Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Dendrites”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 469 records · Page 26
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Modeling hyperbranched polymer formation via ATRP using dissipative particle dynamics

Hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) offer distinguishing, advantageous properties that arise from their distinctive complex topology. One of the effective approaches to the synthesis of hyperbranched structures involves the use of a branching initiator (inibramer) that is activated only after incorporation into a polymer chain. There remain, however, challenges in determining and characterizing the structures of the synthesized HBPs. Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) was used to probe the effects of inibramer concentration, solvent concentration, and inibramer reactivity on the kinetics, molecular weight, and dispersity of HBPs. Additionally, DPD allows for direct observation of branched structures, which was not possible in previously reported Monte Carlo type simulations. It was found that higher inibramer concentrations led to faster monomer consumption while forming more dendritic structures with fewer defects. Additionally, high dispersities characteristic of HBP systems were found to originate from asymmetric propagation rates between inibramer-inibramer and inibramer-monomer reactions.

Biswas, Santidan↗
DOE OSTI2025

Variations in GARS powder microstructure as a function of powder chemistry and particle size

The properties of metal produced through powder metallurgy depends on the feedstock used. Powders produced via gas atomization reaction synthesis (GARS) are used to produce oxide dispersion strengthened alloys. The desired powder size range can vary for each consolidation technique. However, powder microstructure also can vary with powder particle size, which in turn can impact the microstructure and properties of the consolidated parts. In this study, GARS powders are characterized via inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, inert gas fusion, and high-resolution x-ray diffraction to determine variations in elemental and phase compositions. Transmission electron microscopy was used to understand microstructure variations as a function of chemistry and size. Across the three batches tested intermetallic content was 0.73–1.35 wt% in the 0-20 μm powder batch and increased to 2.46–3.80 wt% in the coarse 45-106 μm batch. Across all batches, volume percent of surface oxidation decreased with powder diameter, with volume percents within the range of 0.75–1.2 % across 10 μm powder particles, and below 0.4 % across coarse powder particles approximately 100 μm in diameter. These observations were supported by inert gas fusion measurements. However, the oxide layer was thicker in coarse powder particles due to a slower cooling rate. Increasing oxygen content in atomization gas to 2000 ppm and adding yttrium increased both the surface oxidation content and yttrium intermetallic content. Lastly, intermetallic phases within the powder coarsened with powder size. Intermetallic morphology changed from fine spherical intermetallic and columnar dendritic growth to a cellular structure with finer spherical intermetallic, to coarse irregular intermetallic and intermetallic along grain boundaries as a result of slower cooling rate and solidification rate in coarse powder particles. Furthermore, the addition of zirconium does not appear to significantly change intermetallic morphology, but the composition changed from a Y-Fe rich intermetallic to a Y-Zr-Fe intermetallic.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis of ultrasonically assisted microstructure refinement during laser melting process

This work investigates the effect of ultrasonic treatment (UST) on the microstructure of AA4043 alloy during laser melting process. Here, the study utilizes in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SXRD) and postmortem electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques to examine the ultrasonic grain refinement mechanism. The SXRD diffraction patterns exhibit higher continuity of major diffraction rings in the UST-test pattern, indicating a more refined grain structure. The presence of new diffraction spots in the post-test diffraction pattern with UST suggests the breakdown of epitaxial growth of columnar dendrites during solidification. Thermal profiles determined by analyzing the lattice parameter evolution show a faster cooling rate with UST. The inverse pole figures and aspect ratio distribution from EBSD reveal that the UST samples exhibit a refined, more equiaxed grain structure along the weld centerline. UST sample also develops more fine-sized low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs). These features offer better hot-cracking resistance in aluminum alloys.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Effect of salt concentration profiles on protrusion growth in lithium-polymer-lithium cells

