A methodology for small scale rural land use mapping in semi-arid developing countries using orbital imagery. Part 7: Bibliography
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Vangenderen, J. L.↗
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Small scale local gamma ray features
In order to draw implications from nearby gamma-ray emission, the different ways that can be used to obtain an estimate of the amount of matter on each line of sight are investigated. It is shown that, within present uncertainties, the cosmic ray intensity inside molecular clouds within 1 kpc from the sun is the same as the cosmic ray intensity measured at the sun. In the last part, what can be learned from a comparison of far infrared and gamma-ray data is discussed.
Puget, J. L.↗
Comparisons of ionogram and Ogo 6 satellite observations of small-scale F region inhomogeneities
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Wright, J. W.↗
A field evaluation of small-scale forest resource aerial photography
An earlier study under somewhat clinical laboratory conditions has suggested the possibility of using smaller scales of forest photography without serious information loss. The present paper subjects this idea to a rigorous field test by a number of experienced user-cooperators. Various combinations of summer black-and-white infrared and color infrared aerial photography at scales of 1:15,840, 1:24,000, 1:31,680, and 1:80,000 were taken over forested portions of Minnesota. Major conclusions are that 1:15,840 is the preferred working photo scale, and that instead of 1:15,840 a scale of 1:20,000 is considered an acceptable substitute.
Marshall, J.↗
On the size, structure, and strength of the small-scale solar magnetic field
High-resolution magnetograms place an upper limit of 0.33 arcsec on the smallest magnetic-field structures. These magnetograms show that the active-region field is organized into roughly cellular patterns 2-3 arcsec in diameter and that the field structures occur in the centers of 'abnormal' granules. Comparison of these data and other magnetograms with high signal-to-noise ratio indicates that there exists another component of the field that is diffuse on the scale of an arc second and has a maximum strength of less than 500 gauss.
Ramsey, H. E.↗
Aerodynamic characteristics of a small-scale straight and swept-back wing with knee-blown jet flaps
Two sting-mounted, 50.8 cm (20 in.) span, knee-blown, jet-flap models were tested in a large (2.1- by 2.5-m (7- by 10-ft) subsonic wind tunnel. A straight- and swept-wing model were tested with fixed flap deflection with various combinations of full-span leading-edge slats. The swept-wing model was also tested with wing tip extensions. Data were taken at angles-of-attack between 0 deg and 40 deg, at dynamic pressures between 143.6 N/sq m (3 lb/sq ft) and 239.4 N/sq m (5 lb/sq ft), and at Reynolds numbers (based on wing chord) ranging from 100,000 to 132,000. Jet flap momentum blowing coefficients up to 10 were used. Lift, drag, and pitching-moment coefficients, and exit flow profiles for the flap blowing are presented in graphical form without analysis.
Morehouse, G. G.↗
Solid waste and remote sensing. Preliminary studies suggest that small-scale aerial remote-sensing records and, in particular, aerial photographs can contribute to regional solid-waste management and planning
Preliminary results of a study exploring the use of aerial remote sensing techniques for solid waste management and planning purposes were considered.
Garofalo, D.↗
A comparison of linear acoustic theory with experimental noise data for a small-scale hovering rotor
Linear acoustic calculations based on full aerodynamic data as input are presented and compared with measured cases reported by Boxwell et al. (1978). The full aerodynamic data are obtained using three programs giving radial loading, chordwise loading, and chordwise position of transition. It is shown that in the theoretical results the most significant noise source mechanism is due to blade thickness. Thus the conclusions of Boxwell et al. as to the importance of nonlinearities around the blades are upheld. These conclusions concern the width, shape and the level of the acoustic pressure calculated from linear acoustic theory. Some of the approximations involved in the application of acoustic analogy using quadrupole sources are discussed. It is necessary that the near- and far-field problems of rotating blades be treated together as shown for the case of an oscillating sphere.
Farassat, F.↗
Airframe noise measurements on a small-scale model of a supersonic transport concept in an anechoic flow facility
Airframe noise has been measured on a .015 scale model of an advanced supersonic transport concept (AST-100) in an anechoic flow facility. The model was equipped with leading- and trailing-edge flaps, nose and main landing gears, and engine nacelles. Each of these components was deployed, individually and collectively, to determine their contribution to the noise field. Results are presented which show that in the clean configuration the aircraft displays a symmetric dipole directivity, whereas in the more complex landing-approach configuration the directivity peaks in the forward quadrant. It was found that the landing-approach noise was due chiefly to the landing gear, the trailing edge flaps, and the aeroacoustic interaction between the two
Preisser, J. S.↗
Investigation of ground effects on large and small scale models of a three fan V/STOL aircraft configuration
Induced lift of a subsonic, three fan, lift/cruise, V/STOL aircraft configuration was investigated using scale modes of a multimission aircraft whose design incorporates a nose mounted lift fan and two lift/cruise units located over the wing. Configuration effects were assessed for lift improvement devices, lift/cruise nozzle rails, nozzle perimeter plates, and alternate nose fan exit hubs. Tests were conducted at four model heights (H/D = 0.95, 1.53, 3.06 and 6.45, where D is the average nozzle exit diameter equal to 0.997 m.) Results are presented and discussed.
