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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 469 records · Page 26
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Current understanding of Oxidative Coupling of Methane (OCM) reaction over supported Mn-Na 2 WO 4 catalysts

This perspective reviews the current understanding of the Oxidative Coupling of Methane (OCM) reaction over the supported Mn-Na 2 WO 4 /SiO 2 catalyst, with a focus on recent insights gained from state-of-the-art in-situ and operando spectroscopic characterization and chemical probe experiments under controlled environments. The supported Mn-Na 2 WO 4 /SiO 2 catalyst exhibits dynamic structural changes during the OCM reaction, involving multiple reactive lattice and adsorbed oxygen species, each associated with different oxide phases. These oxygen species play distinct roles in various steps of the OCM mechanism. The catalytic active sites for activation of CH 4 are associated with isolated surface Na-WO x sites on the SiO 2 support and the role of surface MnO x sites on SiO 2 is to oxidatively dehydrogenate C 2 H 6 to C 2 H 4 . Furthermore, this paper provides a detailed discussion of these roles and also introduces new experimental data from Temporal Analysis of Products (TAP) studies to clarify the ongoing debate in the literature regarding the contributions of lattice versus adsorbed oxygen species in OCM reaction product formation. Additionally, recommendations are offered for optimizing the performance of supported Mn-Na 2 WO 4 /SiO 2 catalysts to enhance CH 4 activation and C 2 product selectivity.

03 - NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Coupled uptake and conversion of C 12 H 26 and NO on Pd/SSZ-13: Experiments and modeling

The uptake of NO in the presence of C 12 H 26 (dodecane) and H 2 O over a Pd/SSZ-13 washcoated Passive NOx Adsorber (PNA) monolith is reported. When a co-feed containing C 12 H 26 and NO is supplied to an unsaturated (with C 12 H 26 ) sample, the NO uptake is unaffected but during the subsequent temperature ramp the release of trapped NO is delayed from 175°C to over 220°C. The release delay is beneficial for PNA performance as the primary NO x aftertreatment technology, Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), is not operated below 200°C. However, pre-saturation of C 12 H 26 followed by the same NO and C 12 H 26 co-feed results in a decrease in the NO uptake compared to the NO-only feed. We conjecture that C 12 H 26 pre-adsorbed on the exterior surface of the sample blocks NO access to the pores, decreasing the number of available sites for NO uptake. Oxidation of C 12 H 26 leads to the generation of partial oxidation product CO at lower temperatures (<250°C) and deep oxidation product CO 2 at higher temperatures. Carbon monoxide binds strongly to Pd sites with NO and can delay NO release. A Pd/SSZ-13 washcoated monolith model developed in an earlier study [Ambast et al., Appl. Catal. B. Environmental (2021)] is upgraded to include C 12 H 26 storage, release, and conversion. Through a systematic combination of judicious experiments, model tuning, and validation, we provide evidence for the underlying NO uptake and release mechanisms in the presence of C 12 H 26 .

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Cooperative and bifunctional Ga-Ca-Cr 2 O 3 @CaO structured monoliths as versatile platform for reactive capture of CO 2 and its subsequent conversion to ethylene

Cooperative and bifunctional materials (BFMs) that integrate adsorbents and catalysts offer a promising strategy for the reactive capture of CO 2 to produce valuable fuels and chemicals. In this study, we developed structured BFMs via 3D printing that combine CaO as an adsorbent with Ga–Ca–Cr 2 O 3 metal oxides as the catalyst for the reactive capture of CO 2 and its subsequent conversion to C 2 H 4 via the oxidative dehydrogenation of C 2 H 6 (CO 2 -ODHE). Three different Ga–Ca compositions were used to modify the catalyst surface characteristics and enhance C 2 H 4 selectivity. In these formulations, Ga ions stabilize the oxygen lattice of the BFM, while Ca ions interact strongly with Cr to form CaCrO 4 , thereby altering the oxygen species and enhancing the material’s basic properties. Under adsorption–reaction conditions at 600–650 °C, the optimal BFM achieved an excellent C 2 H 4 selectivity of 96.4 %, attributed to a balanced redox process and improved basicity that facilitate efficient C 2 H 6 conversion and rapid desorption of C 2 H 4 without excessive oxidation. Overall, this work provides new insights into the formulation of BFMs monoliths and highlights the critical role of catalytic surface modification in enhancing C 2 H 4 selectivity in the CO 2 -ODHE reactive capture process.

