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Results for “RAMAN EFFECT”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 469 records · Page 26
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Modeling of Raman-Scattering Signals in Biological Tissues by Direct and Two-Step Approaches

A search for an effective method of modelling of the Raman-spectroscopy problem in turbid (scattering) media has been performed taking into account the corresponding parameters of the detector and sample volume. A solution of the radiative-transfer equation by Monte-Carlo method underlies the proposed model. Two fundamental approaches to numerical modeling of Raman scattering are considered: the direct transport problem of Rayleigh and Raman photons at each point of the medium and the two-step model, in which a photon flux in the medium is calculated in the first stage, followed by generation of the corresponding number of Raman photons at each point.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Tuning the interaction between propagating and localized surface plasmons for surface enhanced Raman scattering in water for biomedical and environmental applications

With a view to biomedical and environmental applications, we investigate the plasmonic properties of a rectangular gold nanodisk array in water to boost surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effects. To control the resonance wavelengths of the surface plasmon polariton and the localized surface plasmon, their dependence on the array period and diameter in water is studied in detail using a finite difference time domain method. A good agreement is obtained between calculated resonant wavelengths and those of gold nanodisk arrays fabricated using electron beam lithography. For the optimized structure, a SERS enhancement factor of 7.8 × 10{sup 7} is achieved in water experimentally.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Tip-enhanced near-field optical microscope with side-on and ATR-mode sample excitation for super-resolution Raman imaging of surfaces

A tip-enhanced near-field optical microscope with side-on and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) excitation and collection is described and used to demonstrate sub-diffraction-limited (super-resolution) optical and chemical characterization of surfaces. ATR illumination is combined with an Au optical antenna tip to show that (i) the tip can quantitatively transduce the optical near-field (evanescent waves) above the surface by scattering photons into the far-field, (ii) the ATR geometry enables excitation and characterization of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), whose associated optical fields are shown to enhance Raman scattering from a thin layer of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), and (iii) SPPs can be used to plasmonically excite the tip for super-resolution chemical imaging of patterned CuPc via tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). ATR-illumination TERS is also quantitatively compared with the more conventional side-on illumination scheme. In both cases, spatial resolution was better than 40 nm and tip on/tip off Raman enhancement factors were >6500. Furthermore, ATR illumination was shown to provide similar Raman signal levels at lower “effective” pump powers due to additional optical energy delivered by SPPs to the active region in the tip-surface gap.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Effect of the magnetic field on coexisting stimulated Raman and Brillouin backscattering of an extraordinary mode

This paper presents a model to study the interplay between the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in the presence of background magnetic field. This formalism is applicable to laser produced plasma as well as to heating mechanism in toroidal system by an extraordinary electromagnetic wave. In the former case, the magnetic field is self-generated, while in the latter case (toroidal plasmas) magnetic field is applied externally. The behavior of one scattering process is explicitly dependent on the coexisting scattering process as well as on the magnetic field. Explicit expressions for the back-reflectivity of scattered beams (SRS and SBS) are presented. It has been demonstrated that due to the magnetic field and coexistence of the scattering processes (SRS and SBS) the back-reflectivity gets modified significantly. Results are also compared with the three wave interaction case (isolated SRS or SBS case)

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Effect of laser beam filamentation on coexisting stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering

This paper presents the study of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) when both of these processes are coexisting and pump laser beam initial power is more than filamentation threshold. On account of the ponderomotive nonlinearity, the pump laser beam gets filamented, and both the scattering processes (SRS and SBS) get affected. Simultaneous presence of SRS and SBS (five wave interaction case) also affect the pump filamentation process due to pump depletion. Both the scattering processes (SRS and SBS) are enhanced due to filamentation of laser beam. Results are also compared with the three wave interaction case (either SRS or SBS) with and without filamentation.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Control of Brillouin short-pulse seed amplification by chirping the pump pulse

Seed amplification via Brillouin backscattering of a long pump pulse is considered. Similar to Raman amplification, several obstructive effects may occur during short-pulse Brillouin amplification. One is the spontaneous Raman backscattering of the pump before interacting with the seed. Preforming the plasma and/or chirping the pump will reduce unwanted pump backscattering. Optimized regions for low-loss pump propagation were proposed already in conjunction with Raman seed amplification. Hence, the influence of the chirp of the pump during Brillouin interaction with the seed becomes important and will be considered here. Both, the linear as well as the nonlinear evolution phases of the seed caused by Brillouin amplification under the action of a chirped pump are investigated. The amplification rate as well as the seed profiles are presented as function of the chirping rate. Also the dependence of superradiant scaling rates on the chirp parameter is discussed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Effect of an Optical Breakdown on the Stimulated Raman Scattering in Water in the Field of Picosecond Laser Pulses

