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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Two-Dimensional Electron Gases at LaAlO 3 /SrTiO 3 Interfaces: Orbital Symmetry and Hierarchy Engineered by Crystal Orientation
Recent findings show the emergence of two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) at LaAlO 3 /SrTiO 3 interfaces along different orientations; yet details on band reconstructions have remained so far unknown. In this study, via x-ray linear dichroism spectroscopy, we demonstrate that crystal symmetry imposes distinctive 2DEG orbital hierarchies on (001)-and (110)-oriented quantum wells, allowing selective occupancy of states of different symmetry. Such orientational tuning expands the possibilities for electronic engineering of 2DEGs and opens up enticing opportunities to understand the link between orbital symmetry and complex correlated states at LaAlO 3 /SrTiO 3 quantum wells.
Climate-resilient agroforestry: physiological responses to climate change and engineering of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) as a mitigation strategy: CAM engineering in trees
We know that global climate change threatens the sustainability of agriculture and agroforestry worldwide through increased heat, drought, surface evaporation and associated soil drying. Exposure of crops and forests to warmer and drier environments will increase leaf:air water vapour–pressure deficits (VPD), and will result in increased drought susceptibility and reduced productivity, not only in arid regions but also in tropical regions with seasonal dry periods. Fast-growing, short-rotation forestry (SRF) bioenergy crops such as poplar (Populus spp.) and willow (Salix spp.) are particularly susceptible to hydraulic failure following drought stress due to their isohydric nature and relatively high stomatal conductance. One approach to sustaining plant productivity is to improve water-use efficiency (WUE) by engineering crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) into C3 crops. CAM improves WUE by shifting stomatal opening and primary CO 2 uptake and fixation to the night-time when leaf:air VPD is low. CAMmembers of the tree genus Clusia exemplify the compatibility of CAM performance within tree species and highlight CAM as a mechanism to conserve water and maintain carbon uptake during drought conditions. Moreover, the introduction of bioengineered CAM into SRF bioenergy trees is a potentially viable path to sustaining agroforestry production systems in the face of a globally changing climate.
Coherent, atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenide superlattices with engineered strain
Epitaxy forms the basis of modern electronics and optoelectronics. We report coherent atomically thin superlattices in which different transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers—despite large lattice mismatches—are repeated and laterally integrated without dislocations within the monolayer plane. Grown by an omnidirectional epitaxy, these superlattices display fully matched lattice constants across heterointerfaces while maintaining an isotropic lattice structure and triangular symmetry. This strong epitaxial strain is precisely engineered via the nanoscale supercell dimensions, thereby enabling broad tuning of the optical properties and producing photoluminescence peak shifts as large as 250 millielectron volts. We present theoretical models to explain this coherent growth and the energetic interplay governing the ripple formation in these strained monolayers. Such coherent superlattices provide building blocks with targeted functionalities at the atomically thin limit.
Isolating the effects of reactivity stratification in reactivity-controlled compression ignition with iso-octane and n -heptane on a light-duty multi-cylinder engine
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Performance Engineering Research Center and RECOVERY. Performance Engineering Research Institution SciDAC-e Augmentation. Performance enhancement
This project concentrated on various ways to improve the measurement and tuning large-scale parallel applications. This project was supplement to the project DE-FC0206ER25763 (“Performance Engineering Research Center”). The research conducted during this project is summarized in this report. The complete details of the work are available in the ten publications listed at the end of the report. It also supported the Ph.D. studies of three students and one research scientist.
Lubricant Formulations to Enhance Engine Efficiency in Modern Internal Combustion Engines
The research program presented aimed to investigate, develop, and demonstrate low-friction, environmentally-friendly and commercially-feasible lubricant formulations that would significantly improve the mechanical efficiency of modern engines without incurring increased wear, emissions or deterioration of the emission-aftertreatment system.
Individual Wave Detection and Tracking within a Rotating Detonation Engine through Computer Vision Object Detection applied to High-Speed Images
Known for their simplistic design and continuous detonation, rotating detonation engines (RDEs) constitute a majority of current pressure gain combustion (PGC) research efforts. Experimental RDE operation times have been continuously extended through the use of rig cooling techniques. As the window of observable behavior is expanded, and as the technology matures toward eventual integration within gas turbines, monitoring techniques must evolve to better match industrial diagnostics. High-speed image analysis techniques prove useful to capture and evaluate the unsteady detonation behavior within the RDE. Traditional image analysis techniques, however, require extensive processing times which prohibit simultaneous monitoring. To better address this problem, a computer vision object detection methodology is proposed to quickly detect individual detonation waves within a single down-axis image. Detonation waves are detected in individual images by the implemented computer vision method You Only Look Once (YOLO) object detection network. In order to detect detonation waves, the network must first be trained using RDE images of interest, for which each required phase of network development is outlined. Detection of waves is improved through proper treatment of the collected image set, variation of Intersection over Union (IoU) and confidence thresholding, and through a parametric study of annotation dimensions. Each detected wave is described by its location and rotational direction, and locations are tracked to calculate wave velocity across each frame, leading to a timestep resolution of 20 µs. Wave velocities are also calculated through a series of frames, leading to a suitable average velocity estimation using as few as 10 frames. Uncertainty analysis accounting for variation in camera framerate, pixel width and annotation centroid locations estimates a total uncertainty of ±4.3% for velocity calculations, using the smallest annotation boxes. This method offers great reductions in processing times, as a step toward real-time monitoring of detonation waves within an RDE. Improving on previous studies, this technique is impartial to wave modes not included in the original training set and calculates wave velocities independent of high-speed pressure data. The ability to isolate waves within predicted bounding boxes will likely facilitate analysis of pixel intensity variation as an estimation of wave strength in future work.