C2H4 production↗
DOE OSTI2021

Development of Passive HC/NOx Trap Catalysts for Low Temperature Gasoline Applications

This project aimed to develop fundamental understanding of the chemistry of NO adsorption and reaction in Pd/zeolites so as to facilitate the rational design of passive NOx adsorber catalysts. The approach adopted combined both experimental and computational methods, which together allow a deeper understanding of the governing chemistry than the use of either method alone. The workflow began with Pd/H-CHA and Pd/H-BEA catalyst synthesis and characterization, in which the Si/Al ratio and Al siting were systematically varied. This was followed by catalyst evaluation using temperature-programed adsorption/desorption methods, as well as in situ spectroscopic measurements to probe the chemistry of NO adsorption. In parallel, the adsorption of NO and other relevant species (H 2 O, CO, HCs) was studied by means of quantum chemical calculations in order to rationalize the experimental data and provide additional insights. Catalyst aging studies were also performed with the aim of elucidating the mechanism of catalyst degradation. Finally, the insights gained in this project were applied to the preparation of an optimized HC/NOx adsorber catalyst, the performance of which was studied using exhaust gas from an engine dynamometer.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

GeoMelt{sup R} In-Container Vitrification (ICV){sup TM} for Fukushima Daiichi Water Treatment Secondary Wastes - 20212

The Japanese government is supporting development work implemented jointly by Veolia subsidiaries Kurion Japan, K.K., Veolia Nuclear Solutions (VNS), Inc., and Veolia Nuclear Solutions Federal Services, LLC for treating radioactive waste generated from Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (NPS) water treatment using the GeoMelt{sup TM} In-Container Vitrification (ICV){sup TM} technology. The initial work consisted of glass formulation and engineering-scale testing which was completed in 2018, in the frame of an IRID (International Research Institute for Nuclear Decommissioning) program as part of a project subsidized by Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI). The Fukushima Daiichi NPS Mid- and Long-Term Road-map requires investigation of methods to stabilize solid wastes (and to immobilize radioisotopes in the wastes) generated as a result of emergency response and decommissioning activities. Cooling water treatment has resulted in a significant amount of solid and slurry secondary wastes (mostly adsorbents and ion-exchange materials) which will require processing at some point. GeoMelt{sup R} ICV{sup TM} is a joule-heated melter technology which uses a refractory-lined single-use container combining the melter and disposal container. There is no pouring required nor concerns with refractory corrosion which allows the process to accommodate a wide range of waste chemistries and high waste loadings. The testing described here consisted of three engineering-scale melts, each processing between 212 kg and 240 kg of waste simulants, glass formers, and non-radioactive cesium (Cs) and strontium (Sr) tracers. Continuous isokinetic stack sampling of off-gas emissions was performed for each test in order to calculate Cs and Sr retention in the glass wasteform. Single-pass retention of Cs in the final glass wasteform ranged from 91.46 to 99.30%, and single-pass retention of Sr ranged from 99.76 to 100%. Planned particulate recycle will increase these retention levels. Melt 1 processed a mixture of KUR-EH (a zeolite-based ion-exchange material), simulated Advanced Liquid Processing System (ALPS) Carbonate and Iron Slurries, and glass additives. Melt 2 processed a mixture of KUR-EH, KUR-TSG (a titanate-based adsorbent), and glass additives. Melt 3 processed a mixture of KUR-EH, simulated barium sulfate/iron ferrocyanide sludge (AREVA sludge), and glass additives. Waste loadings for these melts ranged from 70 weight percent (wt%) to 82 wt%. Vitrification produces a waste form much denser than the stored water treatment secondary waste wastes, resulting in significant volume reduction. Volume reductions for the three tests ranged from 74 to 79 vol%. Vitrification produces a chemically durable wasteform. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) tested three glass samples from each engineering-scale melt) by the Materials Characterization Center 1 (MCC-1) test, an international standard leach test of the chemical durability of nuclear waste glasses. PNNL also obtained one U.S. reference glass (EA Glass) and two Japan reference glasses P0798) and tested these under the same MCC-1 conditions (90 deg. C, 10 m-1, DIW, and 7, 14, 28-day) as the GeoMelt{sup R} ICV{sup TM} glasses. The GeoMelt{sup R} ICV{sup TM} glasses exhibited lower total normalized releases and 14- to 28-day normalized release rates than the three reference glasses. These results suggest that the GeoMelt{sup R} ICV{sup TM} glasses have durabilities on par with high-level waste glasses under standard test conditions. Post-melt process sampling and analysis indicated no Cs migration into the melter refractory materials and very little deposition of Cs or Sr onto the melter hood or off-gas piping internals. The results of the testing indicated good Cs retention in the glass, high volume reduction and waste loadings, and excellent chemical durability. These factors are important to minimize treatment costs and to protect workers and the environment. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2025

