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At least 451 records · Page 25
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

2020 LANL Contributions to the BATS Test in WIPP

The DOE Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) repository research and development program seeks to provide a sound technical basis for multiple viable disposal options, increase confidence in the robustness of generic disposal concepts, and develop science and engineering tools needed to support disposal concept implementation. Sandia, Los Alamos, and Lawrence Berkeley National labs are conducting research into salt, which includes the Brine Availability Test in Salt (BATS) field test at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), a DOE Office of Environmental Management facility. BATS is leveraging the existing infrastructure associated with the WIPP to advance science informing generic disposal concepts. BATS is an ongoing heated borehole experiment being conducted in the WIPP underground. The goal of this experiment is to reduce the uncertainty associated with spent nuclear fuel disposition in geologic salt formations. The BATS experiments is designed to accomplish this by increasing our understanding of brine migration in salt, assessing damaged zones from mining and drilling, simulating a post-closure environment, confirming salt properties, and providing data for model validation. Phased testing for generic salt repository R&D was proposed in 2015. Subsequently, borehole thermal testing was developed as a first step in this process. This document summarizes the work conducted on the BATS experiment during fiscal year 2020 with an emphasis on the contributions by Los Alamos National Lab.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Hanging String Cuts in SPR Caverns: Modeling Investigation and Comparison with Sonar Data

Investigation of leaching for oil sales includes looking closely at cavern geometries. Anomalous cavern "features" have been observed near the foot of some caverns subsequent to partial drawdowns. One potential mitigation approach to reducing further growth of preexisting features is based on the hypothesis that reducing the brine string length via a "string cue' would serve to move the zone associated with additional leaching to a location higher up in the cavern and thus away from the preexisting feature. Cutting of the hanging string is expected to provide a control of leaching depth that could be used to "smooth" existing features and thus reduce geomechanical instability in that region of the cavern. The SANSMIC code has been used to predict cavern geometry changes (i.e., the extent of cavern growth with depth) based on variable input parameters for four caverns: West Hackberry 11 (WH11), West Hackberry 113 (WH113), Big Hill 104 (BH104), Big Hill 114 (BH114). By comparing the initial sonar geometry with resultant geometries calculated by the SANSMIC code, conclusions may be drawn about the potential impact of these variables on future cavern growth. Ultimately, these conclusions can be used to assess possible mitigation strategies such as the potential advantage of cutting versus not cutting a brine string. This work has resulted in a recommendation that a hanging string cut of 80 ft in WH11 would be beneficial to future cavern geometry, while there would be little to no benefit to string cuts in the other three caverns investigated here. The WH11 recommendation was followed in 2019, resulting in an operational string cut. A sonar performed after the string cut showed no adverse leaching in the area of the preexisting flare, as expected from the results of the preliminary SANSMIC runs described in this report. Additional SANSMIC modeling of the actual amount of injected raw water resulted in good agreement with the post-cut sonar.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2020

Potential Formation Damage: An Integrated Reservoir Characterization Study of the Naturally Fractured Carbonate Middle Duperow Formation at the Kevin Dome, Montana

In this study, we integrate geologic and engineering data of a naturally fractured carbonate reservoir at the Kevin Dome, Montana. Well test data are correlated with core description, geochemical and lithology study to determine the flow behavior and communication within the injection test interval and to the surrounding area. Based on a dual-continuum geologic model, numerical brine injection simulations are carried out to validate the interpretation results from our well test analytical models and forecast the probability of CO 2 injection success using current reservoir properties. As a result, our well test analytical models as well as lithology/core description suggest that fluid flow may be mainly restricted to the injection interval and the assumption of radial (horizontal) flow may be appropriate. The well test models also indicate that there is potentially formation damage with a positive skin factor although prior to brine injection well tests, well stimulation through acid treatment was performed. Our numerical simulation results appear to confirm this formation damage by showing additional pressure buildup in the injection data during later test periods. To explain this, acid may have dissolved dolomite then dolomite or calcite may have been formed again further into the matrix/fracture system. Another possible explanation is mechanical clogging of the fractures due to acid dissolving dolomite and dislodging fine grains. Our work also predicts that if no additional well stimulation is performed, the project will have a lower probability of successfully injecting 1 million tons of CO 2 into the Middle Duperow formation over 4 years.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Supercritical Treatment Technology for Water Purification (Annual Final Report)

