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At least 451 records · Page 25

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NASA NTRS2004

Performance of Nanotube-Based Ceramic Composites: Modeling and Experiment

The excellent mechanical properties of carbon-nanotubes are driving research into the creation of new strong, tough nanocomposite systems. In this program, our initial work presented the first evidence of toughening mechanisms operating in carbon-nanotube- reinforced ceramic composites using a highly-ordered array of parallel multiwall carbon-nanotubes (CNTs) in an alumina matrix. Nanoindentation introduced controlled cracks and the damage was examined by SEM. These nanocomposites exhibit the three hallmarks of toughening in micron-scale fiber composites: crack deflection at the CNT/matrix interface; crack bridging by CNTs; and CNT pullout on the fracture surfaces. Furthermore, for certain geometries a new mechanism of nanotube collapse in shear bands was found, suggesting that these materials can have multiaxial damage tolerance. The quantitative indentation data and computational models were used to determine the multiwall CNT axial Young's modulus as 200-570 GPa, depending on the nanotube geometry and quality.

Curtin, W. A.↗

NASA NTRS2012

Algorithms for Determining Physical Responses of Structures Under Load

Ultra-efficient real-time structural monitoring algorithms have been developed to provide extensive information about the physical response of structures under load. These algorithms are driven by actual strain data to measure accurately local strains at multiple locations on the surface of a structure. Through a single point load calibration test, these structural strains are then used to calculate key physical properties of the structure at each measurement location. Such properties include the structure s flexural rigidity (the product of the structure's modulus of elasticity, and its moment of inertia) and the section modulus (the moment of inertia divided by the structure s half-depth). The resulting structural properties at each location can be used to determine the structure s bending moment, shear, and structural loads in real time while the structure is in service. The amount of structural information can be maximized through the use of highly multiplexed fiber Bragg grating technology using optical time domain reflectometry and optical frequency domain reflectometry, which can provide a local strain measurement every 10 mm on a single hair-sized optical fiber. Since local strain is used as input to the algorithms, this system serves multiple purposes of measuring strains and displacements, as well as determining structural bending moment, shear, and loads for assessing real-time structural health. The first step is to install a series of strain sensors on the structure s surface in such a way as to measure bending strains at desired locations. The next step is to perform a simple ground test calibration. For a beam of length l (see example), discretized into n sections and subjected to a tip load of P that places the beam in bending, the flexural rigidity of the beam can be experimentally determined at each measurement location x. The bending moment at each station can then be determined for any general set of loads applied during operation.

Richards, W. Lance↗

NASA NTRS1994

Mechanical property characterization and impact resistance of selected graphite/PEEK composite materials

To use graphite polyetheretherketone (PEEK) material on highly curved surfaces requires that the material be drapable and easily conformable to the surface. This paper presents the mechanical property characterization and impact resistance results for laminates made from two types of graphite/PEEK materials that will conform to a curved surface. These laminates were made from two different material forms. These forms are: (1) a fabric where each yarn is a co-mingled Celion G30-500 3K graphite fiber and PEEK thermoplastic fiber; and (2) an interleaved material of Celion G30-500 3K graphite fabric interleaved with PEEK thermoplastic film. The experimental results from the fabric laminates are compared with results for laminates made from AS4/PEEK unidirectional tape. The results indicate that the tension and compression moduli for quasi-isotropic and orthotropic laminates made from fabric materials are at least 79 percent of the modulus of equivalent laminates made from tape material. The strength of fabric material laminates is at least 80 percent of laminates made from tape material. The evaluation of fabric material for shear stiffness indicates that a tape material laminate could be replaced by a fabric material laminate and still maintain 89 percent of the shear stiffness of the tape material laminate. The notched quasi-isotropic compression panel failure strength is 42 to 46 percent of the unnotched quasi-isotropic laminate strength. Damage area after impact with 20 ft-lbs of impact energy is larger for the co-mingled panels than for the interleaved panels. The inerleaved panels have less damage than panels made from tape material. Residual compression strength of quasi-isotropic panels after impact of 20 ft-lbs of energy varies between 33 percent of the undamaged quasi-isotropic material strength for the tape material and 38 percent of the undamaged quasi-isotropic material strength for the co-mingled fabric material.