Coupling Interfacial Redox‐Reactions with In Situ Proton Generation for the Photoelectrochemical Separation of Rare‐Earth Elements

Abstract A dual‐function photoelectrochemical (PEC) separation system is demonstrated for rare‐earth element (REE) recovery. The sustainable release of the captured REEs is promoted through the synergistic integration of a redox‐reaction for electrostatic repulsion, and in situ proton generation for ion‐exchange, all driven by photoelectrochemistry. The platform consists of a redox‐copolymer, poly(ferrocenylpropyl methacrylamide‐ co ‐methacrylic acid) (P(FPMAm‐ co ‐MAA)) (PFM), conjugated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and coated onto titanium dioxide nanorods (TNRs). The (PFM‐CNT)/TNR spontaneously adsorbs up to 214.2 mg of Yttrium/g PFM by ion‐exchange, and demonstrates broad applicability for other REEs. The adsorbed REEs are released through the PEC oxidation of ferrocene (Fc) to ferrocenium (Fc + ), and the simultaneous PEC water splitting reactions at the TNRs that protonate the carboxylate binding groups. This dual photoelectrochemically‐driven mechanism for REE release is investigated by in situ pH measurements, as well as vibrational and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Through PEC approaches, a 68.8% reduction in energy consumption during REE recovery has been achieved compared to purely electrochemical systems, with a regeneration efficiency close to 100%. For NdFeB magnets from waste hard disk drives, Nd and Dy recovery efficiencies of 59.2 and 61.1% are achieved. The dual‐functionality of these copolymer PEC systems offers a sustainable platform for modulating critical element recovery.

Cho, Ki‐Hyun [Department of Chemical and Biomolecu↗
DOE OSTI2020

High Capacity Adsorption—Dominated Potassium and Sodium Ion Storage in Activated Crumpled Graphene

In this study, structurally and chemically defective activated-crumbled graphene (A-CG) is employed to achieve unique synergy of large reversible potassium (K) and sodium (Na) ion storage capacity with fast charging and extended cyclability. A-CG synthesis consists of low temperature spraying of graphene oxide slurry, followed by partial reduction annealing and air activation. For K storage, the reversible capacities are 340 mAh g -1 at 0.04 A g -1 , 261 mAh g -1 at 0.5 A g -1 , and 210 mAh g -1 at 2 A g -1 . For Na storage, the reversible capacities are 280 mAh g -1 at 0.04 A g -1 , 191 mAh g -1 at 0.5 A g -1 , and 151 mAh g -1 at 2 A g -1 . A-CG shows a stable intermediate rate (0.5 Ag -1 ) cycling with both K and Na, with minimal fade after 2800 and 8000 cycles. These are among the most favorable capacity—rate capability—cyclability combinations recorded for potassium-ion battery and sodium-ion battery carbons. Electroanalytical studies (cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic intermittent titration technique, b -value) and density functional theory (DFT) reveal that enhanced electrochemical performance originates from ion adsorption at various defects, such as Stone–Wales defects. Moreover, DFT highlights enhanced thermodynamic stability of A-CG with adsorbed K versus with adsorbed Na, explaining the unexpected higher reversible capacity with the former.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