In this report, the formation of dendrites and other protrusions on lithium metal anodes is a subject of continued interest due to the potential to incorporate these anodes in next-generation rechargeable batteries with increased energy densities. Solid polymer electrolytes show improved stability against lithium metal compared to liquid carbonate electrolytes. We have studied the effect of salt concentration on the formation of protrusions formed on electrodeposited lithium through a rigid block copolymer electrolyte, polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO or SEO), in a lithium-lithium symmetric cell. The cell lifetime decreases by a factor of 100 when salt concentration is increased by a factor of 5. Our main objective is to understand the reason for this observation. We show that this decrease is not due to a salt-induced change of the morphology of the block-copolymer electrolyte, nor is it due to a salt-induced change of mechanical properties. We use an approach based on Newman's concentrated solution theory to fully characterize ion transport in the block-copolymer electrolyte, and report the conductivity, salt diffusion coefficient, cation transference number, and thermodynamic factor. Neither cell lifetime nor protrusion density in failed cells correlate with any of these electrochemical parameters. However, the electrochemical parameters can be used to predict salt concentration profiles in our symmetric cells. We posit that an important parameter in protrusion growth is the magnitude of the salt concentration gradient, Δ. We observe a direct correlation between Δ and lithium protrusion growth.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Electrochemical-driven green recovery of lithium, graphite and cathode from lithium-ion batteries using water

The expected exponential increase in consumption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) would pose a unique challenge to the availability of near-critical resources like lithium and graphite in the upcoming decade. In this work, we present a lithium recovery process that utilizes a degradation mechanism, i.e., lithium plating, as a tool to concentrate metallic lithium at the anode/separator interface for convenient extraction at room temperature – using only water. Electrochemical characterization of fast charged (1–6 C) LIBs yielded a maximum capacity fade of 50% over ten cycles. The lithium plating was confirmed via voltage plateau analysis, coulombic efficiency, and DC resistance measurements. A maximum lithium plating condition was observed to exist between 4C and 5C, thereby limiting the energy consumption in the extraction process. Post-mortem film thickness measurement showed an incrementing film deposition with a maximum of 35 µm thickness. SEM and XPS analysis confirmed increasing concentration of a dense dendritic metallic lithium deposition on the anode/separator interface with C-rate. A green recovery process was adopted to extract the concentrated metallic lithium using distilled water. The lithium from the plated film, solid/electrolyte interface (SEI), electrolyte, anode, and cathode, was extracted as salts. A 37% improvement in lithium recoverability was achieved with fast charging under ambient conditions. XPS analysis showed ~92% of lithium yield with no residual lithium in the graphite. In addition, the battery-grade graphite was recovered with 97% purity after heat treatment of the washed anode film, and concentrated transition metals oxides in the cathode to 93% purity for convenient extraction.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Digital light processing of porous LLZTO scaffolds for Li-garnet solid-state batteries

Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZO)-based solid-state electrolytes (SEs) are promising materials for next-generation solid-state batteries. In this work, digital light processing (DLP), an emerging additive manufacturing technology, is employed to produce porous Ta-doped LLZO (LLZTO) scaffolds. The self-standing scaffolds are 100 μm thick and have 40% porosity. The scaffolds demonstrate symmetric cell cycling stability exceeding 1,500 h at 0.1 mA/cm2 current density, with a capacity of 0.1 mAh/cm 2 (1 h for each half cycle). At higher current densities, reversible soft shorts frequently happen, while immediate hard shorts are prevented due to Li dendrite growth being hindered by the tortuous pore network. In addition to the cycling stability, the phase stability of LLZTO is investigated during the post-printing thermal process for printing resin removal. We discovered that the LLZTO partially decomposes into Li 2 Zr 2 O 7 and other impurity phases from 400°C to 800°C, but the pure LLZTO phase is restored upon the completion of resin removal beyond 800°C.

