Seismic Reflection Interpretation in Support of Project ECO2S (Deliverable 4.2)
Establishing an Early CO2 Storage Complex in Kemper County, Mississippi (ECO2S): Seismic Reflection Interpretation (Deliverable 4.2)
Hills, Denise↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Challenges of Interpreting and Applying New IPC-J-STD-001 Cleanliness Standards in High-Reliability Applications
The electronics industry has rapidly and widely embraced the replacement of ROSE testing with an SIR-focused approach to testing for certification of a qualified manufacturing plan. These new cleanliness documentation standards, housed in IPC J-STD-001 Rev. H, have just begun to impact electronics manufacturers as design and production teams work through how to meet them. This research focuses on the particular challenges of applying these new standards in high-reliability product applications, through the lens of interpreting SIR test results and what they mean for process capability, repeatability and diagnosing a need for process changes. The experiments examined a variety of factors that influence SIR results and suggest areas where SIR test plans can be greatly improved.
Capen, William↗
Interpretable Joint Event-Particle Reconstruction for Neutrino Physics at NOvA with Sparse CNNs and Transformers
The complex events observed at the NOvA long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment contain vital information for understanding the most elusive particles in the standard model. The NOvA detectors observe interactions of neutrinos from the NuMI beam at Fermilab. Associating the particles produced in these interaction events to their source particles, a process known as reconstruction, is critical for accurately measuring key parameters of the standard model. Events may contain several particles, each producing sparse high-dimensional spatial observations, and current methods are limited to evaluating individual particles. To accurately label these numerous, high-dimensional observations, we present a novel neural network architecture that combines the spatial learning enabled by convolutions with the contextual learning enabled by attention. This joint approach, TransformerCVN, simultaneously classifies each event and reconstructs every individual particle's identity. TransformerCVN classifies events with 90% accuracy and improves the reconstruction of individual particles by 6% over baseline methods which lack the integrated architecture of TransformerCVN. In addition, this architecture enables us to perform several interpretability studies which provide insights into the network's predictions and show that TransformerCVN discovers several fundamental principles that stem from the standard model.
Shmakov, Alexander↗
Learning to Branch with Interpretable Machine Learning Models
Machine learning is being increasingly used in improving decisions made within branch-and-bound algorithms for solving mixed-integer programs (MIPs). Branching is a key component in branch-and-bound algorithms, this work presents IDAES-core project update on building simple and interpretable machine learning models for branching and improving decision-making tools applied for the optimization of advanced energy systems.
Bayramoglu, Selin↗
Performance and Compliance Monitoring - Different Objectives and Different Interpretation - 19109
Environmental surveillance and monitoring are a critical part of an overall strategy for protection of the public and environment. For site closure and disposal activities, monitoring and surveillance can be expected to continue many years into the future. In the case of environmental monitoring, two general types are commonly discussed: compliance and performance (or functional) monitoring. The objective of compliance monitoring is relatively clear. Compliance monitoring is conducted to demonstrate compliance with specific regulatory limits (e.g., maximum contaminant levels in groundwater). In this case, if your measurement is above these values, it is a regulatory concern. Monitoring can be especially challenging for engineered solutions involving robust barriers expected to last for decades or potentially hundreds or thousands of years. Although some gradual releases are expected to occur as barriers lose effectiveness, observable changes in groundwater are likely to be very small and may be delayed for very long times. For robust engineered systems, compliance in the near future is not expected to be a significant concern. The question becomes, what type of monitoring can be used to identify the potential for a compliance problem in the future? This has led to increasing use of performance monitoring as an early warning system. Rather than comparing against environmental standards, performance monitoring is compared against assumptions and results from a performance assessment. Performance monitoring is used to observe other potential indicators of changes in system behavior (vadose zone concentrations, changes in chemistry near the waste, changes in engineered features). Translating a change in a local measurement to a potential change in the concentration in an aquifer that would lead to a potential compliance concern in the future is a significant challenge for performance monitoring. Such monitoring needs to be more carefully interpreted and communicated than compliance monitoring. Considerations for implementation of performance monitoring are the focus of this paper. (authors)
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
Form factors for semileptonic B-decays with HISQ light quarks and clover b-quarks in Fermilab interpretation
We compute the vector, scalar, and tensor form factors for the $B\to \pi$, $B\to K$, and $B_s\to K$ amplitudes, which are needed to describe semileptonic $B$-meson decay rates for both the charged and neutral current cases. We use the highly improved staggered quark (HISQ) action for the sea and light valence quarks. The bottom quark is described by the clover action in the Fermilab interpretation. Simulations are carried out on $N_f = 2+1+1$ MILC HISQ ensembles at approximate lattice spacings from $0.15$ fm down to $0.057$ fm. We present blinded preliminary results for the form factors.
