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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 469 records · Page 26
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1992

Flow effects in a vertical CVD reactor

A model is presented to simulate the non-Boussinesq flow in a vertical, two-dimensional, chemical vapor deposition reactor under atmospheric pressure. Temperature-dependent conductivity, mass diffusivity, viscosity models, and reactive species mass transfer to the substrate are incorporated. In the limits of small Mach number and small aspect ratio, asymptotic expressions for the flow, temperature, and species fields are developed. Soret diffusion effects are also investigated. Analytical solutions predict an inverse relationship between temperature field and concentration field due to Soret effects. This finding is consistent with numerical simulations, assisting in the understanding of the complex interactions amongst the flow, thermal, and species fields in a chemically reacting system.

Young, G. W.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Mixing and chemical reaction in sheared and nonsheared homogeneous turbulence

Direct numerical simulations were made to examine the local structure of the reaction zone for a moderately fast reaction between unmixed species in decaying, homogeneous turbulence and in a homogeneous turbulent shear flow. Pseudospectral techniques were used in domains of 64 exp 3 and higher wavenumbers. A finite-rate, single step reaction between non-premixed reactants was considered, and in one case temperature-dependent Arrhenius kinetics was assumed. Locally intense reaction rates that tend to persist throughout the simulations occur in locations where the reactant concentration gradients are large and are amplified by the local rate of strain. The reaction zones are more organized in the case of a uniform mean shear than in isotropic turbulence, and regions of intense reaction rate appear to be associated with vortex structures such as horseshoe vortices and fingers seen in mixing layers. Concentration gradients tend to align with the direction of the most compressive principal strain rate, more so in the isotropic case.

Leonard, Andy D.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Computational/experimental basis for conducting alkane droplet combustion experiments on space-based-platforms

An analysis is conducted of the requirement for the conduct of spherically symmetric droplet-combustion experiments on space platforms, on the basis of a novel time-dependent computational droplet combustion model that allows the time- and temperature-dependent transport characteristics to be incorporated. While at low oxygen indices the droplet burning extinction becomes a strong function of oxygen index, it becomes a weaker function at higher oxygen index values. The oxygen index that separates these two ranges are dependent on the diluent, being higher for He and lower for N.

Choi, Mun Y.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Equilibrium thermodynamics and stochastic nonlinear acoustic fields

A crystalline solid is considered to consist of a large number of incoherent nonlinear acoustic radiation sources identified with the vibrating particles of the crystalline lattice. Randomization of the field, together with the assumption of a stochastically independent, fluctuating, radiation field at the absolue zero of temperature, leads to an expression of the temperature-dependent radiation field in terms of the zero-point field. The equation is identified with the Planck distribution formula of quantum mechanics in the linear field limit. The thermodynamic state functions are also obtained in terms of the nonlinear acoustic modal energies per unit mass and reduce to the results of the Debye-Einstein stochastic quantum oscillator model in the linear field limit.

Cantrell, J. H.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Chemical vapor deposition coatings for oxidation protection of titanium alloys

Results of an experimental investigation of the oxidation protection afforded to Ti-14Al-21Nb and Ti-14Al-23Nb-2V titanium aluminides and Ti-17Mo-3Al-3Nb titanium alloy by aluminum-boron-silicon and boron-silicon coatings are presented. These coatings are applied by a combination of physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes. The former is for the application of aluminum, and the latter is for codeposition of boron and silicon. Coating thickness is in the range of 2 to 7 microns, and coating weights are 0.6 to 2.0 mg/sq cm. Oxidation testing was performed in air at temperatures to 1255 K in both static and hypersonic flow environments. The degree of oxidation protection provided by the coatings is determined from weight change measurements made during the testing and post test compositional analyses. Temperature-dependent total normal emittance data are also presented for four coating/substrate combinations. Both types of coatings provided excellent oxidation protection for the exposure conditions of this investigation. Total normal emittances were greater than 0.80 in all cases.

Cunnington, G. R.↗
NASA NTRS1992

The effect of fiber microstructure on evolution of residual stresses in silicon carbide/titanium aluminide composites

This paper examines the effect of the morphology of the SCS6 silicon carbide fiber on the evolution of residual stresses in SiC/Ti composites. A micromechanics model based on the concentric cylinder concept is presented which is used to calculate residual stresses in a SiC/Ti composite during axisymmetric cooling by a spatially uniform temperature change. The silicon carbide fiber is modeled as a layered material with five distinct transversely isotropic and orthotropic, elastic layers, whereas the titanium matrix is taken to be isotropic, with temperature-dependent elastoplastic properties. The results arc compared with those obtained based on the assumption that the silicon carbide fiber is isotropic and homogeneous.