Schuster, E. P.↗
A small-scale test for fiber release from carbon composites
A test method was developed to determine relative fiber loss from pyrolyzed composites with different resins and fiber construction. Eleven composites consisting of woven and unwoven carbon fiber reinforcement and different resins were subjected to the burn and impact test device. The composites made with undirectional tape had higher fiber loss than those with woven fabric. Also, the fiber loss was inversely proportional to the char yield of the resin.
Gilwee, W. J., Jr.↗
A small-scale test for fiber release from carbon composites
A burn/impact test apparatus is used to determine the amount of fiber release from carbon fiber composites after burn and impact. The calculation of the theoretical char binder content of the composite is made based on the temperature of the test specimen and the char yield of the resin as determined by thermogravimetric analysis. The test results indicate that carbon fiber release depends on the type of reinforcement used. There was more fiber release with the quasi-isotropic composite made with unidirectional tape than with the woven fabric reinforcement. The amount of fiber release in the impact chamber after burning is coincident with the calculated char binder.
Gilwee, W. J., Jr.↗
Appendix C: A comparative study of small scale remotely sensed data for monitoring clearcutting in hardwood forests
Manual photointerpretation techniques were used to analyze images acquired by high altitude aircraft, the Skylab multispectral and Earth terrain camera (ETC), the LANDSAT multispectral scanner, and the LANDSAT-3 return beam vidicon camera. A color-additive viewer, and digital image analysis were also used on the LANDSAT MSS imagery. The value of each type of remotely sensed data was judged by the ease and accuracy of clearcut identification, and by the amount of detail discernible, especially regarding revegetation. Results of a site study in the Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania indicate that high altitude aerial photography, especially color infrared photography acquired during the growing season, is well suited for identifying clearcuts and assessing revegetation. Although photographs acquired with Skylab's ETC also yielded good results, only incomplete inventories of clearcuts could be made using LANDSAT imagery. Results for the Adirondack region of New York State were similar for the aircraft and satellite photography, but even less satisfactory for the LANDSAT imagery.
Hafker, W. R.↗
Small-scale dissipative processes in stellar atmospheres
The outer atmospheres of stars must be heated by some non-thermal energy flux to produce chromospheres and coronae. Processes are discussed which convert the non-thermal energy flux of organized, macroscopic motions into random, microscopic (thermal) motions. Recent advances in the description of the chromosphere velocity field suggest that the acoustic waves observed there transmit very little energy, and hence are probably incapable of heating the upper chromosphere and corona. The apparent failure of this long held mechanism and the growing appreciation of the importance of strong magnetic fields in the chromosphere and corona have led to hypotheses of heating by the dissipation of currents (both oscillatory and quasi-steady). This follows discoveries in laboratory and ionospheric plasmas and work on solar flares, that instabilities can concentrate currents into thin high current density filaments where they dissipate rapidly.
Leibacher, J. W.↗
The large- and small-scale structures of 3C 293
A Very Large Array (VLA) 1.465-GHz map of the radio galaxy 3C 293 shows that the source, which is unusual in that it is dominated by a steep-spectrum extended core, has a two-sided Z-shaped structure whose physical association with the galaxy VV 5-33-12 is now clear. The core is resolved by the Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN) at 1.666-GHz, and the VLA at 15.035 GHz, into an inner, two-sided structure within 1 kpc of the center of VV 5-33-12, and curved bridges of emission linking this structure to the large-scale emission. The major axis of the core lies 35 deg from the major axes of the emission bridges that make up the bar of the large-scale Z structure, and 60 deg from the minor axis of VV 5-33-12. Precessional and buoyant-refraction models for these misalignments are discussed.
Bridle, A. H.↗
Small scale structure in the interstellar medium: Orion's threadbare cloak
The interstellar medium in the central portion of the Orion Cloak dynamical feature was examined for evidence of fine structure. Four stars in the Ori OB I association, HD 37017, 37468, 37479, and 37776 bracket the stars in the lower belt region that were studied previously. Two are members of the sigma Ori subcluster. A lower limit to the scale inhomogeneity can be set using these at 0.1 pc, while on a scale of about 10 pc, the high velocity component of the second spectrum ions shows optical depth variation of more than a factor of 5. Neutral lines do not display the high velocity component. Some preliminary abundances are also given.
Shore, S. N.↗
A small scale lunar launcher for early lunar material utilization
A system for the launching of lunar derived oxygen or raw materials into low lunar orbit or to L2 for transfer to low earth orbit is presented. The system described is a greatly simplified version of the conventional and sophisticated approach suggested by O'Neill using mass drivers with recirculating buckets. An electromagnetic accelerator is located on the lunar surface which launches 125 kg 'smart' containers of liquid oxygen or raw materials into a transfer orbit. Upon reaching apolune a kick motor is fired to circularize the orbit at 100 km altitude or L2. These containers are collected and their payloads transferred to a tanker OTV. The empty containers then have their kick motors refurbished and then are returned to the launcher site on the lunar surface for reuse. Initial launch capability is designed for about 500T of liquid oxygen delivered to low earth orbit per year with upgrading to higher levels, delivery of lunar soil for shielding, or raw materials for processing given the demand.
Snow, W. R.↗
Reconnection rates, small scale structures and simulations
The study of reconnection in the context of one fluid, two dimensional magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), with spatially uniform constant density, viscosity and resistivity is though to retain most of the physics important in reconnection. Much of the existing reconnection literature makes use of this approach. This discussion focuses on attempts to determine the properties of reconnection solutions to MHD as precisely as possible without regard to the intrinsic limitations of the model.
Matthaeus, W. H.↗