Li-metal anode↗
DOE OSTI2020

Titanium Niobium Oxide: From Discovery to Application in Fast-Charging Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries are essential for portable technology and are now poised to disrupt a century of combustion-based transportation. The electrification revolution could eliminate our reliance on fossil fuels and enable a clean energy future; advanced batteries would facilitate this transition. However, owing to the demanding performance, cost, and safety requirements, it is challenging to translate new materials from laboratory prototypes to industrial-scale products. This Perspective describes that journey for a new lithium-ion battery anode material, TiNb 2 O 7 (TNO). TNO is intended as an alternative to graphite or Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 with better rate and safety characteristics than the former and higher energy density than the latter. The high capacity of TNO stems from the multielectron redox of Nb 5+ to Nb 3+ , its operating voltage window well above the Li + /Li reduction potential prevents lithium dendrite formation, and its open crystal structure leads to high-power performance. Nevertheless, the creation of a practical TNO anode was nonlinear and nontrivial. Its history is built on 30 years of fundamental science that preceded its application as a battery anode, and its battery development included a nearly 30-year gap. The insights and lessons contained in this Perspective, many of them acquired firsthand, serve two purposes: (i) to unite the disparate studies of TiNb 2 O 7 into a coherent modern understanding relevant to its application as a battery material and (ii) to highlight briefly some of the challenges faced when scaling up a new material that affect TiNb 2 O 7 as well as new electrode candidates more generally.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Li + Diffusion in Amorphous and Crystalline Al 2 O 3 for Battery Electrode Coatings

Al 2 O 3 is often applied protectively to lithium-ion battery anode and cathode materials to inhibit surface degradation, suppress dendrite formation, and relieve mechanical stresses. Given the very high intrinsic band gap and diffusion barrier of the material, the mechanism that allows Li diffusion through these coatings is not well understood, and widely varying laboratory results indicate that there may be dependencies on morphology and stoichiometry. Using nudged elastic band calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics, we perform a systematic investigation across Al 2 O 3 structures, both crystalline and amorphous, and at various concentrations of Li + to uncover the optimal parameters for maximally diffusive coatings. We find a correlation between the low proximity of Li + to Al 3+ and the low Li + migration barrier. Although barriers are the lowest in the highly diffusive one-dimensional channels of crystalline θ-Al 2 O 3 , the system is structurally delicate and subject to detrimental distortion as the Li + content is increased. The α-Al 2 O 3 lattice is, conversely, highly stable against distortion at all Li + concentrations but disadvantageous for Li + migration. In amorphous systems, unscreened Li + –Li + Coulomb repulsion and pre-emptive occupation of “trapping sites” combine to lower the energy barriers as a function of increasing concentration. One of our most important findings is that Al-deficient materials can sharply increase Li + movement, and we predict that an amorphous material with a combination of high Li + concentration and Al deficiency would enable highly Li + -conductive protective coatings for electrodes.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Reversible Electrochemical Lithium Cycling in a Vanadium(IV)- and Niobium(V)-Based Wadsley–Roth Phase

Fast charging remains one of the greatest safety challenges in Li-ion batteries due to Li-dendrite growth occurring on graphite anodes if they are lithiated too quickly. The search for high-rate anodes has highlighted materials in the Wadsley–Roth (WR) shear phase family. The relative abundance of V compared with traditional WR compositions of Nb and W makes V-based phases attractive. However, the high voltage and poor reversibility typically associated with V redox have made V-rich WR phases less studied than Nb- and W-rich phases. Here, we show that a new V-rich Wadsley–Roth phase, V 7 Nb 6 O 29 , achieves excellent rate capability and 80% capacity retention after 228 cycles with a relatively low average voltage of 1.76 V vs Li/Li + compared with other V-rich WR phases. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals a P4/m space group with repeating 2 × 2 × ∞ and 3 × 3 × ∞ blocks of V 4+ and Nb 5+ octahedra. Finally, combined neutron pair distribution function analysis, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations show that V redox is the primary source of capacity and that cycling stability is provided by the stable octahedral coordination adopted by V 4+ in the material.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Translating a Material Discovery into a Commercial Product in the Modern Lithium-ion Battery Market