2‐Aminobenzenethiol‐Functionalized Silver‐Decorated Nanoporous Silicon Photoelectrodes for Selective CO 2 Reduction

Abstract A molecularly thin layer of 2‐aminobenzenethiol (2‐ABT) was adsorbed onto nanoporous p‐type silicon (b‐Si) photocathodes decorated with Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The addition of 2‐ABT alters the balance of the CO 2 reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions, resulting in more selective and efficient reduction of CO 2 to CO. The 2‐ABT adsorbate layer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and modeled by density functional theory calculations. Ex situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the 2‐ABT modified electrodes suggests that surface Ag atoms are in the +1 oxidation state and coordinated to 2‐ABT via Ag−S bonds. Under visible light illumination, the onset potential for CO 2 reduction was −50 mV vs. RHE, an anodic shift of about 150 mV relative to a sample without 2‐ABT. The adsorption of 2‐ABT lowers the overpotentials for both CO 2 reduction and hydrogen evolution. A comparison of electrodes functionalized with different aromatic thiols and amines suggests that the primary role of the thiol group in 2‐ABT is to anchor the NH 2 group near the Ag surface, where it serves to bind CO 2 and also to assist in proton transfer.

Kan, Miao↗
DOE OSTI2020

Hydrogen Bonding Enhances the Electrochemical Hydrogenation of Benzaldehyde in the Aqueous Phase

Abstract The hydrogenation of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol on carbon‐supported metals in water, enabled by an external potential, is markedly promoted by polarization of the functional groups. The presence of polar co‐adsorbates, such as substituted phenols, enhances the hydrogenation rate of the aldehyde by two effects, that is, polarizing the carbonyl group and increasing the probability of forming a transition state for H addition. These two effects enable a hydrogenation route, in which phenol acts as a conduit for proton addition, with a higher rate than the direct proton transfer from hydronium ions. The fast hydrogenation enabled by the presence of phenol and applied potential overcompensates for the decrease in coverage of benzaldehyde caused by competitive adsorption. A higher acid strength of the co‐adsorbate increases the intensity of interactions and the rates of selective carbonyl reduction.

Sanyal, Udishnu↗
DOE OSTI2021

Enhanced Catalysis under 2D Silica: A CO Oxidation Study

Interfacially confined microenvironments have recently gained attention in catalysis, as they can be used to modulate reaction chemistry. The emergence of a 2D nanospace at the interface between a 2D material and its support can promote varying kinetic and energetic schemes based on molecular level confinement effects imposed in this reduced volume. We report on the use of a 2D oxide cover, bilayer silica, on catalytically active Pd(111) undergoing the CO oxidation reaction. We “uncover” mechanistic insights about the structure-activity relationship with and without a 2D silica overlayer using in situ IR and X-ray spectroscopy and mass spectrometry methods. We find that the CO oxidation reaction on Pd(111) benefits from confinement effects imposed on surface adsorbates under 2D silica. Finally, this interaction results in a lower and more dispersed coverage of CO adsorbates with restricted CO adsorption geometries, which promote oxygen adsorption and lay the foundation for the formation of a reactive surface oxide that produces higher CO 2 formation rates than Pd alone.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Enhanced Catalysis under 2D Silica: A CO Oxidation Study

Abstract Interfacially confined microenvironments have recently gained attention in catalysis, as they can be used to modulate reaction chemistry. The emergence of a 2D nanospace at the interface between a 2D material and its support can promote varying kinetic and energetic schemes based on molecular level confinement effects imposed in this reduced volume. We report on the use of a 2D oxide cover, bilayer silica, on catalytically active Pd(111) undergoing the CO oxidation reaction. We “uncover” mechanistic insights about the structure–activity relationship with and without a 2D silica overlayer using in situ IR and X‐ray spectroscopy and mass spectrometry methods. We find that the CO oxidation reaction on Pd(111) benefits from confinement effects imposed on surface adsorbates under 2D silica. This interaction results in a lower and more dispersed coverage of CO adsorbates with restricted CO adsorption geometries, which promote oxygen adsorption and lay the foundation for the formation of a reactive surface oxide that produces higher CO 2 formation rates than Pd alone.

