Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “graph analysis”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 451 records · Page 25

The Measurement of Fuel-Air Ratio by Analysis for the Oxidized Exhaust Gas

An investigation was made to determine a method of measuring fuel-air ratio that could be used for test purposes in flight and for checking conventional equipment in the laboratory. Two single-cylinder test engines equipped with typical commercial engine cylinders were used. The fuel-air ratio of the mixture delivered to the engines was determined by direct measurement of the quantity of air and of fuel supplied and also by analysis of the oxidized exhaust gas and of the normal exhaust gas. Five fuels were used: gasoline that complied with Army-Navy fuel Specification No. AN-VV-F-781 and four mixtures of this gasoline with toluene, benzene, and xylene. The method of determining the fuel-air ratio described in this report involves the measurement of the carbon-dioxide content of the oxidized exhaust gas and the use of graphs for the presented equation. This method is considered useful in aircraft, in the field, or in the laboratory for a range of fuel-air ratios from 0.047 to 0.124.

Gerrish, Harold C.↗

Odd nitrogen in the mesosphere and thermosphere - Its chemistry and transport

The atomic nitrogen in the thermosphere, which is produced either in its ground term or in a highly reactive metastable term, reacts with molecular oxygen to form nitric oxide and atomic oxygen. However, nitric oxide is destroyed in reactions with atomic nitrogen in which molecular nitrogen and atomic oxygen is formed. Adopted reactions and rate coefficients for odd nitrogen chemistry are listed in a table. An analysis is conducted of the temperature distribution below 150 km and its effect on the odd nitrogen chemistry. The latitudinal distribution of nitric oxide is discussed. Satellite measurements have shown that nitric oxide concentrations at high latitudes are highly variable in both time and space. Their average concentrations are 3-4 times higher than at mid-latitudes. The measured variation of nitric oxide density as a function of latitude is shown in a graph.

Rusch, D. W.↗

Multivariable flight control synthesis and literal robustness analysis for an aeroelastic vehicle

An integrated flight/aeroelastic control law is developed analytically for a hypothetical large supersonic transport aircraft in which the first aeroelastic mode frequency of the fuselage (6 rad/sec) is near the short-period mode (2 rad/sec). The approach employed is based on a linear-quadratic-regulator (LQR) formulation (yielding model-following state-feedback gains), followed by asymptotic loop-transfer recovery of LQR robustness (to produce an output-feedback control law). The derivation is outlined, and numerical results comparing the performance and multivariate stability robustness of the present controller with those of a classical controller are presented in graphs. The two controllers are shown to have similar characteristics, even with respect to the sources of limitations on robustness.

Schmidt, David K.↗

How to Develop and Interpret a Credibility Assessment of Numerical Models for Human Research: NASA-STD-7009 Demystified

In the wake of the Columbia accident, the NASA-STD-7009 [1] credibility assessment was developed as a unifying platform to describe model credibility and the uncertainties in its modeling predictions. This standard is now being adapted by NASAs Human Research Program to cover a wide range of numerical models for human research. When used properly, the standard can improve the process of code development by encouraging the use of best practices. It can also give management more insight in making informed decisions through a better understanding of the models capabilities and limitations.To a newcomer, the abstractions presented in NASA-STD-7009 and the sheer volume of information that must be absorbed can be overwhelming. This talk is aimed at describing the credibility assessment, which is the heart of the standard, in plain terms. It will outline how to develop a credibility assessment under the standard. It will also show how to quickly interpret the graphs and tables that result from the assessment and how to drill down from the top-level view to the foundation of the assessment. Finally, it will highlight some of the resources that are available for further study.

numerical analysis↗

X-ray emission from cataclysmic variables with accretion disks. I - Hard X-rays. II - EUV/soft X-ray radiation

Theoretical models explaining the hard-X-ray, soft-X-ray, and EUV emission of accretion-disk cataclysmic variables in terms of the disk boundary layer (DBL) are developed on the basis of a survey of the published observational data. The data are compared with model predictions in graphs for systems with high or low (greater than or less than 10-Pg/s) accretion rates. Good agreement is obtained both at low accretion rates, where an optically thin rarefied hot (Te = 10 to the 8th K) DBL radiates most of its energy as hard X-rays, and at high accretion rates, where an optically thick 100,000-K DBL radiates most of its energy in the EUV and as soft X-rays. Detailed analysis of the old nova V603 Aql suggests that previous models predicting more detections of soft-X-ray/EUV emissions from thick-DBL objects (Ferland et al., 1982) used inappropriate dwarf masses, interstellar column densities, or classical-nova space densities.