Lithium-ion batteries are essential for portable technology and are now poised to disrupt a century of combustion-based transportation. The electrification revolution could eliminate our reliance on fossil fuels and enable a clean energy future; advanced batteries would facilitate this transition. However, owing to the demanding performance, cost, and safety requirements, it is challenging to translate new materials from laboratory prototypes to commercial products. This Perspective describes that journey toward commercialization for a new lithium-ion battery anode material, TiNb2O7 (TNO). TNO is intended as an alternative to graphite or Li4Ti5O12 with better rate and safety characteristics than the former, and higher energy density than the latter. The high capacity of TNO stems from multielectron redox of Nb5+ to Nb3+, its operating voltage window well above Li+/Li reduction potential prevents lithium dendrite formation, and its open crystal structure leads to high-power performance. Nevertheless, the creation of a practical TNO anode was non-linear and non-trivial. Its history is built on 30 years on fundamental science that preceded its application as a battery, and its battery development included a nearly 30-year gap. The insights and lessons 2 contained in this Perspective, many of them acquired firsthand, serve two purposes: (i) to unite the disparate studies of TiNb2O7 into a coherent modern understanding relevant to its application as a battery material and (ii) to highlight some of the considerations of commercializing a new material that affect TiNb2O7 as well as new electrode candidates more generally.

Griffith, Kent J.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Review of Multifunctional Separators: Stabilizing the Cathode and the Anode for Alkali (Li, Na, and K) Metal–Sulfur and Selenium Batteries

Alkali metal batteries based on lithium, sodium, and potassium anodes and sulfur-based cathodes are regarded as key for next-generation energy storage due to their high theoretical energy and potential cost effectiveness. However, metal–sulfur batteries remain challenged by several factors, including polysulfides’ (PSs) dissolution, sluggish sulfur redox kinetics at the cathode, and metallic dendrite growth at the anode. Functional separators and interlayers are an innovative approach to remedying these drawbacks. Here we critically review the state-of-the-art in separators/interlayers for cathode and anode protection, covering the Li–S and the emerging Na–S and K–S systems. The approaches for improving electrochemical performance may be categorized as one or a combination of the following: Immobilization of polysulfides (cathode); catalyzing sulfur redox kinetics (cathode); introduction of protective layers to serve as an artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) (anode); and combined improvement in electrolyte wetting and homogenization of ion flux (anode and cathode). It is demonstrated that while the advances in Li–S are relatively mature, less progress has been made with Na–S and K–S due to the more challenging redox chemistry at the cathode and increased electrochemical instability at the anode. Throughout these sections there is a complementary discussion of functional separators for emerging alkali metal systems based on metal–selenium and the metal–selenium sulfide. The focus then shifts to interlayers and artificial SEI/cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) layers employed to stabilize solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) in metal–sulfur solid-state batteries (SSBs). The discussion of SSEs focuses on inorganic electrolytes based on Li- and Na-based oxides and sulfides but also touches on some hybrid systems with an inorganic matrix and a minority polymer phase. The review then moves to practical considerations for functional separators, including scaleup issues and Li–S technoeconomics. The review concludes with an outlook section, where we discuss emerging mechanics, spectroscopy, and advanced electron microscopy (e.g. cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and cryo-focused ion beam (cryo-FIB))-based approaches for analysis of functional separator structure–battery electrochemical performance interrelations. Finally, throughout the review we identify the outstanding open scientific and technological questions while providing recommendations for future research topics.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Mechanism of Stoichiometrically Governed Titanium Oxide Brownian Tree Formation on Stepped Au(111)