Choked Flow in a Converging/Diverging Rotating Detonation Engine Exit
Presentation presenting results of the NETL water-cooled RDE.
The Impact of Engine Operating Conditions on Reformate Production in a D-EGR Engine
Dedicated EGR has shown promise for achieving high efficiency with low emissions [1]. For the present study, a 4-cylinder turbocharged GDI engine which was modified to a D-EGR configuration was used to investigate the impact of valve phasing and different injection strategies on the reformate production in the dedicated cylinder. Various levels of positive valve overlap were used in conjunction with different approaches for dedicated cylinder over fueling using PFI and DI fuel systems. Three speed-load combinations were studied, 2000 rpm 4 bar IMEP g , 2000 rpm 12 bar IMEP g , and 4000 rpm 12 bar IMEP g . Here, the primary investigation was conducted to map out the dedicated cylinders' performance at the operating limits of intake and exhaust cam phasing. In this case, the limits were defined as conditions that yielded either no reformate benefit or led to instability in the dedicated cylinder. Based on the result of cam timing sweeps for both PFI and a DI strategy, valve timing strategies were developed to maximize reformate production. Further, a detailed sweep of dedicated cylinder equivalence ratio (Φ) was conducted at near optimum valve phasing to study the differences between various fuel injection strategies at each speed-load combination.
Experimental and Numerical Study on the Effect of Nitric Oxide on Autoignition and Knock in a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine
We report Nitric Oxide (NO) can significantly influence the autoignition reactivity and this can affect knock limits in conventional stoichiometric SI engines. Previous studies also revealed that the role of NO changes with fuel type. Fuels with high RON (Research Octane Number) and high Octane Sensitivity (S = RON – MON (Motor Octane Number)) exhibited monotonically retarding knocklimited combustion phasing (KL-CA50) with increasing NO. In contrast, for a high-RON, low-S fuel, the addition of NO initially resulted in a strongly retarded KL-CA50 but beyond the certain amount of NO, KL-CA50 advanced again. The current study focuses on same high-RON, low-S Alkylate fuel to better understand the mechanisms responsible for the reversal in the effect of NO on KLCA50 beyond a certain amount of NO. Experiments were conducted to measure the responses of KL-CA50 and trace-autoignition CA50, the latter being indicative of CA50 at which end-gas autoignition starts to become measurable from the apparent heat-release rate. Chemical-kinetics simulations were conducted to reveal the role of NO for end-gas autoignition, with a specific focus on sequential autoignition in a thermally stratified end-gas. The simulation results reveal that the magnitude of low-temperature heat release (LTHR) generally increases with NO. However, the relative importance of NO for enhancing LTHR diminishes when the LTHR inherent to a fuel’s chemistry is strong, such as at lower temperatures in a thermal boundary layer. This rendered more uniform LTHR within a hypothetical thermal boundary and led to a more sequential (i.e. slower) autoignition event. It was also revealed that a change in compression ratio influences the importance of intermediate-temperature heat release (ITHR) due to changes of the temperature-pressure history of the end-gas. Together with the condition where end-gas autoignition occurs more sequentially, the shorter time spent in LTHR and ITHR regime can counter the increase in autoignition reactivity at high NO levels and allow KLCA50 to advance
A fortran program to calculate an engineering estimate of the thermal radiation to the base of a multi-engine space vehicle at high altitudes
Fortran program for estimating radiant heat flux in base of arbitrary shape from intersection region caused by interaction of hydrogen-oxygen engine exhaust jets
Medium Resolution Infra-Red /MRIR/ EXPERIMENT engineering model digital electronics telemetry unit for Nimbus ''B'' Final engineering report, 1 Nov. 1965 - 1 Apr. 1966
Medium resolution infrared experiment engineering model digital electronics telemetry unit for Nimbus B
An inviscid analysis of the plume created by multiple rocket engines and a comparison with available Schlieren data. I - Calculation of multiple rocket engine exhaust plumes by the method of characteristics. II - A finite difference method.
Multiple rocket engine exhaust plumes calculated by method of characteristics and finite difference and compared with schlieren data
Engineering design of a pitot-static probe payload Engineering report no. 2
Engineering aspects of instrumentation and circuitry for pitot-static probe payloads for Nike-Cajun rockets
Cooled baffle development for M-1 engine using a subscale rocket engine
Film and transpiration cooled baffles for M-1 engine
Voyager capsule engine system design considerations single versus multiple engine configuration
Single versus multiple engine configurations for Voyager capsule bus propulsion
Engineering Science in Space, Society of Engineering Science, Technical Meeting, 5th, Huntsville, Ala., October 30- November 1, 1967, Technical Papers.
Engineering science in space - Conference, Huntsville, Alabama, October-November 1967