Patterson, J.↗

Characterization of NUW-LHT-5m, A Lunar Highland Simulant

A new simulant of the lunar highlands regolith, NUW-LHT-5M, was designed by NASA and manufactured by Washington Mills. The simulant was based on Apollo 16 data and is a member of the NU-LHT-series. NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center and Johnson Space Center have already purchased 3 metric tons of the simulant for advanced engineering work. In support of engineering uses of the simulant, we provided measurements of the simulant including: mineral abundance and composition, liberation, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), ferrous iron, carbon, sulfur, 60 element inductively coupled plasma (ICP), loss on ignition, particle size, both 2D and 3D particle shape, specific surface area, shear, cohesion, internal friction, helium pycnometry, minimum index density, tap density, magnetic susceptibility, cryogenic and high temperature permittivity, visible and near-infrared (VNIR) and middle infra-red spectroscopy (MIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), viscosity, thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), evolved gas analysis (EGA), and spark sintering. For the crystalline components the design of the simulant called for two rocks from the Stillwater Complex, Montana: 17.6 wt% norite, 37.7% anorthosite, and 4.7 wt% olivine from an unspecified commercial source. The other 40% of the simulant was a high calcium (An100), vesicular glass that Washington Mills made specifically for the simulant. Fabrication and quality control processes for both the glass and the simulant are described. Importantly, most of the graphs and tables presented herein provide values for both the new simulant and data for the older NASA mare simulant, JSC-1A. Finally, we discussed the current limitations of NUW-LT-5M and most other lunar regolith simulants to replicate the lunar material.

lunar regolith simulant↗

Transient dynamic analysis of laminated composite plates subjected to transverse impact

The dynamic response of a composite laminate plate to transverse impact loading is simulated numerically. An FEM scheme based on an eight-point brick element and three-dimensional linear elasticity theory is employed, assuming that the laminate layers are homogeneous and orthotropic. The derivation of the model is given in detail; the numerical implementation is briefly outlined; and results for the impact of 0.5-inch-diameter Al spheres at 500, 1000, and 1500 inch/sec on clamped or simply supported 3 x 3-inch plates made of T300/934 graphite/epoxy prepreg with ply orientation (0/-45/45/90)2S are presented in extensive graphs. The model is shown to provide accurate information on the histories of impactor-plate contact force; impactor displacement and velocity; and displacement, velocity, strain, and stress throughout the plate.

