonstrated its effectiveness in optimizing water management strategies in line with environmental sustainability and regulatory compliance.

Zamarripa, Miguel↗

Laboratory and pilot-scale studies of membrane distillation for desalination of produced water from Permian Basin

Substantial quantities of produced water generated during the extraction of oil and gas from unconventional reservoirs present significant environmental concern and increase the operating cost for this industry. Membrane Distillation (MD) can serve as a potential solution for beneficial reuse of produced water by generating high-quality permeate and reducing the volume of produced water requiring disposal. This study investigated treatment of produced water from Permian Basin in both laboratory and pilot-scale studies. Laboratory tests revealed the potential to successfully recover 50% of produced water although some increase in permeate conductivity was observed due to the passage of ammonia from the feed side. Initial pilot-scale test with filtration of raw produced water as the only pre-treatment step led to precipitation of SrSO 4 , NaCl, and Fe in the system once the solubility limits for these salts were exceeded. However, chemical pretreatment that included pH adjustment, aeration, and barite precipitation, allowed successful steady-state operation of the AGMD pilot system for 5 days where the produced water was concentrated from 127 g/L to 255 g/L (~50% water recovery) while recovering high quality permeate. Overall, greater than 99.7 % salt rejection was achieved with the average permeate flux of 1.86 LMH. Finally, mass balance analysis suggested potential Ba and Ca precipitation in the system but there was no impact on AGMD performance and permeate quality during 5 days of continuous operation in the field.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Plasma Processing of Water and Inedible Biomass Ash Leaching

Researchers at Kennedy Space Center have developed a technology that generates plasma activated water in pH ranges that allow for the addition of nitrates and other nutrients to the water while maintaining a healthy pH for plants. A plasma torch is used to treat inedible biomass, generating ash containing nutrients useful for plant growth. The same plasma torch is also used to treat water, which results in the formation of nitric acid that lowers the pH of the water. Adding the plasma generated ash to the plasma treated water can balance the pH of the water to make it suitable for plant growth while simultaneously adding nutrients recycled from the inedible biomass to further enhance plant development. Plasma treatment of water to high and low pH extremes can also be used for sanitation purposes, causing pH shock to undesired organisms. The uniqueness of this process is the adjustability of the pH with one system. The same plasma system can be used to treat both the water and the biomass. Additionally, the technology can be used as an on-demand, point-of-use method for producing nitric acid.

Space Crop Production↗

Early Detection of Drought Stress in Durum Wheat Using Hyperspectral Imaging and Photosystem Sensing

Wheat, being the third largest U.S. crop and the principal food grain, faces significant risks from climate extremes such as drought. This necessitates identifying and developing methods for early water-stress detection to prevent yield loss and improve water-use efficiency. This study investigates the potential of hyperspectral imaging to detect the early stages of drought stress in wheat. The goal is to utilize this technology as a tool for screening and selecting drought-tolerant wheat genotypes in breeding programs. Additionally, this research aims to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of various existing sensors and methods for detecting early stages of water stress. The experiment was conducted in a durum wheat experimental field trial in Maricopa, Arizona, in the spring of 2019 and included well-watered and water-limited treatments of a panel of 224 replicated durum wheat genotypes. Spectral indices derived from hyperspectral imagery were compared against other plant-level indicators of water stress such as Photosystem II (PSII) and relative water content (RWC) data derived from proximal sensors. Our findings showed a 12% drop in photosynthetic activity in the most affected genotypes when compared to the least affected. The Leaf Water Vegetation Index 1 (LWVI1) highlighted differences between drought-resistant and drought-susceptible genotypes. Drought-resistant genotypes retained 43.36% more water in leaves under well-watered conditions compared to water-limited conditions, while drought-susceptible genotypes retained only 15.69% more. The LWVI1 and LWVI2 indices, aligned with the RWC measurements, revealed a strong inverse correlation in the susceptible genotypes, underscoring their heightened sensitivity to water stress in earlier stages. Several genotypes previously classified based on their drought resistance showed spectral indices deviating from expectations. Results from this research can aid farmers in improving crop yields by informing early management practices. Moreover, this research offers wheat breeders insights into the selection of drought-tolerant genotypes, a requirement that is becoming increasingly important as weather patterns continue to change.

Roy, Bishal (ORCID:0000000199125505)↗

From the Lab to your Sewage Plant – Accelerators for Environmental Applications

The history of environmental applications of ionizing irradiation dates back to the 80s and 90s of the last century. Electron beam has proven to be a useful tool for the treatment of industrial waste water and flue gases and is already in use in multiple pilot plants in East Europe and Asia. It also offers a new alternative for tackling rising challenges for the wastewater treatment industry of the future in form of newly discovered harmful contaminants. The talk presents developments that enable a technology transfer of well-established superconducting accelerator technology from science to this field of environmental applications with a focus on water treatment. Recent achievements and future concepts are summarized with an emphasis on the pioneering work done at Jefferson Lab.

Vennekate, Hannes↗

Warming Stimulates Iron-Mediated Carbon and Nutrient Cycling in Mineral-Poor Peatlands

We know that iron (Fe) plays a key role in elemental cycling at terrestrial–aquatic interfaces by stabilizing carbon (C), phosphorus (P), and nutrient cations through physicochemical associations and by potentially releasing these elements following the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II). However, the ecosystem-scale importance of Fe redox cycling and its responses to climate change remain unclear in precipitation-fed peatlands (bogs), C-rich wetlands with very low mineral content. We tested impacts of Fe redox cycling on C and nutrient release in two bogs in northern Minnesota and in Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE), an ecosystem-scale warming experiment. Concentrations of Fe(III) declined from the peat surface to 50 cm depth (31 to 0.5 µmol g -1 ) and co-occurred with Fe(II) (10 to 30 µmol g -1 ). Chemical reduction of Fe(III) released C and P from variably saturated (0–30 cm) peat (106–1006 µmol C g -1 ; 0.6–5 µmol P g -1 ), and Fe-bound C was similar to previous measurements from upland mineral soils. Concentrations of Fe(II) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were strongly (R 2 = 0.56–0.78) and positively correlated in water samples measured at SPRUCE enclosure outlets and ambient near-surface porewater. Concentrations of Fe(II) also correlated positively with P at warmer SPRUCE temperature treatments and increased with experimental warming, but stabilized at the highest temperature treatments as water depth declined. Although bogs have low total mineral content, mass balance measurements indicated that atmospheric deposition could in principle sustain significant Fe cycling and hydrologic losses in these ecosystems. Overall, Fe redox cycling significantly impacted C and nutrient dynamics in these mineral-poor bogs, contributing to strong correlations between Fe(II) and DOC in water samples. Increased Fe(III) reduction with warmer temperatures will likely promote peatland C and nutrient release, impacting ecosystem C budgets both directly and indirectly by enhancing decomposition and productivity.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