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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 451 records · Page 25
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

The emergence of magnetic properties in (Pb{sub 0.845}Sm{sub 0.08}Fe{sub 0.035})(Ti{sub 0.98}Mn{sub 0.02})O{sub 3} and (Pb{sub 0.88}Nd{sub 0.08})(Ti{sub 0.98}Mn{sub 0.02})O{sub 3} perovskite ceramics

The emergence of magnetic properties and quadratic magnetoelectric coupling in a material with outstanding ferroelectric properties has been pursued. Thus, the multiferroicity driven by the substitution of rare earth R{sup 3+} ions (R = Sm, Nd) on the A-site of PbTiO{sub 3} perovskite ceramics has been investigated. In some samples, a transition element with large ionic radius, like Fe{sup 2+}, has been also added on the A site. Polycrystalline ceramic samples with composition (Pb{sub 1-3x/2-y}R{sub x}Fe{sub y}) (Ti{sub 0.98}Mn{sub 0.02})O{sub 3} (R = Sm; x = 0.08, y = 0.035) and (Pb{sub 1−3x/2}R{sub x})(Ti{sub 0.98}Mn{sub 0.02})O{sub 3} (R = Nd, x = 0.08) have been prepared by conventional solid state ceramic processing, starting from reagent grade oxide powders. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the obtaining of a crystalline phase with tetragonal P4 mm symmetry. Transmission electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy investigations have been carried out in order to analyze the local structure. Temperature dependence of dielectric permittivity revealed a strong anomaly at the temperature T{sub c} of the paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transition. Transition temperature values depend on the R ion type and are lower than in pure lead titanate by 80–100 K. A broad anomaly of dielectric permittivity is found below 140–180 K, where magnetization also increases due to the quadratic magnetoelectric coupling between ferroelectric and magnetic states. For the (Pb{sub 0.845}Sm{sub 0.08}Fe{sub 0.035})(Ti{sub 0.98}Mn{sub 0.02})O{sub 3} composition, the piezoelectric charge coefficient at room temperature was d{sub 31} ∼−6.5 pC/N and the remanent magnetization M{sub r} at room temperature was about 0.1 emu/g.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Characterization of Solids in Fouled Modular Caustic Side Solvent Extraction Unit (MCU) Prefilter/Coalescer Media

Prefilters and coalescers utilized during the Modular Caustic Side Solvent Extraction Unit (MCU) processing of Salt Batches 5 and 6 were sampled and submitted to SRNL for characterization, for the purpose of identifying solid phase constituents potentially fouling the pores. Specifically, three samples were received and characterized: 1) a decontaminated salt solution (DSS) prefilter (PF) sample; 2) a DSS coalescer sample; and 3) a strip effluent (SE) coalescer sample. Aliquots of the samples were analyzed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Other aliquots of the samples were leached in acid solution, and the leachates were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). In addition, modeling was performed to provide a basis for comparison of the analytical results.

Coalescer↗
DOE OSTI2017

Hydrogeochemical Investigation of Recharge Pathways to Intermediate and Regional Groundwater in Canon de Valle and Technical Area 16, Los Alamos National Laboratory

In aquifers consisting of fractured or porous igneous rocks, as well as conglomerate and sandstone products of volcanic formations, silicate minerals actively dissolve and precipitate (Eby, 2004; Eriksson, 1985; Drever, 1982). Dissolution of hydrated volcanic glass is also known to influence the character of groundwater to which it is exposed (White et al., 1980). Hydrochemical evolution, within saturated zones of volcanic formations, is modeled here as a means to resolve the sources feeding a perched groundwater zone. By observation of solute mass balances in groundwater, together with rock chemistry, this study characterizes the chemical weathering processes active along recharge pathways in a mountain front system. Inverse mass balance modeling, which accounts for mass fluxes between solid phases and solution, is used to contrive sets of quantitative reactions that explain chemical variability of water between sampling points. Model results are used, together with chloride mass balance estimation, to evaluate subsurface mixing scenarios generated by further modeling. Final model simulations estimate contributions of mountain block and local recharge to various contaminated zones.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