Wu, Hsi-Yung T.↗

Automated ISS Flight Utilities

During my internship at NASA Johnson Space Center, I worked in the Space Radiation Analysis Group (SRAG), where I was tasked with a number of projects focused on the automation of tasks and activities related to the operation of the International Space Station (ISS). As I worked on a number of projects, I have written short sections below to give a description for each, followed by more general remarks on the internship experience. My first project is titled "General Exposure Representation EVADOSE", also known as "GEnEVADOSE". This project involved the design and development of a C++/ ROOT framework focused on radiation exposure for extravehicular activity (EVA) planning for the ISS. The utility helps mission managers plan EVAs by displaying information on the cumulative radiation doses that crew will receive during an EVA as a function of the egress time and duration of the activity. SRAG uses a utility called EVADOSE, employing a model of the space radiation environment in low Earth orbit to predict these doses, as while outside the ISS the astronauts will have less shielding from charged particles such as electrons and protons. However, EVADOSE output is cumbersome to work with, and prior to GEnEVADOSE, querying data and producing graphs of ISS trajectories and cumulative doses versus egress time required manual work in Microsoft Excel. GEnEVADOSE automates all this work, reading in EVADOSE output file(s) along with a plaintext file input by the user providing input parameters. GEnEVADOSE will output a text file containing all the necessary dosimetry for each proposed EVA egress time, for each specified EVADOSE file. It also plots cumulative dose versus egress time and the ISS trajectory, and displays all of this information in an auto-generated presentation made in LaTeX. New features have also been added, such as best-case scenarios (egress times corresponding to the least dose), interpolated curves for trajectories, and the ability to query any time in the EVADES output. As mentioned above, GEnEVADOSE makes extensive use of ROOT version 6, the data analysis framework developed at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), and the code is written to the C++11 standard (as are the other projects). My second project is the Automated Mission Reference Exposure Utility (AMREU).Unlike GEnEVADOSE, AMREU is a combination of three frameworks written in both Python and C++, also making use of ROOT (and PyROOT). Run as a combination of daily and weekly cron jobs, these macros query the SRAG database system to determine the active ISS missions, and query minute-by-minute radiation dose information from ISS-TEPC (Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter), one of the radiation detectors onboard the ISS. Using this information, AMREU creates a corrected data set of daily radiation doses, addressing situations where TEPC may be offline or locked up by correcting doses for days with less than 95% live time (the total amount time the instrument acquires data) by averaging the past 7 days. As not all errors may be automatically detectable, AMREU also allows for manual corrections, checking an updated plaintext file each time it runs. With the corrected data, AMREU generates cumulative dose plots for each mission, and uses a Python script to generate a flight note file (.docx format) containing these plots, as well as information sections to be filled in and modified by the space weather environment officers with information specific to the week. AMREU is set up to run without requiring any user input, and it automatically archives old flight notes and information files for missions that are no longer active. My other projects involve cleaning up a large data set from the Charged Particle Directional Spectrometer (CPDS), joining together many different data sets in order to clean up information in SRAG SQL databases, and developing other automated utilities for displaying information on active solar regions, that may be used by the space weather environment officers to monitor solar activity. I consulted my mentor Dr. Ryan Rios and Dr. Kerry Lee for project requirements and added features, and ROOT developer Edmond Offermann for advice on using the ROOT library. I also received advice and feedback from Dr. Janet Barzilla of SRAG, who tested my code. Besides these inputs, I worked independently, writing all of the code by myself. The code for all these projects is documented throughout, and I have attempted to write it in a modular format. Assuming that ROOT is updated accordingly, these codes are also Y2038-compliant (and Y10K-compliant). This allows the code to be easily referenced, modified and possibly repurposed for non-ISS missions in the future, should the necessary inputs exist. These projects have taught me a lot about coding and software design - I have become a much more skilled C++ programmer and ROOT user, and I also learned to code in Python and PyROOT (and its advantages and disadvantages compared to C++/ ROOT). Furthermore, I have learned about space radiation and radiation modeling, topics that greatly interest me as I pursue a degree in physics. Working alongside experimental physicists like Dr. Rios, I have developed a greater understanding and appreciation for experimental science, something I have always leaned towards but to which I lacked significant exposure. My work in SRAG has also given me the invaluable opportunity to witness the work environment for physicists at NASA, and what a career in academia may look like at a government laboratory such as NASA Johnson Space Center. As I continue my studies and look forward to graduate school and a future career, this experience at NASA has given me a meaningful and enjoyable opportunity to put my skills to use and see what my future career path might hold.

Offermann, Jan Tuzlic↗

Theoretical study of corrugated plates: Shear stiffness of a trapezoidally corrugated plate with discrete attachments to a rigid flange at the ends of the corrugations

Analysis and numerical results are presented for the elastic shear stiffness of a corrugated shear web with a certain type of discrete attachments at the ends of the trough lines of the corrugations, namely point attachments to a rigid flange which interferes with the deformations of the end cross sections by preventing downward movement but permitting upward (lifting off) movement. The analysis is based on certain assumed modes of deformation of the cross sections in conjunction with the method of minimum total potential energy and the calculus of variations in order to obtain equations for the manner in which the assumed modes of deformation vary along the length of the corrugation. The numerical results are restricted to the case of equal-width crests and troughs but otherwise apply to a wide variety of geometries. They are in the form of graphs which give the overall shear stiffness as a fraction of the overall shear stiffness that could be obtained by having continuous attachment at the ends of the corrugations.