Eads, Calley N.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Self-Adjusting Metal–Organic Framework for Efficient Capture of Trace Xenon and Krypton

The capture of the xenon and krypton from nuclear reprocessing off-gas is essential to the treatment of radioactive waste. Although various porous materials have been employed to capture Xe and Kr, the development of high-performance adsorbents capable of trapping Xe/Kr at very low partial pressure as in the nuclear reprocessing off-gas conditions remains challenging. Herein, we report a self-adjusting metal-organic framework based on multiple weak binding interactions to capture trace Xe and Kr from the nuclear reprocessing off-gas. The self-adjusting behavior of ATC-Cu and its mechanism have been visualized by the in-situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies and theoretical calculations. The self-adjusting behavior endows ATC-Cu unprecedented uptake capacities of 2.65 and 0.52 mmol g -1 for Xe and Kr respectively at 0.1 bar and 298 K, as well as the record Xe capture capability from the nuclear reprocessing off-gas. Further, our work not only provides a benchmark Xe adsorbent but proposes a new route to construct smart materials for efficient separations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Effect of Ambient Organic Acids on the Water Structure at ${\rm TiO}_{2}$ Interfaces

A molecular-level understanding of the effects of ambient organic compounds on the wettability of titanium dioxide ( ${\rm TiO}_{2}$ ) surfaces is relevant to many of its energy-related and environmental applications. Herein, we focus on two common atmospheric carboxylic acids, formic and acetic acid, and characterize their adsorption/ desorption at the aqueous interfaces of anatase and rutile ${\rm TiO}_{2}$ using molecular dynamics with an ab initio deep neural network potential. Our simulations show that these acids prefer to be localized in the interfacial water layers close to the ${\rm TiO}_{2}$ surface where they are stabilized by the interaction/exchange of their acid proton with a surface oxygen, rather than chemisorb at the surface Ti sites by displacing the adsorbed water. Notably, these acids make the surface of anatase hydrophobic, whereas the larger fraction of adsorbed water dissociation can offset their effect on rutile. Furthermore, these results provide a picture where carboxylic acids control the wettability of ${\rm TiO}_{2}$ largely through acid-base chemistry at the interface rather than chemisorption on the oxide surface, a finding that can help improve the design of self-cleaning surfaces and photocatalytic devices.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

CO2 Hydrogenation to Hydrocarbons over Fe/BZY Catalysts

This manuscript reports a CO2 hydrogenation process in a catalytic laboratory-scale packed-bed reactor using an Fe/BZY15 (BaZr0.8Y0.15O3-d) catalyst to form hydrocarbons (e.g., CH4, C2+) at elevated pressure of 30 bar and temperatures in the range 270 = T = 375 degrees C. The effects of temperature, feed composition (i.e., CO2/H2 ratio, and residence time (i.e., Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) are studied to understand the relationship between CO2 conversion and carbon selectivity. Catalyst characterization elucidates the relationships between the catalyst structure, surface adsorbates, and reaction pathways. Thermodynamic analyses guide the experimental conditions and assist interpreting results. While the feed composition and temperature influence the product distribution, the results suggest that the higher-carbon (C2+) selectivity and yield depend strongly on residence time. The results suggest that the CO2 hydrogenation reaction pathway is similar to Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. The reaction begins with CO2 activation to form CO, followed by chain-growth reactions similar to the FT process. The CO2 activation depends on the redox activity of the catalyst. However, the carbon chain growth depends primarily on the residence time. as is the case for the FT synthesis, high residence time (on the orders of hours) is required to achieve high C2+ yield. For such high residence times, catalyst-fouling carbon deposition can be problematic. The coke-resistant BZY15 catalyst support contributes to the catalytic activity and enables a coke-free operation for more than 100 h time-on-stream.