A separate phase drag model and a surrogate approximation for simulation of the steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process

General ensemble phase averaged equations for multiphase flows have been specialized for the simulation of the steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process. In the average momentum equation, fluid-solid and fluid-fluid viscous interactions are represented by separate force terms. This equation has a form similar to that of Darcy’s law for multiphase flow but augmented by the fluid-fluid viscous forces. Models for these fluid-fluid interactions are suggested and implemented into the numerical code CartaBlanca. Numerical results indicate that the model captures the main features of the multiphase flow in the SAGD process, but the detailed features, such as plumes are missed. We find that viscous coupling among the fluid phases is important. Advection time scales for the different fluids differ by several orders of magnitude because of vast viscosity differences. Numerically resolving all of these time scales is time consuming. To address this problem, we introduce a steam surrogate approximation to increase the steam advection time scale, while keeping the mass and energy fluxes well approximated. This approximation leads to about a 40-fold speed-up in execution speed of the numerical calculations at the cost of a few percent error in the relevant quantities.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2015

Effect of synthesis methods on the Ca{sub 3}Co{sub 4}O{sub 9} thermoelectric ceramic performances

Three different synthesis methods producing nanometric grain sizes, coprecipitation with ammonium carbonate, oxalic acid, and by attrition milling have been studied to produce Ca{sub 3}Co{sub 4}O{sub 9} ceramics and compared with the classical solid state route. These three processes have produced high reactive precursors and all the organic material and CaCO{sub 3}·have been decomposed in a single thermal treatment. Coprecipitation leads to pure Ca{sub 3}Co{sub 4}O{sub 9} phase, while attrition milling and classical solid state produce small amounts of Ca{sub 3}Co{sub 2}O{sub 6} secondary phase. Power factor values are similar for all three samples, being slightly lower for the ones produced by attrition milling. These values are much higher than the obtained in samples prepared by the classical solid state method, used as reference. The maximum power factor values determined at 800 °C (∼0.43 mW/K{sup 2} m) are slightly higher than the best reported values obtained in textured ones which also show much higher density values. - Graphical abstract: Impressive raise of PF in Ca{sub 3}Co{sub 4}O{sub 9} thermoelectric materials obtained from nanometric grains. - Highlights: • Ca{sub 3}Co{sub 4}O{sub 9} has been produced by four different methods. • Precursors particle sizes influences on the final performances. • Coprecipitation methods produce single Ca{sub 3}Co{sub 4}O{sub 9} phase. • Power factor reaches values comparable to high density textured materials.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Fiber-amplifier-pumped, 1-MHz, 1-µJ, 21-µm, femtosecond OPA with chirped-pulse DFG front-end

High-repetition-rate, high-power, few-cycle mid-infrared lasers with carrier-envelope phase (CEP) stabilization are ideal driving sources for studying strong-field nonlinear processes, such as strong-field driven electron emission, solid-state high-harmonic generation, and nonlinear microscopy. Here, we report on a 1-MHz, 1-μJ, femtosecond, 2.1-µm optical parametric amplifier (OPA), pumped by a Yb-doped fiber chirped-pulse amplifier (CPA) and seeded by a chirped-pulse difference-frequency generation (DFG) front-end providing positively chirped 2.1-μm signal pulses. The home-built multi-stage 1030-nm Yb-doped fiber CPA pump laser generates >55-μJ near-transform-limited (245-fs) pulses at 1 MHz repetition rate using a novel 4-pass all-fiber stretcher/front-end for careful dispersion/spectral management. The chirped-pulse DFG scheme is achieved by wave-mixing the 1030 nm pump pulse with a dispersive wave at 645–735 nm generated in a photonic crystal fiber, allowing passive CEP stability of the 2.1-µm pulses. The 2.1-μm pulse is amplified to 1 μJ in a two-stage dispersion-managed optical parametric amplifier (OPA) with a pump energy of ~21 μJ resulting in 95-fs pulses with nice beam profile without additional pulse compression. Multi-μJ, sub-30 fs pulses can be obtained at full pump energy and additional dispersion compensation. The fiber-amplifier-based mid-infrared OPA can be directly applied to high-harmonic generation in solids and optical-field-driven nanophotonic devices and is a compact front-end for a future high-power, high-repetition-rate, long wavelengths CEP-stabilized source for gas-phase high-order harmonic generation.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2023