This project continued the development of the Supercritical Water Extraction – Enhanced Targeted Recovery (SWEETR™) technology, a novel desalination process for treating hypersaline brines. The overall objective is to demonstrate the technical and economic feasibility of an innovative, energy efficient, and robust supercritical desalination technology to treat hypersaline solutions and separating saltwater into a pure water stream and valuable recovered solids, resulting in zero liquid discharge (ZLD). The proposed technology, focuses on innovative methods of applying supercritical water to treat highly concentrated brine solutions without incurring a high energy penalty. Integrating the technology with solar energy reduces the energy cost for the system. The results obtained during the proof-of-concept testing demonstrate that the SWEETR™ concept is technically feasible and that supercritical water treatment is a viable option with strong merit for treating high salinity waters. The strategic design of the system provides the opportunity to localize the supercritical zone, which helps reduce the overall energy cost associated with the desalination process. The process can be tuned to remove only the amount of salts required to make the treated water “fit for purpose”, providing further opportunities to minimize energy costs. The ability to destroy organic compounds associated with the water while simultaneously being able to desalinate makes SWEETR™ uniquely fitted for treating aqueous streams such as produced water from oil and gas extraction which contain small amounts of organics. Such mixed contaminant streams pose an extreme challenge for other treatment options. Future work will further develop the SWEETR™ technology to take it from the bench-scale to the pilot-scale, and ready the technology for commercial application.

04 OIL SHALES AND TAR SANDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

New Geomechanical Computation Analysis Evaluating Behavior of the Fault nearby BC-4

BC-4 is an abandoned brining cavern situated in the middle of the site. Its presence poses a concern for several reasons: 1) the cavern was leached up into the caprock; 2) it is similar to BC-7, a brining cavern on the northwest corner of the dome that collapsed in 1954 and now is the home to Cavern Lake; 3) a similar collapse of BC-4 would have catastrophic consequences for the future operation of the site. There exists a previously mapped fault feature in the caprock and thought to extend into the salt dome than runs in close proximity to BC-4. There are uncertainties about the true extent of the fault, and no explicit analysis has been performed to predict the effects of the fault on BC-4 stability. Additional knowledge of the fault and its effects is becoming more crucial as an enhanced monitoring program is developed and installed.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

NRAP-Open-IAM Multisegmented Wellbore Reduced-Order Model

Geologic carbon storage is one of the promising strategies to mitigate climate change by reducing the emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. As part of the National Risk Assessment Partnership (NRAP), a systems-level stochastic analysis tool called the open source integrated assessment model, NRAP-Open-IAM, has been developed to estimate and manage the risk of containment loss at a geological carbon sequestration site. NRAP-Open-IAM contains several wellbore leakage model components that estimate the fluid leak rate that may occur through compromised legacy wells due to the increase in pressure resulting from CO 2 injection activities. Coupled to a reservoir component model, these components estimate the leakage of CO 2 and/or brine from a storage reservoir to overlying aquifer layers and the atmosphere through legacy wells. This report presents the theoretical framework and quality testing of the multisegmented wellbore reduced-order model. The model allows for segmenting of the legacy wells passing through the overlying stratigraphy into several intervals to simulate a site’s specific stratigraphic and hydrogeologic properties. For quality assurance, the analytical model is validated against numerical reservoir flow simulations for single and multiple aquifer(s) models. The results indicate that the model accurately predicts the transport of two-phase fluids (brine and injected CO 2 ) through the well over time. A detailed description of the model helps users to understand the model and provides a basis for future improvements.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