Jeong, Hwancheol↗
Interpreting Transformers for Jet Tagging
Machine learning (ML) algorithms, particularly attention-based transformer models, have become indispensable for analyzing the vast data generated by particle physics experiments like ATLAS and CMS at the CERN LHC. Particle Transformer (ParT), a state-of-the-art model, leverages particle-level attention to improve jet-tagging tasks, which are critical for identifying particles resulting from proton collisions. This study focuses on interpreting ParT by analyzing attention heat maps and particle-pair correlations on the $\eta$-$\phi$ plane, revealing a binary attention pattern where each particle attends to at most one other particle. At the same time, we observe that ParT shows varying focus on important particles and subjets depending on decay, indicating that the model learns traditional jet substructure observables. These insights enhance our understanding of the model's internal workings and learning process, offering potential avenues for improving the efficiency of transformer architectures in future high-energy physics applications.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
$B\rightarrow D^{(*)}$ decays from $N_f=2+1+1$ highly improved staggered quarks and clover $b$-quark in the Fermilab interpretation
We present an update on the analysis of semileptonic $B\rightarrow D^{(*)}$ decays at non-zero recoil. Our computation employs $2 + 1 + 1$ FNAL-MILC ensembles with highly improved staggered quark (HISQ) action for sea and light valence quarks, while the bottom quark is treated using the clover action in the Fermilab interpretation. Simulations are performed across several lattice spacings, ranging approximately from $\sim 0.15$ fm to $\sim 0.06$ fm, and for various quark masses. We will present an overview of the analysis and show some preliminary results for the form factors.
DeTar, Carleton [Utah U.] (ORCID:0000000202166771)↗
Quantitative interpretation of time-lapse seismic data at Farnsworth field unit: Rock physics modeling, and calibration of simulated time-lapse velocity responses
Here, this study investigates the contribution of fluid saturation variation to the time-lapse velocity response by performing fluid substitution modeling. The methodology is exemplified by the time-lapse seismic monitoring of carbon dioxide at Farnsworth field unit (FWU). In order to evaluate the fluid distribution in a matured oil reservoir, the Southwest Regional Partnership (SWP) acquired multiple vertical seismic profile (VSP) surveys at different times during the CO 2 –water alternatinggas (WAG) injection period. In this work, we present a thorough methodology for computing the elastic response of the saturated rock for different fluid saturations using a site-specific petro-elastic model (PEM). The output from the PEM was combined with results from a fluid compositional model to compute the seismic velocities at times corresponding to each VSP survey. To produce a calibrated simulated response, the measured time-lapse seismic velocities were integrated into the numerical simulation model. The mismatches between the predicted and measured time-lapse velocities were minimized through an iterative calibration process using a trained artificial neural network proxy (ANN) coupled with a particle swarm optimizer (PSO). Our study indicates that the hybrid optimization workflow can effectively perform the history matching. With an accurate prediction of the hydrodynamic properties, the migration of CO 2 within the subsurface was modeled by predicting the spatial velocity distribution for a radius of 305 m around the injection well. The technology demonstrated and the expertise gained from this study can guide similar CO 2 -WAG projects.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
Cryo‐EM map interpretation and protein model‐building using iterative map segmentation
Not Available
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
Improving the estimation of atmospheric water vapor pressure using interpretable long short-term memory networks
Not Available
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Linear graphlet models for accurate and interpretable cheminformatics
The surprising effectiveness of topology in the chemical sciences: graphlets in our open-source library, , provide accurate white-box 2D chemical property prediction.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Fracture propagation in Indiana Limestone interpreted via linear softening cohesive fracture model
In this study, we examine the use of a linear softening cohesive fracture model (LCFM) to predict single-trace fracture growth in short-rod (SR) and notched 3-point-bend (N3PB) test configurations in Indiana Limestone. The broad goal of this work is to (a) understand the underlying assumptions of LCFM and (b) use experimental similarities and deviations from the LCFM to understand the role of loading paths of tensile fracture propagation. Cohesive fracture models are being applied in prediction of structural and subsurface fracture propagation in geomaterials. They lump the inelastic processes occurring during fracture propagation into a thin zone between elastic subdomains. LCFM assumes that the cohesive zone initially deforms elastically to a maximum tensile stress ( σ max ) and then softens linearly from the crack opening width at σ max to zero stress at a critical crack opening width w 1 . Using commercial finite element software, we developed LCFMs for the SR and N3PB configurations. After fixing σ max with