bi-functional catalyst↗
DOE OSTI2023

The α-WC(0001) Surface as a Hydrogen Sponge: A First Principle Study of H 2 Dissociation and Formation of Low and High Coverages

Tungsten carbide (WC) displays a Pt-like behavior in catalysis, applied in hydrogenation processes. Numerous theoretical studies have modeled the behavior and use of adsorbed hydrogen without obtaining a general picture, missing basic links between H 2 dissociation and generation of high surface coverage (Θ H >0.5 ML). Here, in this study, the capability of C- and W-terminations of the α-WC(0001) surface is analyzed to dissociate several H 2 molecules to produce coverages, Θ H , ranging from low to very high values (0.13<Θ H <2.00 ML). Density functional theory and an ab initio atomistic thermodynamic were used to achieve the conditions for H 2 dissociation. The WC–C surface has higher capacity to dissociate H 2 molecules than WC–W. However, both surfaces can reach full surface coverage, Θ H =1 ML, at mild ambient conditions, T=300 K and P=1 atm, and even up to 500 K at low and high pressures. The H-adatoms on WC–W are more labile than on WC–C. The binding of adsorbates is hindered at high Θ H , implying a need to modulate Θ H according to the application. The results give the basis to understand the capabilities of WC-based catalysts in hydrogenation-related reactions, with the advantage of WC being a hydrogen reservoir at mild practical catalytic conditions.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Burning magnesium in carbon dioxide for highly effective phosphate removal

Magnesium oxide was found to have high-phosphate-affinity as an effective component to enhance the phosphate removal ability of common adsorbent materials. However, the currently prepared MgO-based hybrid adsorbents by conventional methods still suffer from the limited low loading of MgO and inferior removal performances, much far away from practical application. In this study, an ingenious carbon coated MgO nanocomposite is designed by directly burning magnesium in CO 2 , a well-known textbook reaction. X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscope and aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscope demonstrate the sample is well prepared. Consequently, the high content of nanosized MgO combined with defect-rich carbon layer brings unprecedented phosphate removal capacity of 1135.0 mg/g, removal rate of 99% and benign compatibility with coexisting anions and solution pH. Furthermore, the removal mechanism is also investigated in detail by characterizing the sample before and after adsorption.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Light Hydrocarbon Separations Using Porous Organic Framework Materials

Light hydrocarbons (C 1 –C 3 ) are used as basic energy feedstocks and as commodity organic compounds for the production of many industrially necessary chemicals. Due to the nature of the raw materials and production processes, light hydrocarbons are generated as mixtures, but the high-purity single-component products are of vital importance to the petrochemical industry. Consequently, the separation of these C 1 –C 3 products is a crucial industrial procedure that comprises a significant share of the total global energy consumption per year. As a complement to traditional separation methods (distillation, partial hydrogenation, etc.), adsorptive separations using porous solids have received widespread attention due to their lower energy costs and higher efficiency. Extensive research has been devoted to the use of porous materials such as zeolites and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as solid adsorbents for these key separations, owing to the high porosity, tunable pore structures, and unsaturated metal sites present in these materials. Recently, porous organic framework (POF) materials composed of organic building blocks linked by covalent bonds have also shown excellent properties in light hydrocarbon adsorption and separation, sparking interest in the use of these materials as adsorbents in separation processes. In this Minireview we summarize the recent advances in the use of POFs for light hydrocarbon separations, including the separation of mixtures of methane/ethane, methane/propane, ethylene/ethane, acetylene/ethylene, and propylene/propane, while highlighting the relationships between the structural features of these materials and their separation performances. Finally, the difficulties, challenges, and opportunities associated with leveraging POFs for light hydrocarbon separations are discussed to conclude the review.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