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At least 469 records · Page 26

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NASA NTRS2004

Electrical Conductivity of HgTe at High Temperatures

The electrical conductivity of HgTe was measured using a rotating magnetic field method from 300 K to the melting point (943 K). A microscopic theory for electrical conduction was used to calculate the expected temperature dependence of the HgTe conductivity. A comparison between the measured and calculated conductivities was used to obtain the estimates of the temperature dependence of Gamma(sub 6)-Gamma(sub 8) energy gap from 300 K to 943 K. The estimated temperature coefficient for the energy gap was comparable to the previous results at lower temperatures (less than or equal to 300 K). A rapid increase in the conductivity just above 300 K and a subsequent decrease at 500 K is attributed to band crossover effects. This paper describes the experimental approach and some of the theoretical calculation details.

Li, C.↗

NASA NTRS2015

Temperature Sensitivity of an Atomic Vapor Cell-Based Dispersion-Enhanced Optical Cavity

Enhancement of the response of an optical cavity to a change in optical path length, through the use of an intracavity fast-light medium, has previously been demonstrated experimentally and described theoretically for an atomic vapor cell as the intracavity resonant absorber. This phenomenon may be used to enhance both the scale factor and sensitivity of an optical cavity mode to the change in path length, e.g. in gyroscopic applications. We study the temperature sensitivity of the on-resonant scale factor enhancement, S(sub o), due to the thermal sensitivity of the lower-level atom density in an atomic vapor cell, specifically for the case of the Rb-87 D(sub 2) transition. A semi-empirical model of the temperature-dependence of the absorption profile, characterized by two parameters, a(sub o)(T) and gamma(sub a)(T) allows the temperature-dependence of the cavity response, S(sub o)(T) and dS(sub o)/dT to be predicted over a range of temperature. We compare the predictions to experiment. Our model will be useful in determining the useful range for S(sub o), given the practical constraints on temperature stability for an atomic vapor cell.

Myneni, K.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Computation of infrared cooling rates in the water vapor bands

A fast but accurate method for calculating the infrared radiative terms due to water vapor has been developed. It makes use of the far wing approximation to scale transmission along an inhomogeneous path to an equivalent homogeneous path. Rather than using standard conditions for scaling, the reference temperatures and pressures are chosen in this study to correspond to the regions where cooling is most significant. This greatly increased the accuracy of the new method. Compared to line by line calculations, the new method has errors up to 4% of the maximum cooling rate, while a commonly used method based upon the Goody band model (Rodgers and Walshaw, 1966) introduces errors up to 11%. The effect of temperature dependence of transmittance has also been evaluated; the cooling rate errors range up to 11% when the temperature dependence is ignored. In addition to being more accurate, the new method is much faster than those based upon the Goody band model.

Chou, M. D.↗

NASA NTRS1995

Time-dependent deformation of titanium metal matrix composites

A three-dimensional finite element program called VISCOPAC was developed and used to conduct a micromechanics analysis of titanium metal matrix composites. The VISCOPAC program uses a modified Eisenberg-Yen thermo-viscoplastic constitutive model to predict matrix behavior under thermomechanical fatigue loading. The analysis incorporated temperature-dependent elastic properties in the fiber and temperature-dependent viscoplastic properties in the matrix. The material model was described and the necessary material constants were determined experimentally. Fiber-matrix interfacial behavior was analyzed using a discrete fiber-matrix model. The thermal residual stresses due to the fabrication cycle were predicted with a failed interface, The failed interface resulted in lower thermal residual stresses in the matrix and fiber. Stresses due to a uniform transverse load were calculated at two temperatures, room temperature and an elevated temperature of 650 C. At both temperatures, a large stress concentration was calculated when the interface had failed. The results indicate the importance of accuracy accounting for fiber-matrix interface failure and the need for a micromechanics-based analytical technique to understand and predict the behavior of titanium metal matrix composites.