Pindera, Marek-Jerzy↗
NASA NTRS1949

Dislocation Theory of the Fatigue of Metals

A dislocation theory of fatigue failure for annealed solid solutions is presented. On the basis of this theory, an equation giving the dependence of the number of cycles for failure on the stress, the temperature, the material parameters, and the frequency is derived for uniformly stressed specimens. The equation is in quantitative agreement with the data. Inasmuch as one material parameter is indicated to be temperature-dependent and its temperature dependence is unknown, it is impossible to predict the temperature dependence of the number of cycles for failure. A predicted quantitative correlation between fatigue and creep was found to exist, which suggests the practical possibility of obtaining fatigue data for annealed solid solutions and elements from steady-state creep-rate data for these materials. As a result of this investigation, a modification of the equation for the steady-state creep rate previously developed on the basis of the dislocation theory is suggested. Additional data are required to verify completely the dislocation theory of fatigue.

Machlin, E S↗
NASA NTRS1991

In-situ ellipsometric studies of optical and surface properties of GaAs(100) at elevated temperatures

A rotating-polarizer ellipsometer was attached to an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) chamber. A GaAs(100) sample was introduced into the UHV chamber and heated at anumber of fixed elevated temperatures, without arsenic overpressure. In-situ spectroscopic ellipsometric (SE) measurements were taken, through a pair of low-strain quartz windows, to monitor the surface changes and measure the pseudodielectric functions at elevated temperatures. Real-time data from GaAs surface covered with native oxide showed clearly the evolution of oxide desorption at approximately 580 C. In addition, surface degradation was found before and after the oxide desorption. An oxide free and smooth GaAs surface was obtained by depositing an arsenic protective coating onto a molecular beam epitaxy grown GaAs surface. The arsenic coating was evaporated immediately prior to SE measurements. A comparison showed that our room temperature data from this GaAs surface, measured in the UHV, are in good agreement with those in the literature obtained by wet-chemical etching. The surface also remained clean and smooth at higher temperatures, so that reliable temperature-dependent dielectric functions were obtained.

Yao, Huade↗
NASA NTRS1987

Tubulinlike protein from Spirochaeta bajacaliforniensis

Tubulin proteins are the fundamental subunits of all polymeric microtubule-based eukaryotic structures. Long, hollow structures each composed of 13 protofilaments as revealed by electron microscopy, microtubules (240 angstroms in diameter) are nearly ubiquitous in eukaryotes. These proteins have been the subject of intense biochemical and biophyiscal interest since the early 1970s and are of evolutionary interest as well. If tubulin-based structures (i.e., neurotubules, mitotic spindle tubules, centrioles, kinetosomes, axonemes, etc.) evolved from spirochetes by way of motility symbioses, tubulin homologies with spirochete proteins should be detectable. Tubulin proteins are widely thought to be limited to eukaryotes. Yet both azotobacters and spirochetes have shown immunological cross-reactivity with antitubulin antibodies. In neither of these studies was tubulin isolated nor any specific antigen identified as responsible for the immunoreactivity. Furthermore, although far less uniform in structure than eukaryotic microtubules, various cytoplasmic fibers and tubules (as seen by electron microscopy) have been reported in several types of prokaryotes (e.g., Spirochaeta; large termite spirochetes; treponemes; cyanobacteria; and Azotobacter. This work forms a part of our long-range study of the possible prokaryotic origin of tubulin and microtubules. Spirochetes are helically shaped gram-negative motile prokaryotes. They differ from all other bacterial in that the position of their flagella is periplasmic: their flagella lie between the inner and outer membranes of the gram-negative cell wall. Some of the largest spirochetes have longitudinally aligned 240 angstrom microtubules. Unfortunately, in spite of many attempts, all of the larger spirochetes (family Pillotaceae) with well-defined cytoplasmic tubules and antitubulin immunoreactivity are not cultivable. However, a newly described spirochete species (Spirochaeta bajacaliforniensis) possessing cytoplasmic fibers displays antitubulin immunoreactivity in whole-cell preparations. Since preliminary observations suggested that Spirochaeta bajacaliforniensis proteins may be related to eukaryotic tubulins, their characterization was undertaken. Brain tubulin can be purified by utilizing its ability to polymerize at warm temperatures and to depolymerize in the cold. After several cycles of sedimentation and redissolution the microtubule fraction is comprised of 75% tubulin and 20% high molecular mass microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). In this paper we report that components of cell lysates, prepared from a spirochete that contains cytoplasmic fibers (Spirochaeta bajacaliforniensis), also exhibit the property of temperature-dependent cyclical sedimentation. Additionally we report the identification and characterization of the polypeptide responsible for cross-reactivity with antitubulin antiserum.