Previously observed formation of substoichiometric titanium oxide dendritic structures across terraces of Au(111) is computationally studied and shown to follow the classical fractal formation mechanism of diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA). Globally optimized gas-phase oxide cluster structures are sampled in a variety of landing formations on gold surfaces and shown to favor isomers driving polymerization to Brownian tree fractal structures. Mobility of Ti 3 O 5 monomers is shown to be extremely high, with diffusion barriers of 0.21 eV or less. Through bonding stabilization, polymerization of these monomers is energetically favorable and irreversible on the 111 terrace but geometrically impossible to propagate along the step edge. Simulated scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images show strong similarity to experiment. By contrast, observation of Ti 3 O 6 aggregating as wires along step edges is explained by the affinity of oxygen to step edges and statistical arguments for aggregation entropy at the step, in addition to low barriers for monomer diffusion and polymerization.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Composition-Dependent Reconstructions of Titanium Oxide Clusters and Cu(111) Support via Cluster-Adatom Interactions

Mass-selected cluster deposition and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) were used to investigate the surface structure and thermal stability of Ti 3 O y (y = 5, 6) clusters on a Cu(111) surface. STM imaging shows that the substoichiometric Ti 3 O 5 clusters aggregate into large dendritic assemblies at step edges, while the stoichiometric Ti 3 O 6 clusters are highly dispersed as single or small groupings of clusters. Cluster deposition also results in extensive reconstruction of the Cu(111) surface. The Ti 3 O 5 /Cu(111) surface exhibits one Cu-layer deep pits that are ringed by cluster assemblies that nucleate and grow at the perimeter step edges. By comparison, the Ti 3 O 6 /Cu(111) surface consists of irregular step edges and small one Cu-layer islands that are decorated with clusters. The restructuring of the Cu(111) surface is attributed to strong Cu-cluster interactions that release Cu adatoms from the step edges. This mechanism is supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which predict that the Cu adatom attachment to the clusters is energetically favorable. Annealing the surfaces at elevated temperatures (400-700 K) results in higher densities of irregular steps, pits and isolated Cu islands as well as increased cluster aggregation. In conclusion, this work highlights adatom-cluster interactions as another manifestation of strong cluster-support interactions that can significantly alter the nature of the oxide-metal interface.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Complexing Agent-Assisted Membraneless Zinc–Iodine Aqueous Batteries

A membrane is required for conventional zinc–iodine aqueous batteries, since soluble polyiodides cross over to the anode side and react with zinc metal spontaneously. Making the battery membraneless increases ion transport and reduces its cost and overall footprint. In this paper, a membraneless Zn–I 2 aqueous battery is demonstrated, employing a complexing agent, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium iodide (MBPI), to promote the formation of I 5 – -containing, phase-separated polyiodides upon charging, to minimize self-discharge and suppress Zn dendrite growth. With an additional 0.3 M MBPI in 4 M ZnI 2 electrolyte, the membraneless battery achieved 65 cycles with >85% Coulombic efficiency, whereas the MBPI-free control failed immediately. Additionally, a volumetric capacity of 14.3 Ah L –1 was achieved, surpassing those of most membraneless batteries reported to date regardless of redox chemistry, and underscores the potential of complexing agents in simplifying the architecture of conventional Zn–I 2 flow batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Electrodeposition of Zinc in Aqueous Electrolytes Containing High Molecular Weight Polymers

Strong polarization of the ion distribution in liquid electrolytes subjected to potential differences exceeding the thermal voltage, V T = kT/e, produces a hydrodynamic instability termed electroconvection at ion-selective interfaces. Electroconvection is desirable in some situations (e.g., electrodialysis) because it promotes mixing in a stagnant electrolyte layer, enhancing the ion flux at a fixed potential difference. It is undesirable in others (e.g., electrodeposition of metals) where early experiments show that convective fluid rolls associated with hydrodynamic instability in bounded electrolytes produce preferential metal deposition at localized regions on an electrode. Such localized deposition drives the family of morphological instabilities loosely termed dendritic electrodeposition. We experimentally investigate the effect of ultrahigh molecular weight polymer additives on the onset conditions and physical characteristics of both instabilities. Direct observations of electrodeposit morphology and tracer particle motions used in tandem with indirect electrokinetic measurements reveal that even at moderate concentrations, the polymer additives have a large beneficial effect in extending the range of electric potentials where stable electrodeposition is observed. Additionally, we report that at polymer concentrations above the entanglement threshold, high molecular weight polymers impart elasticity to liquid electrolytes which dampen electroconvective flow at a cation-selective interface but have at most a minimal effect on the bulk ionic conductivity of the liquid.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Polymer Precursors to Li x PON and Li x SiPON Glasses: Materials That Enable All-Solid-State Batteries (ASBs)