Bigelow, C. A.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Dense simple plasmas as high-temperature liquid simple metals

The thermodynamic properties of dense plasmas considered as high-temperature liquid metals are studied. An attempt is made to show that the neutral pseudoatom picture of liquid simple metals may be extended for describing plasmas in ranges of densities and temperatures where their electronic structure remains 'simple'. The primary features of the model when applied to plasmas include the temperature-dependent self-consistent calculation of the electron charge density and the determination of a density and temperature-dependent ionization state.

Perrot, F.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Polynomial coefficients for calculating O2 Schumann-Runge cross sections at 0.5/cm resolution

O2 cross sections from 49,000 to 57,000/cm have been fitted with temperature dependent polynomial expressions, providing an accurate and efficient means of determining Schumann-Runge band cross sections for temperatures between 130 and 500 K. The least squares fits were carried out on a 0.5/cm spectral grid, using cross sections obtained from a Schumann-Runge line-by-line model that incorporates the most recent spectroscopic data. The O2 cross sections do not include the underlying Herzberg continuum, but they do contain contributions from the temperature dependent Schumann-Runge continuum. The cross sections are suitable for use in UV transmission calculations at high spectral resolution. They should also prove useful for updating existing parameterizations of ultraviolet transmission and O2 photolysis.

Minschwaner, K.↗

NASA NTRS1997

Laboratory Measurements of Celestial Solids

Our experimental study has focused on laboratory measurements of the low temperature optical properties of a variety of astronomically significant materials in the infrared and mm-wave region of the spectrum. Our far infrared measurements of silicate grains with an open structure have produced a variety of unusual results: (1) the low temperature mass opacity coefficient of small amorphous 2MgO(central dot)SiO2 and MgO(central dot)2SiO2 grains are many times larger than the values previously used for interstellar grain material; (2) all of the amorphous silicate grains studied possess the characteristic temperature dependent signature associated with two level systems in bulk glass; and (3) a smaller but nonzero two level temperature dependence signature is also observed for crystalline particles, its physical origin is unclear. These laboratory measurements yield surprisingly large and variable values for the mm-wave absorption coefficients of small silicate particles similar to interstellar grains, and suggest that the bulk absorptivity of interstellar dust at these long wavelengths will not be well known without such studies. Furthermore, our studies have been useful to better understand the physics of the two level absorption process in amorphous and crystalline grains to gain confidence in the wide applicability of these results.

Sievers, A. J.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Visible-ultraviolet absorption cross sections for NO2 as a function of temperature

A redetermination of the temperature dependence of the absorption cross-section (sigma) of NO2 in the visible-ultraviolet region was made in order to provide a more reliable data base for the calculation of NO2 photolysis rates in the atmosphere. Experiments over a wide range of temperatures and NO2 concentrations were conducted. The integral of a plot of sigma versus the inverse of the wavelength was essentially independent of temperature. Increasing temperature produced a shift of the spectrum toward longer wavelengths, resulting in a small negative temperature dependence of sigma over the 264-400 nm range and a small positive dependence over the 450-649 nm range. Increasing temperature produced broadening of individual spectral features, resulting in a systematic lowering of peaks and filling of valleys. Recommended cross sections are presented for use in tropospheric NO2 photolysis rate calculations.

Davidson, J. A.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Fabrication and characterization of Si3N4 ceramics without additives by high pressure hot pressing

High pressure hot-pressing of Si3N4 without additives was performed using various kinds of Si3N4 powder as starting materials, and the relation between densification and alpha-beta phase transformation was studied. The temperature dependences of Vickers microhardness and fracture toughness were also examined. Densification of Si3N4 was divided into three stages, and it was found that densification and phase transformation of Si3N4 under pressure were closely associated. The results of the temperature dependence of Vickers microhardness indicated that the high-temperature hardness was strongly influenced not only by the density and microstructure of sintered body but also by the purity of starting powder. The fracture toughness values of Si3N4 bodies without additives were 3.29-4.39 MN/m to the 3/2 power and independent of temperature up to 1400 C.