Purification and Fractionation of Lignin via ALPHA: Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium for the Lignin–Acetic Acid–Water System

In order to effectively practice the Aqueous Lignin Purification with Hot Agents (ALPHA) process for lignin purification and fractionation, the temperatures and feed compositions where regions of liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) exist must be identified. To this end, pseudo-ternary phase diagrams for the lignin–acetic acid–water system were mapped out at 45-95 °C and various solvent: feed lignin mass ratios (S:F). For a given temperature, the accompanying SL (solid–liquid), SLL (solid–liquid–liquid), and one-phase regions were also located. For the first time, ALPHA using acetic acid (AcOH)–water solutions was applied to a lignin recovered via the commercial LignoBoost process. Additionally to determining tie-line compositions for the two regions of LLE that were discovered, the distribution of lignin and key impurities (the latter can negatively impact lignin performance for materials applications) between the two liquid phases was also measured. As a representative example, lignin isolated in the lignin-rich phase was reduced 7x in metals and 4x in polysaccharides by using ALPHA with a feed solvent composition of 50-55% AcOH and an S:F of 6:1, with said lignin being obtained at a yield of 50-70% of the feed lignin and having a molecular weight triple that of the feed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Chloride-Based Volatility for Waste Reduction and/or Reuse of Metallic-, Oxide- and Salt-Based Reactor Fuels

The objective of the chloride based volatility project (CBV) was to demonstrate the ability to separate uranium from used fuel to enable process improvements resulting in 10x reduction of waste volume, while maintaining safeguards standards and global backend costs at $\$$1/MW-hr. Current industrial practices perform separations of used fuel using solvent media in the form of aqueous and molten salt processes, resulting in contaminated process waste. The CBV approach utilized solid state chemistry with no solvent media and was successful in chlorinating uranium and fission product oxides that sublimed into the gas phase and were collected in targeted condensation zones based on temperature gradients of chlorinated products. Recovery of better than 95% of initial uranium in the form of UCl4 was demonstrated when simulated used nuclear fuel was used. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, LIBS, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, UV-Vis, were combined into a high temperature flow cell design and utilized as process monitoring techniques to observed chlorinated products leave the reaction vessel in real time.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2019

99Tc immobilization from off-gas waste streams using nickel-doped iron spinel

Technetium-99 (99Tc) incorporation within stable spinel phases is a novel method for 99Tc removal and immobilization from waste streams. In this study, transformation of Ni-doped Fe(OH)2(s) to spinel minerals, e.g. trevorite (NiFe2O4), is explored as a method for removing 99Tc from Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) primary off-gas waste stream simulant. The Fe(OH)2(s) transformation process was found to reduce 99Tc(VII) to 99Tc(IV) and incorporate reduced Tc(VI) into the produced spinel simultaneously. Nickel doping was applied in the mineral transformation to inhibit potential reoxidation of 99Tc(IV). Solid phase characterization by XRD and XANES confirmed the formation of nickel substituted ferric-spinel, and suggest incorporation of 99Tc(IV) in the final spinel. Furthermore, in the primary off-gas stream, which contains both redox-sensitive contaminants Cr(VI) and 99Tc(VII), results from solution analysis and solid digestion indicate that nearly 100% Cr and over 80% 99Tc can be simultaneously removed by adding Fe(OH)2(s) to solution with a solid to solution ratio of 5 g/L under near neutral and alkaline conditions. The 99Tc removal approach developed herein provides an alternative treatment method to eliminate the proposed recycle process of the off-gas waste stream, which ultimately can reduce WTP mission cost and operation time.