Experiments on nonstationary stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) of laser pulses and an optical breakdown are performed to study water samples with gas nanobubbles (bubstons) and without the bubston phase. The SRS excitation threshold in water with the bubston phase turns out to be higher than that in bubston-free water, and the optical breakdown threshold in bubston-containing water is lower than that in bubston-free water. The spectral composition of the SRS signal from bubston-free water samples is found to differ from that of bubston-containing water samples. This effect is caused by the formation of long-lived high-molecular H{sub 2}O complexes near the bubston surface, which are stabilized by the dispersion forces acting from this surface. Since these complexes are located inside 1–2 monolayers adjacent to the surface, the volume density of these complexes is negligibly small as compared to the density of “free” (not bound to bubstons) molecules. To interpret the experimental results, we advance a hypothesis that the detected effect is related to the giant enhancement caused by the generation of a resonance plasmon inside a bubston during an optical breakdown. As follows from our estimates, the bubston-related plasma frequency falls in the range 2600–3200 cm{sup –1}; it is this range that contains the SRS spectral lines of water containing the bubston phase.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Synthesis of silver particles on copper substrates using ethanol-based solution for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

The displacement reaction of AgNO{sub 3} and copper metal is an effective and economical way to fabricate Ag-Cu surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates. Aqueous solutions of AgNO{sub 3} are usually used for substrate preparation. In this work, a new method for Ag-Cu SERS substrate preparation is proposed, which uses an ethanol solution rather than an aqueous AgNO{sub 3} solution. Analysis of the surface morphologies of sample substrates by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed that the silver nanoparticles prepared by this new method were more regular than those prepared in the traditional aqueous solution. The SERS spectra of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) adsorbed on these Ag-Cu substrates were then investigated and compared. It was found that the Ag-Cu substrates prepared by this method provide significant improvements in Raman signal sensitivity and large-area uniformity. The enhancement factor of this new substrate is about 330 times higher than that prepared using an aqueous AgNO{sub 3} solution under identical experimental conditions. It was also found that 70% of the original sensitivity of the substrate remains after 15 days of exposure to air.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

H irradiation effects on the GaAs-like Raman modes in GaAs{sub 1-x}N{sub x}/GaAs{sub 1-x}N{sub x}:H planar heterostructures

The GaAs-like longitudinal optical phonon frequency in two hydrogenated GaAs{sub 1-x}N{sub x}/GaAs{sub 1-x}N{sub x}:H microwire heterostructures—with similar N concentration, but different H dose and implantation conditions—has been investigated by micro-Raman mapping. In the case of GaAs{sub 0.991}N{sub 0.009} wires embedded in barriers where GaAs-like properties are recovered through H irradiation, the phonon frequency in the barriers undergoes a blue shift with respect to the wires. In GaAs{sub 0.992}N{sub 0.008} wires embedded in less hydrogenated barriers, the phonon frequency exhibits an opposite behavior (red shift). Strain, disorder, phonon localization effects induced by H-irradiation on the GaAs-like phonon frequency are discussed and related to different types of N-H complexes formed in the hydrogenated barriers. It is shown that the red (blue) character of the frequency shift is related to the dominant N-2H (N-3H) type of complexes. Moreover, for specific experimental conditions, an all-optical determination of the uniaxial strain field is obtained. This may improve the design of recently presented devices that exploit the correlation between uniaxial stress and the degree of polarization of photoluminescence.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Multiwavelength excitation Raman scattering of Cu{sub 2}ZnSn(S{sub x}Se{sub 1−x}){sub 4} (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) polycrystalline thin films: Vibrational properties of sulfoselenide solid solutions

In this work, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were applied together to evaluate the crystal structure and the phonon modes of photovoltaic grade Cu{sub 2}ZnSn(S{sub x}Se{sub 1−x}){sub 4} thin films, leading to a complete characterization of their structural and vibrational properties. Vibrational characterization has been based on Raman scattering measurements performed with different excitation wavelengths and polarization configurations. Analysis of the experimental spectra has permitted identification of 19 peaks, which positions are in good accord with theoretical predictions. Besides, the observation of Cu{sub 2}ZnSnS{sub 4}-like A symmetry peaks related to S vibrations and Cu{sub 2}ZnSnSe{sub 4}-like A symmetry peaks related to Se vibrations, additional Raman peaks, characteristic of the solid solution and previously not reported, are observed, and are attributed to vibrations involving both S and Se anions.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2017

Fe 2 O 3 -Au hybrid nanoparticles for sensing applications via SERS analysis

Multifunctional iron oxide-gold hybrid nanostructures have been produced via solution chemistries and investigated for analyte detection. Gold nanoparticles of various shapes have been used for probing surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effects as they display unique optical properties in the visible-near IR region of the spectrum. When coupled with other nanoparticles, namely iron oxide nanoparticles, hybrid structures with increased functionality were produced. By exploiting their magnetic properties, nanogaps or “hot spots” were rationally created and evaluated for SERS enhancement studies. The “hot spots” were created by using a seeded reaction to increase the gold loading on the iron oxide support by 43% by weight. SERS Nanomaterials were evaluated for their ability to promote surface-enhanced Raman scattering of a model analyte, 4-mercaptophenol. The data shows an enhancement effect of the model analyte on gold decorated iron oxide nanoparticles.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Enhanced light scattering in Si nanostructures produced by pulsed laser irradiation

