The astronaut-teleoperator team for space operations
Astronaut teleoperators use for space operations cost reduction and future experiments productivity increase
Johnsen, E. G.↗
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Experiment D012: Astronaut maneuvering unit
All astronaut maneuvering unit systems used during the Gemini 9 mission were in an acceptable condition for flight when the evaluation was terminated. Some difficulty was experienced with reception of the voice signal by the command pilot. All of the donning provisions are apparently practical in the orbital environment; however, the donning activities were more difficult to perform than had been experienced in the one-g and zero-g training exercises. Lighting was marginal because of the failure of one adapter floodlight and one penlight. The crewmembers reported a tendency for the extravehicular activity pilot and any loose equipment to move outward from the earth relative to the spacecraft. This tendency affected activities at a work station and maneuvering in an extravehicular environment.
Vanschaik, P. N.↗
The measurement of radiation exposure of astronauts by radiochemical techniques
The concentrations of 23 major, minor, and trace elements in the fecal samples from the Apollo 12 and 13 astronauts are reported. Most elemental excretion rates are comparable to rates reported for earlier missions. Exceptions are noted for calcium, iron, and tin. Body calcium and iron losses appear to be reduced during the Apollo 12 and 13 missions such that losses now seem to be insignificant. Refined measurements of tin excretion rates agree with normal dietary intakes. Earlier reported tin values are in error. A new passive dosimetry canister was designed which contains foils of tantalum, copper, titanium, iron, cobalt, aluminum, and scandium. By measuring the concentrations of the various products of nuclear reactions in these metals after space exposure, the characteristics of the incident cosmic particles can be determined.
Brodzinski, R. L.↗
The measurement of radiation exposure of astronauts by radiochemical techniques
Gamma analyses of the neutron-activated fecal samples from the Apollo 12 and 13 missions were completed, and the data are being evaluated. Samples of the exposed Apollo 12 solar wind composition foil and blank foils were obtained for analysis of the Po-2/0 (Pb-210, Rn-222) content. It is expected that the determination of the Po-210 content of these foils will yield the concentration of radon atoms incident on the foil while exposed to the lunar atmosphere, and this indirectly will permit an estimate of the average uranium concentration of the lunar surface. Proposals to measure the cosmic-ray intensity and energy spectra inside and outside of late Apollo and Project Skylab spacecraft by exposing and subsequently analyzing pure metal foils, and to measure the elemental mass balance in Project Skylab astronauts by instrumental neutron activation analysis of the intake and excreta are summarized.
Brodzinski, R. L.↗
High Z particle Apollo astronaut dosimetry with plastics
On Apollo missions, the individual astronauts' high Z particle exposure is measured by means of Lexan polycarbonate plastic. These layers form one component of the passive dosimetry packets worn in the constant wear garment. They serve as threshold type, high Z, charged particle track detectors, recording only the very highly ionizing particles. The detectors yield information on the particles' charge, energy, and direction of travel. This data, in turn, is used to obtain the track fluence, the stopping particle density as an integral Z distribution, and the particles' integral LET spectrum. Some of the data gathered on Apollo missions 8-13 is presented.
Benton, E. V.↗
Light flash phenomenon seen by astronauts
The results from experiments conducted to characterize and elucidate light flashes seen by astronauts on Apollo 11, 12, 13, and 14 during transluna or transearth orbit are presented. The data show cosmic nuclei interacting with the visual apparatus causes the light flash phenomenon. The data also suggest that slow protons and helium ions with a stopping power greater than 10 KeV/micron will cause light flashes and streaks in the partially dark adapted eye. The effects of galactic cosmic nuclei interacting with man during long term missions are discussed.
Budinger, T. F.↗
The measurement of radiation exposure of astronauts by radiochemical techniques
The urine specimens collected pre- and postflight from the Apollo 15 mission were analyzed for their radionuclide content. Cosmic radiation dose estimates of 695 and 660 mR are calculated from the observed Na-22 and Na-24 concentrations respectively. The concentrations of Na-22, Na-24, K-40, K-42, Cr-51, Fe-59, and Cs-137 are given. The potassium excretion patterns of high postflight and low preflight levels established for previous missions appears to be reversed for this mission. The concentrations of 23 major, minor, and trace elements in the fecal samples from the Apollo 14 astronauts are reported. Most elemental excretion rates are comparable to rates reported for earlier missions. The major exception is potassium where loss rates are the lowest ever observed. This coincides with the anomalously low excretion of potassium in postflight urine specimens. Apparent mass balance of calcium and iron continues as in the Apollo 12 and 13 missions.
Brodzinski, R. L.↗
The visual standards for the selection and retention of astronauts, part 2
In preparation for the various studies planned for assessing visual capabilities and tasks in order to set vision standards for astronauts, the following pieces of equipment have been assembled and tested: a spectacle obstruction measuring device, a biometric glare susceptibility tester, a variable vergence amplitude testing device, an eye movement recorder, a lunar illumination simulation chamber, a night myopia testing apparatus, and retinal adaption measuring devices.
Allen, M. J.↗
Biomedical findings on American astronauts participating in space missions.