Non-NASA Center↗
NASA NTRS1987

Tubulinlike protein from Spirochaeta bajacaliforniensis

Tubulin proteins are the fundamental subunits of all polymeric microtubule-based eukaryotic structures. Long, hollow structures each composed of 13 protofilaments as revealed by electron microscopy, microtubules (240 angstroms in diameter) are nearly ubiquitous in eukaryotes. These proteins have been the subject of intense biochemical and biophysical interest since the early 1970s and are of evolutionary interest as well. If tubulin-based structures (i.e., neurotubules, mitotic spindle tubules, centrioles, kinetosomes, axonemes, etc.) evolved from spirochetes by way of motility symbioses, tubulin homologies with spirochete proteins should be detectable. Tubulin proteins are widely thought to be limited to eukaryotes. Yet both azotobacters and spirochetes have shown immunological cross-reactivity with anitubulin antibodies. In neither of these studies was tubulin isolated nor any specific antigen identified as responsible for the immunoreactivity. Furthermore, although far less uniform in structure than eukaryotic microtubules, various cytoplasmic fibers and tubules (as seen by electron microscopy) have been reported in several types of prokaryotes (e.g., Spirochaeta; large termite spirochetes; treponemes; cyanobacteria; and Azotobacter. This work forms a part of our long-range study of the possible prokaryotic origin of tubulin and microtubules. Spirochetes are helically shaped gram-negative motile prokaryotes. They differ from all other bacteria in that the position of their flagella is periplasmic: their flagella lie between the inner and outer membranes of the gram-negative cell wall. Some of the largest spirochetes have longitudinally aligned 240 angstroms microtubules. Unfortunately, in spite of many attempts, all of the larger spirochetes (family Pillotaceae) with well-defined cytoplasmic tubules and antitubulin immunoreactivity are not cultivable. However, a newly described spirochete species (Spirochaeta bajacaliforniensis) possessing cytoplasmic fibers displays antitubulin immunoreactivity in whole-cell preparations. Since preliminary observations suggested that Spirochaeta bajacaliforniensis proteins may be related to eukaryotic tubulins, their characterization was undertaken. Brain tubulin can be purified by utilizing its ability to polymerize at warm temperatures and to depolymerize in the cold. After several cycles of sedimentation and redissolution the microtubule fraction is composed of 75% tubulin and 20% high molecular mass microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). In this paper we report that components of cell lysates, prepared from a spirochete that contains cytoplasmic fibers (Spirochaeta bajacaliforniensis), also exhibit the property of temperature-dependent cyclical sedimentation. Additionally we report the identification and characterization of the polypeptide responsible for cross-reactivity with antitubulin antiserum.

Non-NASA Center↗
NASA NTRS1984

A dynamic model for plant growth: validation study under changing temperatures

A dynamic simulation model to describe vegetative growth of plants, for which some functions and parameter values have been estimated previously by optimization search techniques and numerical experimentation based on data from constant temperature experiments, is validated under conditions of changing temperatures. To test the predictive capacity of the model, dry matter accumulation in the leaves, stems, and roots of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) was measured at 2- or 3-day intervals during a 5-week period when temperatures in controlled-environment rooms were programmed for changes at weekly and daily intervals and in ascending or descending sequences within a range of 14 to 34 degrees C. Simulations of dry matter accumulation and distribution were carried out using the programmed changes for experimental temperatures and compared with the measured values. The agreement between measured and predicted values was close and indicates that the temperature-dependent functional forms derived from constant-temperature experiments are adequate for modelling plant growth responses to conditions of changing temperatures with switching intervals as short as 1 day.

