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At least 469 records · Page 26
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Dual-Wavelength Time-Resolved Photoluminescence Study of CdSe x Te 1-x Surface Passivation via Mg y Zn 1-y O and Al 2 O 3

Voltage loss is currently one of the biggest challenges facing cadmium telluride (CdTe) based photovoltaics. Determining the location(s) of major voltage loss within the device stack (e.g., front/back interface, grain boundaries) is therefore of primary interest. Here, we present a custom-built time-resolved photoluminescence system with two excitation wavelengths - 670 (standard) and 405 nm - to probe the device stack at depths of approximately 130 and 35 nm, respectively; their comparison helps differentiate interface and bulk contributions to carrier lifetime. We apply this system to examine the passivation effect of two significant recent advances in CdTe: the incorporation of Se to form graded CdSe x Te 1-x and the replacement of CdS with Mg y Zn 1-y O. It is found that x = 0.2 Se is required to obtain lifetime improvements, primarily in the bulk. Additionally, evidence for trapping at the Mg y Zn 1-y O/CdSe x Te 1-x interface was observed. Furthermore, this indicates further work is required to sufficiently passivate the front interface.

CdSeTe↗
DOE OSTI2024

Quantitative analysis of three-dimensional fatigue crack path selection in Mg alloy WE43 using high-energy X-ray diffraction microscopy

Fatigue short-cracks in Mg alloys display complex growth behavior due to high plastic anisotropy and crack path dependence on local microstructural features. In this study, the three-dimensional crystallography of short-crack paths in Mg alloy WE43 was characterized by mapping near-field high-energy X-ray diffraction microscopy (HEDM) reconstructed grain maps to high-resolution X-ray CT reconstructions of the fracture surfaces in the crack initiation and short-crack growth regions of six ultrasonic fatigue specimens. Crack–grain–boundary intersections were analyzed at 81 locations across the six crack paths. The basal intragranular, non-basal intragranular, or intergranular character of short-crack growth following each boundary intersection was correlated to crystallographic and geometric parameters of the trailing and leading grains, three-dimensional grain boundary plane, and advancing crack front. The results indicate that crack paths are dependent on the combined crystallographic and geometric character of the local microstructure, and crack path prediction can be improved by use of dimensionality reduction on subsets of high-linear-correlation microstructural parameters.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

The role of Co valence in charge transport in the entropy‐stabilized oxide (Mg 0.2 Co 0.2 Ni 0.2 Cu 0.2 Zn 0.2 )O

Abstract Many of the studies on the entropy‐stabilized oxide (Mg 0.2 Co 0.2 Ni 0.2 Cu 0.2 Zn 0.2 )O have been heavily application‐based. Previous works have studied effects of cation stoichiometry on the entropy‐driven reaction to form a single phase, but a fundamental exploration of the effects of anion stoichiometry and/or redox chemistry on electrical properties is lacking. Using near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and electrical measurements, we show that oxidizing thin film samples of (Mg 0.2 Co 0.2 Ni 0.2 Cu 0.2 Zn 0.2 )O affects primarily the valence of Co, leaving the other cations in this high‐entropy system unchanged. This oxidation increases electrical conduction in these thin films, which occurs via small polaron hopping mediated by the Co valence shift from 2+ to a mixed 2+/3+ state. In parallel, we show that bulk samples sintered in an oxygen‐rich atmosphere have a lower activation energy for electrical conduction than those equilibrated in a nitrogen (reducing) atmosphere. Combining feasible defect compensation scenarios with electrical impedance measurements and NEXAFS data, we propose a self‐consistent interpretation of Co redox‐mediated small polaron conduction as the dominant method of charge transfer in this system.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Phase evolution during conventional and reactive flash sintering of (Mg,Ni,Co,Cu,Zn)O via in situ X-ray diffraction

Reactive flash sintering (RFS) enables the simultaneous synthesis and sintering of ceramics and has been shown to affect the reaction pathway of different materials. Herein, in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) is used to investigate the (Mg,Ni,Co,Cu,Zn)O entropy-stabilized oxide formation during: (i) conventional heating and (ii) RFS under current rate-controlled mode. The same reaction pathway is verified in both instances: the starting rock-salt (RS), spinel (Co 3 O 4 ), tenorite (CuO), and wurtzite (ZnO) phases transform into a single RS phase with a (1 1 1) to (2 0 0) intensity ratio of 0.67, consistent with a random distribution of the cations into the structure. Pt lattice peak shift from the XRD patterns is used as standard to monitor the sample surface temperature, revealing a strong endothermic reaction during the RS single-phase formation (Pt peaks shift toward higher angles while increasing sample temperature/current density). Furthermore, in RFS, the single-phase RS structure is formed in just 60 s at a furnace temperature of 600°C and a current rate of 220 mA mm -2 /min. Therefore, RFS greatly accelerates the synthesis of (Mg,Ni,Co,Cu,Zn)O, however, it does not play a role in the reaction pathway for this material formation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Many-body effects for the Mg 2s XPS of MgO