results from cylinder splitting tests and finding an initial Young's modulus ( E ) with unconfined compressive strength tests, we manually calibrate E and w 1 in the SR model against an envelope of experimental data. We apply the calibrated LCFM parameters in the N3PB geometry and compare the model against an envelope of N3PB experiments. For accurate simulation of fracture propagation, simulated off-crack stresses are high enough to require inclusion of damage. Different elastic moduli are needed in tension and compression. We hypothesize that the timing and location of shear versus extensional micromechanical failures control the qualitative macroscopic force-versus-displacement response in different tests. For accurate prediction, the LCFM requires a constant style of failure, which the SR configuration maintains until very late in deformation. The N3PB configuration does not maintain this constancy. To be broadly applicable between geometries and failure styles, the LCFM would require additional physics, possibly including elastoplastic damage in the bulk material and more complicated cohesive softening models.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
The Syrtis Major volcano, Mars: A multidisciplinary approach to interpreting its magmatic evolution and structural development: EVOLUTION OF THE SYRTIS MAJOR VOLCANO
Very weak crustal magnetic fields over the Syrtis Major volcanic complex imply almost total thermal demagnetization via magmatic intrusions over a large area less than ~4Ga. We fit a model of these intrusions and the resulting thermal demagnetization to maps of crustal magnetic field strength at 185km altitude. The best fits are most consistent with a "dog bone"-shaped region of intrusive material, elongated approximately north-south, with an area of ~350,000km 2 and an inferred volume of ~4-19×10 6 km 3 . Such a large volume is best explained by a long-lived mantle plume beneath the Syrtis edifice. A free-air gravity anomaly high over the Syrtis Major caldera is consistent with dense mafic residue remaining at depth following crystal fractionation that produced the silicic magmas seen at the surface. The elongation of this region is consistent with ascent and north-south emplacement of magma enabled by structures parallel to and associated with the preexisting Isidis impact basin.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
Interpretation of Ground Temperature Anomalies in Hydrothermal Discharge Areas
Abstract Researchers have long noted the potential for shallow hydrothermal fluids to perturb near‐surface temperatures. Several investigators have made qualitative or semiquantitative use of elevated surface temperatures; for example, in snowfall calorimetry, or for tracing subsurface flow paths. However, a quantitative framework connecting surface temperature observations with conditions in the subsurface is currently lacking. Here, we model an area of shallow subsurface flow at Burgdorf Hot Springs, a rustic commercial resort in the Payette National Forest, north of McCall, ID, USA. We calibrate the model using shallow (0.2 m depth) ground temperature measurements and overburden thickness estimates from seismic refraction studies. The calibrated model predicts negligible loss of heat energy from the laterally migrating fluids at the Burgdorf site, in spite of the fact that thermal anomalies are observed in the unconsolidated near‐surface alluvium. Although elevated near‐surface ground temperatures are commonly assumed to result from locally high heat flux, this conflicts with the small apparent heat loss during lateral flow inferred at the Burgdorf site. We hypothesize an alternative explanation for near‐surface temperature anomalies that is only weakly dependent on heat flux, and more strongly controlled by the Biot number, a dimensionless parameter that compares the rate at which convection carries heat away from the land surface to the rate at which it is supplied by conduction to the interface.
Price, Adam N.↗
Quantifying Polaron Mole Fractions and Interpreting Spectral Changes in Molecularly Doped Conjugated Polymers
Molecular doping of conjugated polymers causes bleaching of the neutral absorbance and results in new polaron absorbance transitions in the mid and near infrared. In this report the concentration dependent changes in the spectra for a series of molecularly doped diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) co-polymers with a series of ultra-high electron affinity cyanotrimethylenecyclopropane-based dopants is analyzed. With these strong dopants the polaron mole fraction (Θ) reaches saturation. Analysis of the full spectrum enables separation of neutral and polaron signals and quantification of the polaron mole fraction using a simple noninteracting site model. The peak ratios for both neutral and polaron peaks change systematically with increasing polaron mole fraction for all measured polymers. Analysis of the spectral changes indicates that the polaron mole fraction can be quantified to within 5%. While the total change in the absorbance spectrum with increasing polaron mole fraction is linear, the lowest energy polaron peak (P1) grows nonlinearly, which indicates increased polarization/delocalization. Molecular doping of polymers that form either H- or J-aggregates shows systematically different spectral changes in the vibronic peak ratios of the neutral spectra and provides insights into the polymer configuration at undoped sites in the film.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