Baker, Donald J.↗

DOE OSTI2023

Microscopic activated dynamics theory of the shear rheology and stress overshoot in ultradense glass-forming fluids and colloidal suspensions

We formulate a particle and force level, activated dynamics-based statistical mechanical theory for the continuous startup nonlinear shear rheology of ultradense glass-forming hard sphere fluids and colloidal suspensions in the context of the elastically collective nonlinear Langevin equation approach and a generalized Maxwell model constitutive equation. Activated structural relaxation is described as a coupled local-nonlocal event involving caging and longer range collective elasticity which controls the characteristic stress relaxation time. Theoretical predictions for the deformation-induced enhancement of mobility, the onset of relaxation acceleration at remarkably low values of stress, strain, or shear rate, apparent power law thinning of the steady-state structural relaxation time and viscosity, a nonvanishing activation barrier in the shear thinning regime, an apparent Herschel–Buckley form of the shear rate dependence of the steady-state shear stress, exponential growth of different measures of a yield or flow stress with packing fraction, and reduced fragility and dynamic heterogeneity under deformation were previously shown to be in good agreement with experiments. The central new question we address here is the defining feature of the transient response—the stress overshoot. In contrast to the steady-state flow regime, understanding the transient response requires an explicit treatment of the coupled nonequilibrium evolution of structure, elastic modulus, and stress relaxation time. We formulate a new quantitative model for this aspect in a physically motivated and computationally tractable manner. Theoretical predictions for the stress overshoot are shown to be in good agreement with experimental observations in the metastable ultradense regime of hard sphere colloidal suspensions as a function of shear rate and packing fraction, and accounting for deformation-assisted activated motion appears to be crucial for both the transient and steady-state responses.

Mechanics↗

NASA NTRS1992

Shear failure and impact resistance in graphite fiber laminates

The multispan beam (MSB) test was evaluated as a predictor of damage resistance and damage tolerance in quasi-isotropic graphite laminates. Materials studied were five commercial prepreg system using high-strain and intermediate-modulus carbon fibers, as well as an amorphous thermoplastic system. Failure loads and displacements in the MSB tests showed little rate dependence. Values of compressive strength after a standard low-velocity impact correlated fairly well with the MSB results.

Srinivasan, Krishna↗

DOE OSTI2024

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-lignin thermoplastic rubber adhesive for enhanced metal-to-metal joining

With the growing requirement for lightweight structural materials in automotive, aerospace, and infrastructure applications, multi-material joints made with adhesive have attracted intense research interest. Commercial thermoset adhesives are one-time cures, and difficult to disassemble the bonded components for repair and recycling. Our prior work with a thermoplastic acrylonitrile-butadiene-lignin rubber (ABL) addresses this sustainability/recycling challenge, but the adhesive exhibits deficient joining strength compared to standard thermosets. Here, we modify the ABL matrix by loading particulate fillers to enhance its modulus and toughness. Further, the goal is to manufacture a cure-free thermoplastic adhesive system with a simple dispensing protocol and characteristic ductility combined with a high yield stress for improved shear strength of a bonded joint. Fumed silica (FS) and epoxidized glass spheres (EGS) were used as fillers in the ABL to promote the dispersion of lignin particles that tailored the functionalities and free energy components of the adhesive surface. With optimal loading of FS (5 wt%) and EGS (30 wt%) in the ABL adhesive matrix, the lap-shear strength of the bonded aluminum joint was elevated by 128%, compared to the neat ABL, reaching 21 MPa, which is 90% of the performance of a commercial epoxy-based adhesive.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS1985

SCARE: A post-processor program to MSC/NASTRAN for the reliability analysis of structural ceramic components

A computer program was developed for calculating the statistical fast fracture reliability and failure probability of ceramic components. The program includes the two-parameter Weibull material fracture strength distribution model, using the principle of independent action for polyaxial stress states and Batdorf's shear-sensitive as well as shear-insensitive crack theories, all for volume distributed flaws in macroscopically isotropic solids. Both penny-shaped cracks and Griffith cracks are included in the Batdorf shear-sensitive crack response calculations, using Griffith's maximum tensile stress or critical coplanar strain energy release rate criteria to predict mixed mode fracture. Weibull material parameters can also be calculated from modulus of rupture bar tests, using the least squares method with known specimen geometry and fracture data. The reliability prediction analysis uses MSC/NASTRAN stress, temperature and volume output, obtained from the use of three-dimensional, quadratic, isoparametric, or axisymmetric finite elements. The statistical fast fracture theories employed, along with selected input and output formats and options, are summarized. An example problem to demonstrate various features of the program is included.

Gyekenyesi, J. P.↗

NASA NTRS1986

A finite element overlay technique for modeling pinned composite joints

A finite element technique using overlaid plane stress elements is presented for modeling a pinned composite joint. The technique allows for discrete modeling of the pin and web regions of the joint in a two-dimensional (2-D) finite element analysis. Thus, predictive capability is substantially increased without the added complexity of a three-dimensional (3-D) analysis. The overlay technique requires a thorough evaluation of the model constraints between the joint components. Bearing panels are used to account for a reduced compressive modulus under bearing loads. Application of the plane stress overlay technique to the Filament Wound Case (FWC) Program is discussed. The experimental approach to determine bearing panel moduli using a double lap shear test is detailed, and finite element results are correlated with full-scale FWC joint test results.