NASA Discipline Number 60-40↗
NASA NTRS1987

Structure and dynamics of amorphous water ice

Further insight into the structure and dynamics of amorphous water ice, at low temperatures, was obtained by trapping in it Ar, Ne, H2, and D2. Ballistic water-vapor deposition results in the growth of smooth, approximately 1 x 0.2 micrometer2, ice needles. The amorphous ice seems to exist in at least two separate forms, at T < 85 K and at 85 < T < 136.8 K, and transform irreversibly from one form to the other through a series of temperature-dependent metastable states. The channels formed by the water hexagons in the ice are wide enough to allow the free penetration of H2 and D2 into the ice matrix even in the relatively compact cubic ice, resulting in H2-(D2-) to-ice ratios (by number) as high as 0.63. The larger Ar atoms can penetrate only into the wider channels of amorphous ice, and Ne is an intermediate case. Dynamic percolation behavior explains the emergence of Ar and Ne (but not H2 and D2) for the ice, upon warming, in small and big gas jets. The big jets, each containing approximately 5 x 10(10) atoms, break and propel the ice needles. Dynamic percolation also explains the collapse of the ice matrix under bombardment by Ar , at a pressure exceeding 2.6 dyn cm-2, and the burial of huge amounts of gas inside the collapsed matrix, up to an Ar-to-ice of 3.3 (by number). The experimental results could be relevant to comets, icy satellites, and icy grain mantles in dense interstellar clouds.

NASA Program Exobiology↗
NASA NTRS2026

Thermoplastic Matrix Composite Design for Cryotanks Using Multiscale Modeling and Bayesian Optimization

Designing lightweight, robust cryogenic storage tanks is critical for future launch vehicles, in-space propellant storage, and hydrogen powered aircraft. This work presents a multiscale modeling and Bayesian optimization framework for the design of thermoplastic matrix composite cryotanks. Molecular dynamics simulations are first used to determine temperature-dependent constituent properties for candidate thermoplastic matrices, which are homogenized to the lamina scale using NASA’s Multiscale Analysis Tool (NASMAT). These lamina properties, in combination with laminate family generation rules, are evaluated in HyperX structural optimization software to identify stacking sequences that meet all cryogenic load requirements. A Bayesian optimization framework is applied, with HyperX in the loop (via the HyperX API) to efficiently search across material and laminate design variables, yielding an optimized cryotank configuration with significant reductions in design cycle time compared to exhaustive search approaches.

thermoplastics↗
DOE OSTI2025

Developing a Nuclear Quality Assurance Compliant Design Methodology for Neutronic Analysis of Xe-100 Design

The primary objective of this work is to develop a design methodology compliant with nuclear quality assurance standards for the Xe-100 neutronic design verification studies. To achieve this, a Monte Carlo model of the Xe-100 reactor was constructed using the exclusion principle, transformation technique, and universe-based level specification following Idaho National Laboratory (INL) NQA level-1 compliant standards and an NQA-1 compliant version of MCNP6. The model encompasses the entire reactor core structures, including the upper plenum, core region, and lower plenum sections, along with all sub-components. The active core section was represented using the spectral regions, each comprising a particular fuel composition and temperature averaged over the considered zone, calculated by X-energy using Very Superior Old Programs (VSOP). Additionally, a component-wise temperature map was implemented into the model, not only for the core region but also for the structural components. Temperature-dependent cross-section libraries, along with thermal scattering law libraries, generated using INL NQA-1 compliant version of NJOY21, were utilized for each isotope in the burnt fuel and the structural materials. Furthermore, the volume of each modeled component was estimated using a stochastic approach with the ray tracing method in MCNP and criticality calculations were performed.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Optimization of the light detection system of the ICARUS detector