Hsiao, C.↗

NASA Life Sciences Portal (NLSP): Supporting Scientific Transparency and Reproducibility

NASA’s Life Sciences Ports (NLSP) serves the scientific community by providing curated data from space life science experiment. The Human Research Program (HRP) with the help of NLSP is currently transforming their life sciences data archive systems and processes to improve compliance with the FAIR principles [1]. Some of these improvements will at the same time support the twin pillars of Open Science [2]: transparency of methods and reproducibility of results. Scientific transparency is marked by the easily intelligible communication of what has been investigated: what were the procedures for collecting sample and the characteristics of samples collected? what kinds of measurements were made, what were the environmental conditions of the measurements? What were the analysis techniques of the collected data? Reproducibility of the results and findings from the investigation requires a high level of transparency for all but the simplest investigations; the slightest deviation in communicating and replicating complex experimental procedures or data analyses can often yield quite different data and even findings, thwarting their validation. One of the ways the NLSP is aiming to improve the communication of scientific information is through the use of ontology-driven metadata. Ontologies are powerful, graph-based knowledge representation structures, which can be leveraged to increase data interoperability, the area of the FAIR principles in which many data systems most lack compliance. Over the past decade, there has been a concerted effort in the biomedical community to develop modular and narrowly focused domain and application-specific ontologies in a common, open-source framework, the Open Biological and Biomedical Ontology (OBO) Foundry [3]. The open sharing and modular nature of this effort promises huge increases in harmonized data sharing for systems that leverage these models. Which is in line with the FAIR Data Principles of Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reuse for scientific data management and stewardship. 1. Wilkinson, M.D., et al., The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Sci Data, 2016. 3: p. 160018. 2. National Academies of Sciences, E. and Medicine, Open Science by Design: Realizing a Vision for 21st Century Research. 2018, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 232. 3. Smith, B., et al., The OBO Foundry: coordinated evolution of ontologies to support biomedical data integration. Nat Biotechnol, 2007. 25(11): p. 1251-5.

Life Sciences data↗

NASA Life Sciences Portal (NLSP): Supporting Scientific Transparency and Reproducibility

NASA’s Life Sciences Ports (NLSP) serves the scientific community by providing curated data from space life science experiment. The Human Research Program (HRP) with the help of NLSP is currently transforming their life sciences data archive systems and processes to improve compliance with the FAIR principles [1]. Some of these improvements will at the same time support the twin pillars of Open Science [2]: transparency of methods and reproducibility of results. Scientific transparency is marked by the easily intelligible communication of what has been investigated: what were the procedures for collecting sample and the characteristics of samples collected? what kinds of measurements were made, what were the environmental conditions of the measurements? What were the analysis techniques of the collected data? Reproducibility of the results and findings from the investigation requires a high level of transparency for all but the simplest investigations; the slightest deviation in communicating and replicating complex experimental procedures or data analyses can often yield quite different data and even findings, thwarting their validation. One of the ways the NLSP is aiming to improve the communication of scientific information is through the use of ontology-driven metadata. Ontologies are powerful, graph-based knowledge representation structures, which can be leveraged to increase data interoperability, the area of the FAIR principles in which many data systems most lack compliance. Over the past decade, there has been a concerted effort in the biomedical community to develop modular and narrowly focused domain and application-specific ontologies in a common, open-source framework, the Open Biological and Biomedical Ontology (OBO) Foundry [3]. The open sharing and modular nature of this effort promises huge increases in harmonized data sharing for systems that leverage these models. Which is in line with the FAIR Data Principles of Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reuse for scientific data management and stewardship.