Wang, Guohui↗
DOE OSTI2018

Transformations of cyclohexa-1,4-diene under the action of biphenyl—alkali metal systems in THF. Synergistic acceleration by mixtures of lithium and sodium

In the interaction of cyclohexa-1,4-diene (1,4-CHD) with a mixture of biphenyl and metallic lithium or sodium in THF at 20 °C, three processes occur, viz., disproportionation of 1,4-CHD to form benzene and cyclohexene, dehydrogenation of 1,4-CHD to form benzene and molecular hydrogen, and dehydrogenation of 1,4-CHD to form benzene and lithium or sodium hydride. In the case of lithium on the use of an equimolar amount of biphenyl, the isomerization of 1,4-CHD to cyclohexa-1,3-diene is also observed. When the molar ratio Li(Na): Ph{sub 2} increases from 1 : 1 to 2 : 1, i.e., when the reaction is carried out in the presence of an alkali metal solid phase, the overall conversion of 1,4-CHD into benzene and cyclohexene increases. The use of mixtures of lithium and sodium leads to acceleration of the processes of the formation of benzene and cyclohexene. The possible mechanism of the synergistic effect found is discussed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

Microstructure and Phase Composition of Ni-Based Alloy Obtained by High-Speed Direct Laser Deposition

Phase composition and structural features of nickel-based alloy EP741 obtained by high-speed direct laser deposition were discussed in the paper. The technology of high-speed direct laser deposition has been successfully applied during the formation of samples with the various operating parameters of the experimental device. The laser power was between 450 and 1200 W, the scanning speed was 1.2 mm/s, the powder feed rate was 45 g/min, and the laser beam diameter was 1.2 mm. The structure and phase composition of the initial material and as-deposited samples were studied using optical and scanning electron microscopy, x-ray analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The investigation has shown that spherical particles of powder (EP741) can be used to form products by additive manufacturing with the presence of additional heat treatment, since almost all the as-deposited samples obtained do not contain cracks, and large volume of pores was observed only in the sample obtained with the power of 450 W. In addition, the phase composition of the as-deposited samples showed a high content of precipitating phase Ni{sub 3}(Al, Ti) in matrix, which is coherent to the solid solution based on nickel. In theory, the presence of Ni{sub 3}(Al, Ti) phase corresponds to the heat-treated nickel-base alloy obtained by standard methods of processing.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Stimulus-Responsive Modulation of Solvation Environments in Solid Catalysts

Liquid environments play a crucial role in the biological processes occurring in living organisms as well as in many human-made processes involving electrochemistry, photo-, and thermocatalysis. In the majority of these systems, aqueous phases are ubiquitous due to water’s natural abundance. Water molecules, however, can exert large changes in the chemical environment of catalytically active sites, altering the reaction rates, selectivity, and catalyst stability. These solvation effects induced by water molecules near catalytic sites can drastically change the energy landscape and unlock unique reaction pathways with far more favorable kinetics. In nature, living organisms couple these complex interactions with detection, communication, and actuation mechanisms to induce self-regulatory behavior, ensuring stability of the system and thus long-term durability. Extrapolating this behavior to heterogeneous catalysis is desirable because the resulting “smart materials” can potentially unlock new chemical conversion processes with higher atom efficiency, rates, and stability. The combination of polymer chemistry and heterogeneous catalysis has introduced versatile approaches for creating materials that can respond to cues in the reaction medium that alter the accessibility, intrinsic activity, and selectivity of the catalyst. To achieve this, one could combine stimulus-responsive polymers, which undergo a large volumetric phase transition in response to an external stimulus, with a solid catalyst. This chemo-mechanical response has been employed to create a variety of nanoreactor vessels with stimulus-responsive character that turn on- and off- depending on the reaction conditions. In this Account, we focus on the impact of these polymer coatings on the solvation environment around the active site and the implications of these effects on the reaction energy landscape, molecular arrangement of the solvent, electric fields at the catalyst–liquid interface, binding energy, and mobility of surface reaction intermediates. These seemingly subtle changes in solvent molecules induced by the presence of polymers can have a tremendous impact on the development of bioinspired heterogeneous catalysts, reliable chemical clocks, micro/nanoreactors, and robots. The large library of polymer chemistries offers a plethora of combinations of stimulus-responsive mechanisms (e.g., temperature, pH, light, magnetic field, solvent composition), providing the possibility of creating homeostatic catalysts à la carte.