Zero-gravity adaptive responses of man are discussed on the basis of biomedical data for 54 American astronauts, covering performance, locomotion, orientation, sleep and physiological and functional characteristics. Figures and diagrams are given for cardiovascular adaptation, weight loss, endocrine and electrolyte responses, fluid balance, skeletal responses, muscular and neuromuscular changes, exercise response tests and work capacity indicators. A review is given of current hypotheses concerning the processes involved in human adaptation to zero gravity. It is concluded that the immediate response of the body to weightlessness is a redistribution of the total circulating blood volume, leading to a loss of water, sodium and potassium through the kidneys and, thus, to a loss in total body weight.
Berry, C. A.↗
Experimental investigation of an astronaut maneuvering scheme.
A new concept for astronaut maneuvering in space is proposed, and an experimental study undertaken to test this concept is described. The series of experiments performed appear to promise advantages over previously proposed schemes in terms of propellant economy, system weight, reliability, and safety. The simulation tests established the feasibility of the proposed maneuvering concept by showing that test subjects were able to place their bodies sufficiently near the reference position to avoid excessive angular momentum build-up; no difficulties were encountered in selecting self-rotation maneuvers suitable for effecting desired changes in orientation; and the execution of these maneuvers produced predicted reorientations without tiring the test subject significantly.
Kane, T. R.↗
Effects of weightlessness on astronauts - A summary.
This paper reviews the adaptive changes observed in the United States astronauts during flight programs to this date. A series of postulates are offered as to what is happening in these adaptive events. A hypothesis is proposed as to the interrelationship of events observed in the body systems and functions involved. The importance of undertaking an extensive life sciences program, including an on-orbit phase of study as well as pre- and post-flight studies is discussed. Finally, the role the Skylab flight plays in the United States Space Program in achieving the future requirements for more extensive life sciences data is summarized.
White, S. C.↗
Liquid pump for astronaut cooling
The Apollo portable life support system water-recirculation pump used for astronaut cooling is described. The problems associated with an early centrifugal pump and how these problems were overcome by the use of a new diaphragm pump are discussed. Performance comparisons of the two pump designs are given. Developmental problems and flight results with the diaphragm pump are discussed.
Carson, M. A.↗
Automatic control of the Skylab Astronaut Maneuvering Research Vehicle.
The two automatic control modes of the Astronaut Maneuvering Research Vehicle (AMRV) are analyzed: the control moment gyro (CMG) and the rate gyro (RG). The AMRV is an autonomous maneuvering unit which translates and rotates the pilot by means of hand-controller input commands. The CMG normal operation, desaturation, and cage/lock dynamics are described in terms of a realistic AMRV mass property configuration. No propellant is used for normal operation in the CMG mode, and the maximum rotation rate is 5 deg/sec about each AMRV axis. The RG attitude maneuvering and limit cycle submode dynamic are described in terms of the same AMRV mass property configuration.
Murtagh, T. B.↗
Findings on American astronauts bearing on the issue of artificial gravity for future manned space vehicles
Findings for American astronauts are reviewed that may indicate some alteration in vestibular response related to exposure to zero gravity. Of 25 individuals participating in Apollo missions 7 through 15, nine have experienced symptomatology that could be related to motion sickness. The apparent divergence between these results and those from the Soviet space program, which initially appears great, may reflect the greater emphasis given by Soviet investigators to vestibular aberrations. Presently the incidence of motion sickness, long known as an indicator of vestibular disturbance, seems too low to warrant any positive statement regarding inclusion of an artificial gravity system in future long term space missions. Where motion sickness has occurred, adaptation to weightlessness has always resulted in abatement of symptoms. In the absence of biomedical justification for incorporating artificial gravity systems in long term space flight vehicles, engineering considerations may dictate the manner in which the final ballot is cast.
Berry, C. A.↗
The astronaut of 1988
Past space exploration history is reviewed for a projection of requirements in astronaut training and selection in 1988. The categories of talent required for those space missions are listed as test pilots and operational pilots for the test phase of programs; flight engineers and mechanics for Space Shuttle and Space Stations; medical doctors as experimentators and crew members; medical technicians and nurses for support medical service; veterinarians and veterinary technicians; physisits, chemists and geologists; and military men and administrators. Multinational crews and participation of both sexes are anticipated.
Slayton, D. K.↗
Second Application of the "Successive Transformations Method" to Predict the Safest Lunar Landing Site for an Astronaut: Report 3
The purpose of the first application of the "Successive Transformations Method" described in the second report was to determine, for a manned spacecraft, the optimum landing site on the moon. The results obtained, made by extrapolating the temperature TO furnished by Surveyor, can be summarized as follows: (1) The method is efficient in allowing selection of the optimum landing area. ( 2 ) The zrea selected is extensive and relatively flat; consequently, it is sufficient to allow trine for the difficult landing operation which results from the high speed of the spacecraft when reaching the moon. ( 3 ) The relative temperature obtained is lower than that where Surveyor landed. In this third report, a second application of the "Successive Transformations" is described to determine the safest conditions of a given landing site for the astronaut, especially in relation to determining the composition of the lunar surface material. As a means of accomplishing this task, it is the intent of this paper to analyze lunar craters since they are present over so much of the lunar surface.
Rojas, Hector R.↗
Astronautics and aeronautics, 1972
Important events of the U. S. space program during 1972 are recorded in a chronology which encompasses all NASA, NASA related, and international cooperative efforts in aeronautics and astronautics. Personnel and budget concerns are documented, along with the major developments in aircraft research, manned space flight, and interplanetary exploration.
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Information about the 73-astronauts selected by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration since 1959
Information about the 73 pilots and scientists selected as astronauts is presented.
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