Life Sciences data↗

Analysis of effect of the solubility on gas exchange in nonhomogeneous lungs

A comparison is made of the gas exchange in nonhomogeneous lung models and in homogeneous lung models with the same total blood flow and ventilation. It is shown that the ratio of the rate of gas transfer of the inhomogeneous lung model over the rate of gas transfer of the homogeneous lung model as a function of gas solubility always has the qualitative features for gases with linear dissociation curves. This ratio is 1 for a gas with zero solubility and decreases to a single minimum. It subsequently rises to approach 1 as the solubility tends to infinity. The early portion of the graph of this function is convex, then after a single inflection point it is concave.

Colburn, W. E., Jr.↗

Developing a Genetic Variant Calling Pipeline for Quantifying the Complex Mutagenic Load Accumulated in BioNutrients-1 Production Pack Samples

Microorganisms hold great promise for on demand production of labile nutrients and pharmaceuticals as well recycling and in situ resource utilization. The utilization of microorganisms for such tasks on space missions is hindered by the limited data on how microbes respond to spaceflight. For example, the genetic stability of microorganisms, and the genomic engineered traits added to deliver desired functions, over long-term storage in the spacecraft environment is poorly understood. The BioNutrients-1 (BN-1) mission conducted a 5-year study of desiccated storage in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to evaluate the suitability of eight synthetic biology chassis organisms for long-duration space missions. We are employing high-depth, whole genome sequencing (WGS) to determine the mutagenic load that accumulated during long-term storage. Mutation analysis pipelines are well established for homogenous culture grown from a single colony, but the mutational landscape of the BN-1 samples present a unique analysis challenge, as every cell in the BN-1 samples had a unique genetic journey of DNA damage and repair. Consequently, sequence variants are expected at low allele frequency within samples. To address this genetic complexity, we apply two distinct computational approaches to identify mutations in pre-existing WGS data collected from populations of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that were exposed to UV mutagenesis and growth in LEO. For reference genome free mutation detection, we utilized DiscoSNP++, which is a de Bruijn graph approach. For reference genome-based mutation detection we utilize GATK for Microbes, which is a Bayesian probabilistic approach. We will benchmark these approaches against the mutations originally identified using CRISP, a method optimized for pooled samples. Ultimately, quantifying the mutation load imposed by storage or growth on the ISS will help identify chassis organisms with both high levels of genome stability and viability, which are desirable traits for implementation of bioproduction in long-duration missions.

SNP↗

Analysis of simulated measurements of earth emitted radiation using geometric shape factors, and some results from analysis of ESSA 7 and Nimbus 6 data

In the reported study, simulated measurements of earth radiation with wide field-of-view (WFOV) radiometers are reduced to earth fluxes through geometric shape factors. Estimates of emitted flux for global and zonal scales and for regions smaller than the detector field-of-view are compared to fluxes derived directly from a model. Geometric shape factors are used to estimate global, zonal, and regional averages of earth-emitted flux from measurements with WFOV detectors on the ESSA 7 satellite and the Nimbus 6 satellite. Zonal and global averages of emitted flux for each of the 3-month periods of ESSA 7 data are shown in a graph. Another graph shows zonal and global averages of emitted flux for August 1975 obtained with the aid of Nimbus 6. The data are compared to values reported by Green and Smith (1977) who used a spherical harmonic solution.

Weaver, W. L.↗

Manned Mars System Study (MMSS): Mars transportation and facility infrastructure study. Volume 2: Technical report

The Manned Mars System Study (MMSS) was conducted for the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) over the 35 month period between May 15, 1987 and April 30, 1990. During the course of the study, the NASA Office of Exploration (OEXP; Code Z) was created and MSFC was subsequently designated the Transportation Integration Agent (TIA) for support of the OEXP Mission Analysis and Systems Engineering (MASE) team. As a result of this action, modifications to the contract redirected the efforts to be consistent with NASA's overall objectives, including lunar transportation system design. A large number of written submittals were required in order to provide TIA support to MASE. A list summarizing the documents which have been prepared and delivered by Martin Marietta under this contract during the course of this work is presented. In nearly all cases, full sets of view-graphs were also provided to the MSFC COTR, and in several cases magnetic media were provided as well. To incorporate all of these materials (more than 2,000 pages) into the present report would obviously produce an extremely unwieldy and confusing document. Therefore, a summary of key findings are presented in this final report, supplemented by other material produced under this contract but not already available in the widespread literature.