Colvin, G. E.↗

NASA NTRS1986

SCARE - A postprocessor program to MSC/NASTRAN for reliability analysis of structural ceramic components

Gyekenyesi, J. P.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Mechanical property characterization and impact resistance of selected graphite/PEEK composite materials

To use graphite/PEEK material on highly curved surfaces requires that the material be drapable and easily conformable to the surface. The mechanical property characterization and impact resistance results are presented for laminates made from two types of graphite/PEEK materials that will conform to a curved surface. These laminates were made from two different material forms. These forms are: (1) a fabric where each yarn is a co-mingled Celion G30-500 3K graphite fiber and PEEK fiber; and (2) an interleaved material of Celion G30-500 3K graphite fiber interleaved with PEEK film. The experimental results from the fabric laminates are compared with results for laminates made from AS4/PEEK unidirectional tape. The results indicate that the tension and compression moduli for quasi-isotropic and orthotropic laminates made from fabric materials are at least 98 pct. of the modulus of equivalent laminates made from tape materials. The strength of fabric material laminates is at least 80 pct. of laminates made from tape material. The evaluation of the fabric material for shear stiffness indicates that a tape material laminate could be replaced by a fabric material laminate and still maintain 89 pct. of the shear stiffness of the tape material laminate.

Baker, Donald J.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Modeling structural damping for solids having distinct shear and dilatational loss factors

For steady state time harmonic problems (rigid format 8), the NASTRAN program as currently configured treats internal structural damping through the introduction of a single structural element damping coefficient that typically is viewed as the ratio of the complex to real modulus of elasticity. For problems dealing with two or three dimensional dynamic linear viscoelasticity (e.g. a Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic model), the present NASTRAN capability cannot directly handle this situation wherein two independent damping coefficients are required to properly model the dissipation phenomenon. A technique is presented whereby the user can adapt the standard versions of NASTRAN (without resorting to either DMAP and/or FORTRAN coding changes) for the purpose of treating this class of problem.

Kalinowski, A. J.↗

NASA NTRS1990

A New Approach to Fibrous Composite Laminate Strength Prediction

A method of predicting the strength of cross-plied fibrous composite laminates is based on expressing the classical maximum-shear-stress failure criterion for ductile metals in terms of strains. Starting with such a formulation for classical isotropic materials, the derivation is extended to orthotropic materials having a longitudinal axis of symmetry, to represent the fibers in a unidirectional composite lamina. The only modification needed to represent those same fibers with properties normalized to the lamina rather than fiber is a change in axial modulus. A mirror image is added to the strain-based lamina failure criterion for fiber-dominated failures to reflect the cutoffs due to the presence of orthogonal fibers. It is found that the combined failure envelope is now identical with the well-known maximum-strain failure model in the tension-tension and compression-compression quadrants but is truncated in the shear quadrants. The successive application of this simple failure model for fibers in the 0/90 degree and +/- 45 degree orientations, in turn, is shown to be the necessary and sufficient characterization of the fiber-dominated failures of laminates made from fibers having the same tensile and compressive strengths. When one such strength is greater than the other, the failure envelope is appropriately truncated for the lesser direct strain. The shear-failure cutoffs are now based on the higher axial strain to failure since they occur at lower strains than and are usually not affected by such mechanisms as microbuckling. Premature matrix failures can also be covered by appropriately truncating the fiber failure envelope. Matrix failures are excluded from consideration for conventional fiber/polymer composites but the additional features needed for a more rigorous analysis of exotic materials are covered. The new failure envelope is compared with published biaxial test data. The theory is developed for unnotched laminates but is easily shrunk to incorporate reductions to allow for bolt holes, cutouts, reduced compressive strength after impact, and the like.

Hart-Smith, L. J.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Experimental and computational studies on high-entropy carbide MoNbTaVWC 5 under high pressures

High-entropy carbide, MoNbTaVWC 5 , was synthesized from oxide precursors of the constituent metals, mixed with graphite powder in a microwave-generated hydrogen plasma at 26.66 kPa and 2100 °C. Ambient x-ray diffraction analysis confirms the full conversion of oxide precursors into a single-phase, face-centered cubic structure with a lattice parameter a = 4.3309 Å. Nanoindentation measured a hardness of 24.5 ± 1.3 GPa and an elastic modulus of 386 ± 22 GPa. The synthesized sample, mixed with a copper pressure marker, was studied by the radial x-ray diffraction technique with beryllium gasketing in a diamond anvil cell up to 70 GPa. The experimentally measured pressure–volume curve and shear strength were compared with theoretical predictions using the special quasi-random structure technique and density functional theory. MoNbTaVWC 5 achieved a 12% volume compression at 70 GPa and exhibited a high shear strength of 6.6 GPa. The present study demonstrates that the high-entropy carbide MoNbTaVWC 5 exhibits exceptional incompressibility and high strength under extreme conditions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2021