Shimada, M.↗

NASA NTRS2004

Numerical Implementation of Ice Rheology for Europa's Shell

We present a discussion of approximations to the temperature dependent part of the rheology of ice. We have constructed deformation maps using the superplastic rheology of Goldsby & Kohlstedt and find that the rheologies that control convective flow in the Europa's are likely grain boundary sliding and basal slip for a range of grain sizes 0.1 mm < d < 1 cm. We compare the relative merits of two different approximations to the temperature dependence of viscosity and argue that for temperature ranges appropriate to Europa, implementing the non-Newtonian, lab-derived flow law directly is required to accurately judge the onset of convection in the ice shell and temperature gradient in the near-surface ice.

Barr, A. C.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Heavy doping effects in high efficiency silicon solar cells

The temperature dependence of the emitter saturation current for bipolar devices was studied by varying the surface recombination velocity at the emitter surface. From this dependence, the value was derived for bandgap narrowing that is in better agreement with other determinations that were obtained from the temperature dependence measure on devices with ohmic contacts. Results of the first direct measurement of the minority-carrier transit time in a transparent heavily doped emitter layer were reported. The value was obtained by a high-frequency conductance method recently developed and used for doped Si. Experimental evidence is presented for significantly greater charge storage in highly excited silicon near room temperature than conventional theory would predict. These data are compared with various data for delta E sub G in heavily doped silicon.

Lindholm, F. A.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Ferromagnetic-superparamagnetic granulometry of lunar surface materials

A technique of magnetic granulometry is applied to previously reported data for the temperature dependence of isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) in 13 lunar surface samples, including three soils. Observed increases in IRM with decreasing temperature are attributed to changes from superparamagnetic to single-domain types of behavior for fine metallic-iron particles. Based on this hypothesis, the temperature dependence of IRM in the examined samples is analyzed to obtain particle-size distributions over the range of mean diameters from 30 to 130 A. It is found that the distribution functions for the soils and a low-grade breccia vary as the inverse square of particle volume and that the distributions for recrystallized breccias and igneous rocks apparently peak about mean values.

Schwerer, F. C.↗

NASA NTRS2004

Thermophysical Properties of Selected II-VI Semiconducting Melts

Thermophysical properties are essential for the accurate predication of the crystal growth process by computational modeling. Currently, the temperature dependent thermophysical property data for the II-VI semiconductor melts are scarce. This paper reports the results of the temperature dependence of melt density, viscosity and electrical conductivity of selected II-VI compounds, including HgTe, HgCdTe and HgZnTe. The melt density was measured using a pycnometric method, and the viscosity and electrical conductivity were measured by a transient torque method. The results were compared with and showed good agreement with the existing data in the literature.

Li, C.↗

NASA NTRS2004

Microgravity Studies of Liquid-Liquid Phase Transitions in Alumina-Yttria Melts

The scientific objective of this research is to increase the fundamental knowledge base for liquid- phase processing of technologically important oxide materials. The experimental objective is to define conditions and hardware requirements for microgravity flight experiments to test and expand the experimental hypotheses that: 1. Liquid phase transitions can occur in undercooled melts by a diffusionless process. 2. Onset of the liquid phase transition is accompanied by a large change in the temperature dependence of melt viscosity. Experiments on undercooled YAG (Y3A15012)- and rare earth oxide aluminate composition liquids demonstrated a large departure from an Arrhenian temperature dependence of viscosity. Liquid YAG is nearly inviscid at its 2240 K melting point. Glass fibers were pulled from melts undercooled by ca. 600 K indicating that the viscosity is on the order of 100 Pans (1000 Poise) at 1600 K. This value of viscosity is 500 times greater than that obtained by extrapolation of data for temperatures above the melting point of YAG. These results show that the liquids are extremely fragile and that the onset of the highly non-Arrhenian viscosity-temperature relationship occurs at a temperature considerably below the equilibrium melting point of the solid phases. Further results on undercooled alumina-yttria melts containing 23-42 mole % yttrium oxide indicate that a congruent liquid-liquid phase transition occurs in the undercooled liquids. The rates of transition are inconsistent with a diffusion-limited process. This research is directed to investigation of the scientifically interesting phenomena of polyamorphism and fragility in undercooled rare earth oxide aluminum oxide liquids. The results bear on the technologically important problem of producing high value rare earth-based optical materials.