catalysts↗
DOE OSTI2023

Armor for Steel: Facile Synthesis of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Films on Various Substrates

Abstract While hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has been widely used as a buffer or encapsulation layer for emerging electronic devices, interest in utilizing it for large‐area chemical barrier coating has somewhat faded. A chemical vapor deposition process is reported here for the conformal growth of hBN on large surfaces of various alloys and steels, regardless of their complex shapes. In contrast to the previously reported very limited protection by hBN against corrosion and oxidation, protection of steels against 10% HCl and oxidation resistance at 850 °C in air is demonstrated. Furthermore, an order of magnitude reduction in the friction coefficient of the hBN coated steels is shown. The growth mechanism is revealed in experiments on thin metal films, where the tunable growth of single‐crystal hBN with a selected number of layers is demonstrated. The key distinction of the process is the use of N 2 gas, which gets activated exclusively on the catalyst's surface and eliminates adverse gas‐phase reactions. This rate‐limiting step allowed independent control of activated nitrogen along with boron coming from a solid source (like elemental boron). Using abundant and benign precursors, this approach can be readily adopted for large‐scale hBN synthesis in applications where cost, production volume, and process safety are essential.

2D materials↗
DOE OSTI2017

Cold sintering process of Li 1.5 Al 0.5 Ge 1.5 (PO 4 ) 3 solid electrolyte

Abstract The recently developed technique of cold sintering process (CSP) enables densification of ceramics at low temperatures, i.e., <300°C. CSP employs a transient aqueous solvent to enable liquid phase‐assisted densification through mediating the dissolution‐precipitation process under a uniaxial applied pressure. Using CSP in this study, 80% dense Li 1.5 Al 0.5 Ge 1.5 (PO 4 ) 3 (LAGP) electrolytes were obtained at 120°C in 20 minutes. After a 5 minute belt furnace treatment at 650°C, 50°C above the crystallization onset, Li‐ion conductivity was 5.4 × 10 −5 S/cm at 25°C. Another route to high ionic conductivities ~10 −4 S/cm at 25°C is through a composite LAGP ‐ (PVDF‐HFP) co‐sintered system that was soaked in a liquid electrolyte. After soaking 95, 90, 80, 70, and 60 vol% LAGP in 1 M LiPF 6 EC‐DMC (50:50 vol%) at 25°C, Li‐ion conductivities were 1.0 × 10 −4 S/cm at 25°C with 5 to 10 wt% liquid electrolyte. This paper focuses on the microstructural development and impedance contributions within solid electrolytes processed by (i) Crystallization of bulk glasses, (ii) CSP of ceramics, and (iii) CSP of ceramic‐polymer composites. CSP may offer a new route to enable multilayer battery technology by avoiding the detrimental effects of high temperature heat treatments.