The Short Baseline Neutrino (SBN) Program at Fermilab is designed to investigate short-baseline neutrino oscillations and test the hypothesis of sterile neutrinos, motivated by several experimental anomalies observed over the past decades. Within this program, the ICARUS experiment plays a key role. It employs the world’s largest Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) and serves as the farthest and most sensitive SBN detector for studying muon and electron neutrino oscillations. A crucial subsystem of the ICARUS detector is the Light Detection System (LDS), which captures the prompt scintillation light produced by neutrino interactions in the 600-ton active liquid Argon volume. This system provides precise timing information that is essential for event reconstruction, the trigger system, and cosmic background rejection. The LDS is composed of 360 Hamamatsu R5912-MOD 8-inch photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), operating under cryogenic conditions ($\sim 87 \ K$) inside the detector’s cryostats. During the detector’s operation at FNAL, a degradation in PMT gain has been observed, attributed to aging under low-temperature conditions. In collaboration with ICARUS teams from INFN Pavia and Catania, I developed an experimental setup to study the temperature-dependent behavior of the PMTs, performing gain measurements both at room temperature and down to $-70°C$ using a climatic chamber at INFN Catania. The results indicate that while the PMTs maintain stable gain at room temperature, a significant and permanent gain reduction occurs at low temperatures. Although $-70°C$ is still warmer than liquid Argon temperatures, the findings clearly demonstrate a gain-dependent performance degradation. The thesis also discusses mitigation strategies implemented in the ICARUS detector to address this issue and presents a simplified model to describe and simulate the observed behavior.

Saia, Clara [Catania U.] (ORCID:0009000464102417)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Investigating Radiation-Induced Actinide Species in Solution

Used nuclear fuel (UNF) separation techniques that strive to separate radiotoxic americium (Am) from trivalent lanthanide fission products through oxidation state control have increased research efforts surrounding Am(V) and Am(VI). However, equivalent knowledge of the tetravalent state, Am(IV), has remained elusive, particularly in conditions more representative of UNF reprocessing, i.e., in concentrated nitric acid (HNO3). With this in mind, we have used electron pulse radiolysis to study the radiation-induced redox reaction of Am(III) with the oxidizing nitrate radical (NO3?) in 6 M HNO3: Am(III) + NO3? ? Am(IV) + NO3? . These experiments enabled us to observe the growth and decay of Am(IV) in a concentrated acidic solution for the first time. The transient Am(IV) species was found to have a lifetime of ~16 µs?sufficiently long-lived to play a critical mechanistic role in UNF reprocessing systems. Additionally, we performed the first-ever temperature-dependent kinetics study of an actinide element, elucidating unprecedented Arrhenius and Eyring activation parameters for the reaction of Am(III) with NO3?. This new knowledge provides much-needed molecular-level insights into the radiation-induced behavior of Am.

actinide↗
DOE OSTI2025

Ceramography and Thermal Modelling of Irradiated TRISO Particles using BISON

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of irradiated TRISO fuel particles from the Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) Fuel Development and Qualification Program conducted at the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) as part of my internship. Failure Analysis using high-resolution microscopy was performed to characterize mechanisms in TRISO particle layers, including the kernel, buffer, inner pyrolytic carbon (IPyC), silicon carbide (SiC), and outer pyrolytic carbon (OPyC) coatings. Failure modes were systematically classified. Thermal conductivity properties of each TRISO layer were evaluated through experimental measurements and computational models for use in BISON finite element code. Experimental thermal conductivity values ranged from 0.5 W/m·K for the buffer layer to 168 W/m·K for SiC, while BISON simulations provided averaged values of 0.57 W/m·K (buffer), 4.0 W/m·K (PyC layers), and 15.95 W/m·K (SiC). Temperature-dependent correlations from PARFUME were implemented for kernel thermal properties.

BISON↗
DOE OSTI2025

Minimization of thermal deformation in crystal optics for high repetition-rate FEL

Minimizing thermal deformation in X-ray crystal optics is crucial for preserving coherence and wavefront in high-repetition-rate free-electron lasers (FELs). This study presents two approaches to reduce pulse-by-pulse transient thermal deformation in diamond crystals used in cavity-based X-ray FELs (CBXFELs): (1) cryogenic cooling with liquid nitrogen (LN₂), and (2) second-order correction via focusing optics. We revisit the temperature-dependent thermal-mechanical properties of diamond and silicon, implement a finite-element analysis (FEA) method to accelerate convergence to a quasisteady-state regime. Results show that LN₂-cooled diamond crystals meet the stringent deformation requirement of less than 15 pm RMS for the pulse at mJ scale at 1 MHz repetition frequency, and up to 1.5 mJ for 100 kHz. Second-order correction by using focusing elements within the cavity can reduce the impact of thermal deformation for both liquid nitrogen and water cooling.

free electron laser↗