Guynes, Buddy↗

NASA NTRS1976

Lunar sample analysis

Room temperature internal friction (Q sup-1) values of the 0.00002-0.00003 range were achieved with lunar rock 70215,85 by thorough outgassing procedures in ultrahigh vacuum. Results are presented on the temperature dependence of Q sup -1 as measured in the range 25 C to 600 C along with some data on the change in Q sup -1 with pressure in ultrahigh vacuum. The temperature dependence shows the existence of an internal friction peak at around 200 C followed at high temperatures by an extensive region with flat Q sup -1 (approximately 0.001); the work at ultrahigh vacuum shows decreases in the internal friction with decreases in ambient pressure even in the range 10 to the -8 to 10 to the -10 power torr.

Tittmann, B. R.↗

NASA NTRS1991

A simple parameterization of ozone infrared absorption for atmospheric heating rate calculations

A simple parameterization of ozone absorption in the 9.6-micron region which is suitable for two- and three-dimensional stratospheric and tropospheric models is presented. The band is divided into two parts, a brand center region and a band wing region, grouping together regions for which the temperature dependence of absorption is similar. Each of the two regions is modeled with a function having the form of the Goody random model, with pressure and temperature dependent band parameters chosen by empirically fitting line-by-line equivalent widths for pressures between 0.25 and 1000 mbar and ozone absorber amounts between 1.0 x 10 to the -7th and 1.0 cm atm. The model has been applied to calculations of atmospheric heating rates using an absorber amount weighted mean pressure and temperature along the inhomogeneous paths necessary for flux computations. In the stratosphere, maximum errors in the heating rates relative to line-by-line calculations are 0.1 K/d, or 5 percent of the peak cooling at the stratopause. In the troposphere the errors are at most 0.005 K/d.

Rosenfield, Joan E.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Recombination of electrons with NH4/+/-/NH3/n-series ions

The paper examines the recombination of electrons with ammonium-series cluster ions, NH4(+)-(NH3)n, for two reasons: (1) NH4(+) may be a significant ion in the lower atmospheres of the earth and the outer planets, and (2) to investigate the weak temperature dependence of the cluster ion's recombination coefficient. A microwave afterglow mass spectrometer was used to determine the recombination coefficients for the first five members of the ammonium series, (18+) through (86+), at temperatures between 200 and 410 K. The electron temperature dependence of the recombination coefficient was determined for (35+) and (52+), the n = 1 and 2 cluster ions, over the temperature range 300-3000 K.

Huang, C.-M.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Theoretical studies of the extraterrestrial chemistry of biogenic elements and compounds

Organic compounds, molecules related to those in living systems, are found in many different extraterrestrial environments. The study of organic astrochemistry is important to exobiology both because it demonstrates the ubiquity of processes which led to life on Earth and because the dust clouds where molecules are found are analogs of the solar nebula from which the Earth formed. In the long chain of events leading from the Big Bang, and a universe composed of atomic hydrogen and helium, to the emergence of life on Earth, molecular interstellar clouds are an early link, the most primitive objects which display any significant organic chemistry. One such cloud was the direct precursor to the solar system and to all objects which it contains. Theoretical methods are ideally suited to studying interstellar cloud chemistry. They have been applied to determine spectroscopic constants of candidate interstellar molecules, mechanisms of ion-molecule reactions, and composition of dust grains. Accurate predictions of rotational constants and dipole moments of long-chain carbon molecules HC13N, HC15N, and C5O have been made to aid in determining the size limit of gas-phase interstellar molecules. Models of gas-phase interstellar chemistry use reaction rate constants measured at room temperature and extrapolated to interstellar temperatures. The temperature dependence of NH3(+)+H2 yields NH4(+)+H is anomalous, however, with a minimum rate at about 100K, casting doubt on the extrapolation procedures. The temperature dependence has now been explained.

Defrees, D. J.↗