An innovative method for Si nanostructures (NS) fabrication is proposed, through nanosecond laser irradiation (λ = 532 nm) of thin Si film (120 nm) on quartz. Varying the laser energy fluences (425–1130 mJ/cm{sup 2}) distinct morphologies of Si NS appear, going from interconnected structures to isolated clusters. Film breaking occurs through a laser-induced dewetting process. Raman scattering is enhanced in all the obtained Si NS, with the largest enhancement in interconnected Si structures, pointing out an increased trapping of light due to multiple scattering. The reported method is fast, scalable and cheap, and can be applied for light management in photovoltaics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Effect of ion interactions on the Raman spectrum of NO 3 − : Toward monitoring of low-activity nuclear waste at Hanford

Raman spectroscopy is a valuable in-situ technique for many applications. The concentrations of species in complex ionic mixtures of nuclear waste can be estimated using Raman measurements. However, it has been experimentally observed that ion interactions can cause a modification of Raman peak intensities and positions. The present work explores the nonlinear behavior associated with the nitrate anion, NO 3 − , which is present in abundance in low activity nuclear waste. We examine changes in the main Raman peak of the nitrate anion in the presence of other ions. A wide range of concentrations are covered, including those expected during direct-feed low-activity waste (DFLAW) processing at the Hanford site in the State of Washington. The experiments showed that the ions interact and associate to form ion pairs, which results in a blue shift (i.e., a shift towards higher wavenumbers) in the main Raman peak of nitrate. The results indicate that cation concentration is a better predictor of the peak shift, compared to ionic strength, both for binary and multicomponent mixtures. These findings have direct implications on the development of spectra-to-composition models for the DFLAW system, since they show deviations from the linearity assumptions used in common chemometric models.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2013

LINE-INTERLOCKING EFFECTS ON POLARIZATION IN SPECTRAL LINES BY RAYLEIGH AND RAMAN SCATTERING

The polarized spectrum of the Sun and stars is formed from the scattering of anisotropic radiation on atoms. Interpretation of this spectrum requires the solution of polarized line transfer in multilevel atomic systems. While sophisticated quantum theories of polarized line formation in multilevel atomic systems exist, they are limited by the approximation of complete frequency redistribution in scattering. The partial frequency redistribution (PRD) in line scattering is a necessary component in modeling the polarized spectra of strong lines. The polarized PRD line scattering theories developed so far confine themselves to a two-level or a two-term atom model. In this paper, we present a heuristic approach to the problem of polarized line formation in multilevel atoms taking into account the effects of PRD and a weak magnetic field. Starting from the unpolarized PRD multilevel atom approach of Hubeny et al., we incorporate the polarization state of the radiation field. However, the lower level polarization is neglected. Two iterative methods of solving the polarized PRD line transfer in multilevel atoms are also presented. Taking the example of a five-level Ca II atom model, we present illustrative results for an isothermal one-dimensional model atmosphere.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Conversion of ultrashort laser pulses to wavelengths above 3 mm in tapered germanate fibres

Tapered germanate fibres are proposed for effective adiabatic conversion of Raman soliton pulses to the mid-IR region. A theoretical analysis demonstrates that, in fibres with anomalous group velocity dispersion decreasing along their length, wavelengths of up to 3.5 μm can be reached, which are unattainable in fibres with a constant core diameter at the same parameters of a 2-μm input signal. The analysis relies on a one-way wave equation that takes into account the combined effect of dispersion, Kerr and Raman nonlinearities, nonlinear dispersion and optical losses and the frequency dependence of the effective fundamental transverse mode size. (extreme light fields and their applications)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2013

Power limitations and pulse distortions in an Yb : KGW chirped-pulse amplification laser system

We have studied self-action effects (self-focusing and self-phase modulation) and stimulated Raman scattering in an Yb : KGW chirped-pulse amplification laser system. The results demonstrate that self-focusing in combination with thermal lensing may significantly limit the chirped pulse energy in this system (down to 200 μJ) even at a relatively long pulse duration (50 ps). Nonlinear lenses in the laser crystals in combination with thermal lenses bring the regenerative amplifier cavity in the laser system to the instability zone and limit the average output power at pulse repetition rates under 50 kHz. Self-phase modulation, a manifestation of self-action, may significantly distort a recompressed femtosecond pulse at energies near the self-focusing threshold. Stimulated Raman scattering in such a laser has a weaker effect on output parameters than do self-focusing and thermal lensing, and Raman spectra are only observed in the case of pulse energy instability. (nonlinear optical phenomena)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2012

Stimulated Raman scattering coupled to decay instability in a plasma channel

A non local theory of Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) coupled to decay instability in a plasma channel is developed. The primary Langmuir wave, produced in the Raman backscattering process, decays into a secondary Langmuir wave of longer wavelength and an ion acoustic wave. This diversion of energy, along with linear Landau damping of the primary Langmuir wave, slows down the Raman process. The nonlocal effects cause further reduction in the growth rate.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