Self-assembly of aramid amphiphiles into ultra-stable nanoribbons and aligned nanoribbon threads

Small molecule self-assembly is an established route for producing high surface area nanostructures with readily customizable chemistries and precise molecular organization. However, these structures are fragile, exhibiting molecular exchange, migration, and rearrangement - among other dynamic instabilities - and ultimately disassociate upon drying. Here we show a small molecule platform, the aramid amphiphile (AA), that overcomes these dynamic instabilities by incorporating a Kevlar-inspired domain into the molecular structure. Strong, anisotropic interactions between AAs suppress molecular exchange and elicit spontaneous self-assembly in water to form nanoribbons with lengths of up to 20 microns. The nanoribbons have a Young’s modulus of 1.7 GPa and tensile strength of 1.9 GPa. Here, we exploit this stability to extend small molecule self-assembly to hierarchically ordered macroscopic materials outside of solvated environments. Through an aqueous shear alignment process, we organize AA nanoribbons into arbitrarily long flexible threads that support 200 times their weight when dried. Tensile tests of the threads provide a benchmark for Young’s moduli (between ~400 and 600 MPa) and extensibilities (between ~0.6 and 1.1%) that depend on the counterion chemistry in solution. This bottom-up approach to macroscopic materials could benefit solid-state applications, historically inaccessible by self-assembled nanomaterials.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2024

Cellulose Nanofibrils Dewatered with Poly(Lactic Acid) for Improved Bio-Polymer Nanocomposite Processing

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have theoretically ideal properties for bio-based composite applications; however, the incorporation of these materials into polymers is made challenging by the strong binding of water to CNFs and the irreversible agglomeration of CNFs during drying. Previous methods used “contact dewatering”, wherein the addition of wood flour (WF) to CNFs facilitated the mechanical removal of water from the system via cold pressing, which showed potential in producing dried CNF fibrils attached to wood fibers for biocomposite applications. In this work, the viability of contact dewatering with poly(lactic) acid (PLA) powder for PLA/CNF composites was evaluated. The energy efficiency of dewatering, preservation of nanoscale CNF morphology, and mechanical properties were examined by mixing wet CNFs with pulverized PLA at various loading levels, pressing water out of the system, and compression molding and shear mixing composites for testing. The most impressive results from this dewatering method were the preservation of micron-to-nanoscale fibers with high aspect ratios in PLA-CNF composites; increased strength and modulus of 1.7% and 4.2%, respectively, compared to neat PLA; equivalent or better properties than spray-dried nanocellulose at similar loading levels; and an 11-194x reduction in drying energy compared to spray-drying CNFs.

Chemistry↗

NASA NTRS1982

Stacbeam - An efficient, low-mass, sequentially deployable structure

Design features of the stacking triangular articulated compact beam (Stacbeam) as a candidate truss structure for GEOS spacecraft solar power arrays are explored. Solar arrays of increasing size require folding, noninterfering structures, minimal thermal effects, slow and controlled deployment, and a high aspect ratio. The Stacbeam consists of a triangular batten frame perpendicular to the beam axis, three longerons attached at the corners of the batten frame and mounted parallel to the beam axis, and three diagonals to provide shear and torsional stiffness. Locking hinges are installed at the midpoint and ends of each longeron and at the midpoint and ends of each diagonal. The material is graphite/epoxy composite with a 120 GPa modulus and a 1500 kg/sq m density. Successful vertical deployment on the ground has been effected with a prototype deployer, together with horizontal cantilever in a fully deployed configuration.

Adams, L. R.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Compression failure mechanisms in unidirectional composites

Compression failure mechanisms in unidirectional composites were examined. Possible failure modes of constituent materials are summarized and analytical models for fiber microbuckling are reviewed from a unified viewpoint. Due to deficiencies in available models, a failure model based on nonlinear properties and initial fiber curvature is proposed. The effect of constituent properties on composite compression behavior was experimentally investigated using two different graphite fibers and four different epoxy resins. The predominant microscopic scale failure mode was found to be shear crippling. In a soft resin, shear crippling was in the form of buckling of fibers on a microscopic scale. However, stiff resins failure was characterized by the formation of a kink band. For unidirectional laminates, compressive strength, and compressive modulus to a less extent, were found to increase with increasing magnitude of resin modulus. The change in compressive strength with resin modulus was predicted using the proposed nonlinear model.

Hahn, H. T.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Compression failure mechanisms in unidirectional composites

Hahn, H. T.↗