Berbano, Seth S.↗
DOE OSTI2014

Nuclear spin conversion of water inside fullerene cages detected by low-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance

The water-endofullerene H{sub 2}O@C{sub 60} provides a unique chemical system in which freely rotating water molecules are confined inside homogeneous and symmetrical carbon cages. The spin conversion between the ortho and para species of the endohedral H{sub 2}O was studied in the solid phase by low-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance. The experimental data are consistent with a second-order kinetics, indicating a bimolecular spin conversion process. Numerical simulations suggest the simultaneous presence of a spin diffusion process allowing neighbouring ortho and para molecules to exchange their angular momenta. Cross-polarization experiments found no evidence that the spin conversion of the endohedral H{sub 2}O molecules is catalysed by {sup 13}C nuclei present in the cages.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Solidification and fcc to metastable hcp phase transition in krypton under variable compression rates

In this work, we present time-resolved synchrotron x-ray diffraction measurements to study kinetics associated with the liquid-solid and solid-solid high-pressure phase transitions in Kr under dynamic loading in a dynamic-diamond anvil cell. The results show a strong compression-rate dependence of the solidification/melting process in liquid Kr. The analysis of the compression-rate dependent melting/solidification, using an Avrami equation with the parameter n=1, indicates a spontaneous nucleation and one-dimensional growth mechanism. In contrast, the face-centered-cubic to metastable hexagonal close-packed transition in solid Kr occurs rapidly at ~0.8 GPa near the melting line, which has negligible compression-rate dependence within the range of compression rates studied (0.004–13 GPa/s).

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2025

Informed Critical Mineral Recovery from Fossil Energy Waste Feedstocks

Critical minerals (CM), such as rare earth elements (REE), cobalt, nickel, and lithium, have important uses in modern energy and technologies, yet are vulnerable to potential supply chain disruptions. One potential domestic CM source is fossil energy wastes, such as coal combustion ash, acid mine drainage (AMD) and treatment solids (AMD solids), and Oil and Gas (O&G) drilling wastes (drill cuttings and produced waters). CM recovery from these feedstocks is promising due to their abundant quantity and fast availability as waste products. To develop informed and effective CM recovery, DOE’s National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) have collected and analyzed CM data for aforementioned fossil energy wastes, and utilized advanced geochemical characterization (e.g., synchrotron microprobe, sequential extraction and geochemical modeling) to identify the CM speciation and binding environments. Novel methods that recover multiple CMs while co-producing other valuable byproducts from these feedstocks have been developed. Successful examples include: (1) the discovery of easily mobile REE phases in Ca-rich coal combustion ash resulted in a patented REE recovery process from the ash feedstock while producing zeolite sorbents from the extraction wastes; (2) the successful identification of REE/Co/Ni/Zn hosting phases in acid mine drainage treatment solids (AMD solids) has informed the sequential CM recovery from AMD solids and has inspired lithium sorbent development from the extraction wastes; (3) the recovery potential of Li and other CMs in O&G produced waters and drill cuttings has been explored while the extraction residuals have been demonstrated to support plant growth as soil supplements. The innovations driven by characterization information have the potential to maximize CM recovery revenue, offset the cost of waste management and wastewater treatments while reducing the cost and environmental footprint of CM extraction.

characterization and extraction of rare earth elem↗
DOE OSTI2017

Five Rules for Measuring Biomass Pyrolysis Rates: Pulse-Heated Analysis of Solid Reaction Kinetics of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Pyrolytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass utilizes high temperatures to thermally fragment biopolymers to volatile organic compounds. The complexity of the degradation process includes thousands of reactions through multiple phases occurring in less than a second. In this work, the requirements are established for measuring the reaction kinetics of high temperature (>400 °C) biomass pyrolysis in the absence of heat and mass transfer limitations. Additionally, experimental techniques must heat and cool biomass samples sufficiently fast to elucidate the evolution of reaction products with time while also eliminating a substantial reaction during the heating and cooling phases, preferably by measuring the temperature of the reacting biomass sample directly. Furthermore, these requirements are described with the PHASR (pulse-heated analysis of solid reactions) technique and demonstrated by measuring the time-resolved evolution of six major chemical products from loblolly pine pyrolysis over a temperature range of 400 to 500 °C. Differential kinetics of loblolly pine pyrolysis are measured to determine the apparent activation energy for the formation of six major product compounds including levoglucosan, furfural, and 2-methoxyphenol.

08 HYDROGEN↗