LiPON-like glasses that form lithium dendrite impenetrable interfaces between lithium battery components are enabling materials that may replace liquid electrolytes permitting production of all-solid-state batteries (ASBs). Unfortunately, to date, such materials are introduced only via gas-phase deposition. Furthermore, we demonstrate the design and synthesis of easily scaled, lowtemperature, low-cost, solution-processable inorganic polymers containing LiPON/LiSiPON elements. OPCl 3 and hexachlorophosphazene [Cl 2 P=N] 3 provide starting points for elaboration using MNH 2 (M = Li/Na) or (Me 3 Si)NH followed by reaction with controlled amounts of LiNH 2 to produce oligomers/polymers with molecular weights (MWs) ≈1–2 kDa characterized by multinuclear NMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization (MALDI)-time-of-flight (ToF) offering stabilities to 150–200 °C and ceramic yields (800 °C) of 50–60%. 7 Li NMR suggests that precursor-bound Li + dissociates easily, beneficial for electrochemical applications. XPS shows higher N/P ratios (1–3) than via gas-phase methods (<1) correlating N/P ratios, 7 Li shifts, and Li + conductivities. Li 2 SiPHN offers the highest ambient conductivity of 3 × 10 –1 mS cm –1 at 400 °C/2 h/N 2 .

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Localized Hydrophobicity in Aqueous Zinc Electrolytes Improves Zinc Metal Reversibility

The rechargeability of aqueous zinc metal batteries is plagued by parasitic reactions of the zinc metal anode and detrimental morphologies such as dendritic or dead zinc. To improve the zinc metal reversibility, hereby we report a new solution structure of aqueous electrolyte with hydroxyl-ions scavengers and hydrophobicity localized in solvent clusters. In this work we show that although hydrophobicity sounds counterintuitive for an aqueous system, hydrophilic pockets may be encapsulated inside a hydrophobic outer layer and a hydrophobic anode-electrolyte interface can be generated through the addition of a cation-philic, strongly anion-phobic, and OH - -reactive diluent. The localized hydrophobicity enables less active water and less absorbed water on the Zn anode surface, which suppresses the parasitic water reductions; while the hydroxyl-ion-scavenging functionality further minimizes undesired passivation layer formation, thus leading to superior reversibility (an average Zn plating/stripping efficiency of 99.72% for 1000 cycles) and lifetime (80.6% capacity retention after 5000 cycles) of zinc batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Understanding the Chemomechanical Function of the Silver–Carbon Interlayer in Sheet-type All-Solid-State Lithium–Metal Batteries

All-solid-state batteries with lithium metal anodes hold great potential for high-energy battery applications. However, forming and maintaining stable solid–solid contact between the lithium anode and solid electrolyte remains a major challenge. One promising solution is the use of a silver–carbon (Ag–C) interlayer, but its chemomechanical properties and impact on interface stabilities need to be comprehensively explored. Here, we examine the function of Ag–C interlayers in addressing interfacial challenges using various cell configurations. Experiments show that the interlayer improves interfacial mechanical contact, leading to a uniform current distribution and suppressing lithium dendrite growth. Furthermore, the interlayer regulates lithium deposition in the presence of Ag particles via improved Li diffusivity. The sheet-type cells with the interlayer achieve a high energy density of 514.3 Wh L –1 and an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.97% over 500 cycles. Furthermore, this work provides insights into the benefits of using Ag–C interlayers for enhancing the performance of all-solid-state batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