The energy separation of the higher lying cation XPS binding energies, BEs, for MgO is examined. It is shown that the Hartree–Fock BEs overestimate the separation of the Mg BE(2s) and BE(2p), because an important many-body effect is neglected in the determination of the Hartree–Fock BEs. Once the many-body effect is taken into account, there is good agreement between theory and the XPS measurement. The character of this atomic many-body effect is established in terms of a nearly degenerate configuration that is needed to describe the wavefunction when an Mg 2s electron is ionized. Further, the results provide additional evidence of the ionic character of the MgO crystal. Given the atomic character of the many-body effect, it is likely to apply also to the BE separations of other closed shell oxides.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Weak binding effects on the structure of 40 Mg

We report while the phenomenon of one- and two-neutron ground-state halo nuclei is well established, the effects of weak binding on nuclear excitation properties remain largely unexplored. Motivated by this question and by recent data in 40 Mg we investigate the coupling of weakly bound (halo) valence neutrons to a core using the known properties of 40 Mg to explore and illustrate possible particle-core coupling schemes and their impact on the low-lying excitation spectrum.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

The Effect of Sulfuric Acid Anodization on the Electrochemical Properties of Aluminum Alloy AlSi 10 Mg Prepared by Selective Laser Melting

Aluminum alloy, AlSi 10 Mg, prepared by selective laser melt (SLM) fabrication was anodized in 9.8% sulfuric acid (Type II) at 15 V for a total of 23 min. Experiments were performed to study the potentiostatic anodization process and its effects on the oxide coating morphology, thickness, and electrochemical properties of the alloy. Prior to anodization, the alloy microstructure is composed of aluminum cells encapsulated in a silicon network. Anodizing the abraded and polished AlSi 10 Mg surface produced a porous oxide layer with a thickness of 5μm. The oxide coating weight was 698 ± 29 mg/ft 2 . The oxide coating forms in the aluminum cells that are isolated from one another by the silicon eutectic phase. In electrochemical tests, the anodic and cathodic potentiodynamic polarization currents were suppressed by factors of 15× and 215×, respectively, as compared to the unanodized controls. The data indicate the anodic oxide coating suppresses the cathodic more than the anodic reaction rate. Linear polarization resistance (R p ) values increased by 279× after anodization. The corrosion current density values (j corr ) decreased by 133× after anodization. Taken together, the electrochemical data indicate the anodic oxide coating (unsealed) increases the corrosion resistance of the SLM alloy by two orders of magnitude.

Electrochemistry↗
DOE OSTI2020

Biocompatibility of a novel heat-treated and ceramic-coated magnesium alloy (Mg–1.2Zn–0.5Ca–0.5Mn) for resorbable skeletal fixation devices

Our recent exploration into the use of biodegradable metals and surface treatments resulting in sufficient strength for skeletal reconstruction applications has led to the need to test these devices’ cytotoxicity. More specifically, our group has developed a resorbable magnesium alloy, Mg–1.2Zn–0.5Ca–0.5Mn, that can be strengthened by heat treatment and coated with a ceramic layer offering time-certain resorption of a medical device. This in vitro study shows that these treatments do not result in cytotoxicity. Both heat-treated (HT) and HT + ceramic-coated (sol–gel) coupons demonstrated more than 70% viability. Thus, these processing steps are likely to be useful in producing biocompatible, resorbable implants that incorporate our Mg–1.2Zn–0.5Ca–0.5Mn alloy.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

The 22 Ne(α,n) 25 Mg reaction - state of the art, astrophysics, and perspectives

One of the most important stellar neutron sources is the 22 Ne(α,n) 25 Mg reaction, which gets activated both during the helium intershell burning in asymptotic giant branch stars and in core helium and shell carbon burning in massive stars. The 22 Ne(α,n) 25 Mg reaction serves as the main neutron producer for the weak s-process and provides a short but strong neutron exposure during the helium flash phase of the main s-process, significantly affecting the abundances at the s-process branch points. The cross section needs to be known at very low energies, as close as possible to the neutron threshold at E α = 562 keV (Q = −478 keV), but both direct and indirect measurements have turned out to be very challenging, leading to significant uncertainties. Here we discuss the current status of the reaction, including recent and upcoming measurements, and provide a discussion on the astrophysical implications as well as an outlook into the near future.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Computational and Experimental 1H-NMR Study of Hydrated Mg-Based Minerals

Magnesium oxide (MgO) can convert to different magnesium-containing compounds depending on exposure and environmental conditions. Many MgO-based phases contain hydrated species allowing 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to be used in the characterization and quantification of proton-containing phases; however, surprisingly limited examples have been reported. Here, 1H-magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra of select Mg-based minerals are presented and assigned. These experimental results are combined with computational NMR density functional theory (DFT) periodic calculations to calibrate the predicted chemical shielding results. This correlation is then used to predict the NMR shielding for a series of different MgO hydroxide, magnesium chloride hydrate, magnesium perchlorate, and magnesium cement compounds to aid in the future assignment of 1H-NMR spectra for complex Mg phases.