Source record↗

Space station advanced automation

In the development of a safe, productive and maintainable space station, Automation and Robotics (A and R) has been identified as an enabling technology which will allow efficient operation at a reasonable cost. The Space Station Freedom's (SSF) systems are very complex, and interdependent. The usage of Advanced Automation (AA) will help restructure, and integrate system status so that station and ground personnel can operate more efficiently. To use AA technology for the augmentation of system management functions requires a development model which consists of well defined phases of: evaluation, development, integration, and maintenance. The evaluation phase will consider system management functions against traditional solutions, implementation techniques and requirements; the end result of this phase should be a well developed concept along with a feasibility analysis. In the development phase the AA system will be developed in accordance with a traditional Life Cycle Model (LCM) modified for Knowledge Based System (KBS) applications. A way by which both knowledge bases and reasoning techniques can be reused to control costs is explained. During the integration phase the KBS software must be integrated with conventional software, and verified and validated. The Verification and Validation (V and V) techniques applicable to these KBS are based on the ideas of consistency, minimal competency, and graph theory. The maintenance phase will be aided by having well designed and documented KBS software.

Woods, Donald↗

Growth Curve Parameterization of Metabolic Activity of Yeast Cells for BioSentinel

The goal of the BioSentinel small satellite payload is to measure the effect of deep space radiation on the growth and metabolic activity of yeast cells. Raw test data is generated by fluidics cards containing yeast cells rehydrated at different periods, with metabolic activity measured by the reduction of alamarBlue. Each card well has a sensor array that measures the amount of red, green, and infrared light transmitted through the yeast culture. This illumination data is then converted to absorbance values, which are further converted into concentrations. The ultimate objective is to convert these concentrations into biologically-relevant metrics that can be compared against one another to determine changes due to differential radiation exposure. Beginning with IR absorbance data (corresponding to cell density) from ground studies, three parameters from a sigmoidal growth curve were extracted and analyzed: 𝜆 (lag phase), 𝜇 (max growth rate), and A (max cell growth). The data was fit to the Gompertz model of microbial growth using non-linear regression (Minitab), as the fit error was reduced compared to the simpler logistic growth curve. Graphs showed that the data contained a discrepancy (drift) in the lag phase that is attributable to a slow, constant loss of moisture. Correcting this discrepancy by fitting the first 25 hours of the data to a power function and subtracting these values from the absorbance readings obtained a better statistical fit to the growth curve in the lag phase. A power fit was selected over a linear fit because it reflected the effects of constant volume loss. This correction to the BioSentinel data analysis pipeline will enable quantitative statistical analysis of the effect of different levels of deep space radiation on yeast cells. Future work includes automation of drift correction and curve modeling to extract these parameters directly from data.

Growth Curve↗

Solar flare forecasts based on mm-wavelength measurements

Solar radio temperature contour maps at a wavelength of 3.3 mm are analyzed to develop a method of forecasting solar flares of classes 1N and 1B. Fundamental to the analysis is the demonstration that most of the radio sources associated with the sunspot-plage systems are not spatially resolved by the radio telescope and, hence, only the peak temperature enhancements due to these local radio sources are employed. Evidence is presented indicating that flare-prone plage regions, which belong to recurrent families of flare-productive regions, exhibit a relationship between flare production and radio temperature characteristics considerably unlike that exhibited by virgin plage regions. The results are interpreted by means of graphs which permit the inference of class 1B or 1N flare probabilities based on the peak temperature enhancements measured at 3.3 mm. In particular, the forecast obtained is the probability that a given flare-prone plage region will produce a class 1B or 1N flare (two quoted probabilities) during the period of its disk transit.

White, K. P., III↗