1H-NMR↗
DOE OSTI2022

Vertical GaN junction barrier Schottky diodes with near-ideal performance using Mg implantation activated by ultra-high-pressure annealing

Here we report a kV class, low ON-resistance, vertical GaN junction barrier Schottky (JBS) diode with selective-area p-regions formed via Mg implantation followed by high-temperature, ultra-high pressure (UHP) post-implantation activation anneal. The JBS has an ideality factor of 1.03, a turn-on voltage of 0.75 V, and a specific differential ON-resistance of 0.6 mΩ·cm 2 . The breakdown voltage of the JBS diode is 915 V, corresponding to a maximum electric field of 3.3 MV cm –1 . These results underline that high-performance GaN JBS can be realized using Mg implantation and high-temperature UHP post-activation anneal.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Eliminating Yield Anisotropy and Enhancing Ductility in Mg Alloys by Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion

Solid phase processing techniques such as friction stir welding, Shear assisted processing and extrusion (ShAPE)/ friction extrusion and cold spray have been successfully demonstrated as promising thermomechanical methods to produce metallic materials with enhanced performance. In this study, AZ series with and without silicon, ZK60 Mg alloys in as-received forms (as-cast or as-extruded) were processed using Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion (ShAPE). Microstructural characterization was performed using EBSD and TEM and revealed that as compared to the feedstock materials/ billets, friction extruded Mg alloys had more uniform microstructure, equiaxed grains, finer and homogeneously distributed precipitates and chemical homogeneity. It was also observed that basal planes were not oriented parallel to extrusion axis. As a result, rod products exhibited significantly reduced (in some cases eliminated) yield asymmetry and achieved enhanced ductility, which were uncommon or difficult to attain using conventional processing techniques. In addition, modified texture likely suppressed deformation twinning under compressive deformation.

Shear Assisted Processing and Extrusion, SHAPE, ma↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Mg(AlS2)2 by Materials Project

MgAl2S4 crystallizes in the trigonal R-3m space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of three MgAl2S4 sheets oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Mg2+ is bonded to six equivalent S2- atoms to form MgS6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent AlS4 tetrahedra and edges with six equivalent MgS6 octahedra. All Mg–S bond lengths are 2.55 Å. Al3+ is bonded to four S2- atoms to form AlS4 tetrahedra that share corners with three equivalent MgS6 octahedra and corners with six equivalent AlS4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 57°. There are one shorter (2.17 Å) and three longer (2.35 Å) Al–S bond lengths. There are two inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three equivalent Al3+ atoms. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three equivalent Mg2+ and one Al3+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Mg(InS2)2 by Materials Project

MgIn2S4 is Spinel structured and crystallizes in the cubic Fd-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Mg2+ is bonded to four equivalent S2- atoms to form MgS4 tetrahedra that share corners with twelve equivalent InS6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 57°. All Mg–S bond lengths are 2.49 Å. In3+ is bonded to six equivalent S2- atoms to form InS6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent MgS4 tetrahedra and edges with six equivalent InS6 octahedra. All In–S bond lengths are 2.65 Å. S2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Mg2+ and three equivalent In3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Mg(SbO2)2 by Materials Project

MgSb2O4 crystallizes in the tetragonal P4_2/mbc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form edge-sharing MgO6 octahedra. There are four shorter (2.09 Å) and two longer (2.15 Å) Mg–O bond lengths. Sb3+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.96 Å) and two longer (2.03 Å) Sb–O bond length. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Mg2+ and two equivalent Sb3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to two equivalent Mg2+ and one Sb3+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Mg(BiO3)2 by Materials Project

MgBi2O6 is Hydrophilite-derived structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal P4_2/mnm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with eight equivalent BiO6 octahedra and edges with two equivalent BiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 50°. All Mg–O bond lengths are 2.11 Å. Bi5+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form BiO6 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent MgO6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent BiO6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one MgO6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one BiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 50–52°. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.14–2.16 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Mg2+ and two equivalent Bi5+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Mg2+ and two equivalent Bi5+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Mg(RhO2)2 by Materials Project

MgRh2O4 is Spinel structured and crystallizes in the cubic Fd-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Mg2+ is bonded to four equivalent O2- atoms to form MgO4 tetrahedra that share corners with twelve equivalent RhO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 58°. All Mg–O bond lengths are 2.03 Å. Rh3+ is bonded to six equivalent O2- atoms to form RhO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent MgO4 tetrahedra and edges with six equivalent RhO6 octahedra. All Rh–O bond lengths are 2.08 Å. O2- is bonded to one Mg2+ and three equivalent Rh3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OMgRh3 trigonal pyramids.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Mg(FeO2)2 by Materials Project

MgFe2O4 is Spinel-like structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Imma space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent FeO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent MgO6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent FeO6 octahedra. There are four shorter (2.09 Å) and two longer (2.10 Å) Mg–O bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Fe3+ sites. In the first Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six equivalent MgO6 octahedra and corners with six equivalent FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 56–57°. There is two shorter (1.91 Å) and two longer (1.97 Å) Fe–O bond length. In the second Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent FeO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent FeO6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent MgO6 octahedra. There are two shorter (2.04 Å) and four longer (2.07 Å) Fe–O bond lengths. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Mg2+ and three Fe3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two equivalent Mg2+ and two Fe3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