NRAP-Open-IAM Analytical Reservoir Model: Development and Testing

Geological carbon sequestration (GCS) is a key technology for reducing global carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. Over the last decade, the U.S. Department of Energy has invested in understanding the science base, developing practical implementation methods, and demonstrating secure GCS technologies to mitigate the environmental impacts associated with the atmospheric release of CO 2 . As part of the National Risk Assessment Partnership, a systems-level risk assessment tool, called the NRAP-Open-IAM, has been developed to conduct risk assessment and enable safe operations at a GCS site. The current NRAP-Open-IAM contains a simple reservoir model component that calculates the evolution of CO 2 saturation and fluid pressure in a storage reservoir during CO 2 injection operations. This report presents the development and testing of a new analytical reservoir reduced-order model (ROM), which is extended from an existing semi-analytical model for estimation of CO 2 and brine leakage along legacy wells, and enhances the capability of the NRAP-Open-IAM to simulate more types of reservoir conditions. The developed model is validated against three reference studies, and the results indicate that the new ROM predicts the behavior of the two-phase fluids (brine and injected CO 2 ) well and is applicable to different reservoir simulation boundary conditions (i.e., constant pressure boundary and infinite-acting boundary) without a priori user specification of the boundary type. Sensitivity analysis for a set of model parameters is performed using 4,000 synthetic cases prepared via a fully automated process and using machine-learning-based feature selection. The stochastic analysis identifies gravitational number (i.e., ratio of gravitational forces to viscous force) and distance between the injection well and observation location as the most impactful parameters for matching the pressure and CO 2 saturation, respectively, between the numerical simulations and the ROM. This report details the possible ROM uncertainties and serves as a guide for users to understand the use and limitations of this ROM. The code implementation of the model will be released as a module within the NRAP-Open-IAM.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Ultra-fast and Thick Boriding of Geothermal Casing to Enhance Reliability

Harnessing the heat that is continuously generated underneath the Earth’s crust (geothermal) is a clean and renewable source of energy. Geothermal energy can be used to heat and cool buildings, including greenhouses, and to generate electrical power. Compared to other renewable energy sources such as solar and wind, geothermal energy is more reliable because it is available all the time and versatile in its many forms of application and deployment. Nonetheless, the deployment and extensive use of geothermal energy still lags behind other renewable sources due to some technical, but mainly economic challenges. Upfront costs of geothermal power well development are relatively high. Some of this high cost is attributed to the use of expensive construction materials to ensure adequate performance during operation. For example, Inconel 625, super duplex 2507, and titanium alloy materials are used in downhole casings, piping, and other components exposed to brine solution to withstand harsh operating environments (high temperature and corrosive environments). Relatively low-cost carbon steel can be used in many of these components in geothermal power plants; however, they are susceptible to excessive corrosion, thereby limiting their useful lifespan. Ultra-fast boriding (UFB) surface treatment of carbon steel may drastically increase its corrosion resistance thereby providing a cost-effective material solution in geothermal applications. Scientists at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) recently developed a technique to accelerate the boriding process using a high-temperature electrochemical process to produce relatively thick boride layers on various metal and alloy materials in minutes rather than the several hours it takes through the typical pack boriding process; hence, the process is designated UFB. The process uses molten borax salt at 900– 1000°C in an electrochemical cell in which the material to be borided is the cathode and a graphite plate is the anode. Continuous and durable boride layers with thicknesses of 100–300 µm have been produced on a variety of metals and alloys in one hour. Such a surface layer can indeed be a cost-effective pathway to prevent corrosion of casing materials in contact with the chemically aggressive and corrosive geothermal brine fluids.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

(Project 18-15531) Repair and Mitigation of Chloride-Induced Pitting and Chloride-Induced Stress Corrosion Cracking in Used Spent Nuclear Fuel Dry Cask Canister Materials (Final Technical Report)

Several experimental techniques were utilized to understand the corrosion and SCC performance of possible techniques for repairing cracks and pits in SS304 utilized for dry cask storage of spent nuclear fuel. The repairs examined included cold spray, FSW, soldering, and VFAW. The corrosion and SCC assessment techniques utilized for comparing repairs against the base material were 4-pt bending SCC testing in boiling MgCl 2 at stress levels between 0 MPa and 350 MPa, immersion testing in 40% RH brine solution meant to mimic a service-like environment, SSRT SCC testing in 40% RH brine solution. For FSW alone, scanning electrochemical cell microscopy and microelectrochemical syringe cell were utilized to understand the corrosion performance across the weld, in the retreating/advancing sides, and base material. Based on the results of this study, the FSW and cold spray repair techniques proved most viable for SCC repair in SS304 dry cask storage applications and continuing research is highly recommended to understand and quantify in further detail their SCC performance compared to unrepaired SS304. Additionally, solder and VFAW (patch or incline) would not be recommended based on the corrosion and SCC findings in this study.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

NRAP-Open-IAM Multisegmented Wellbore Reduced-Order Model: Improvement and Quality Assurance

The multisegmented wellbore model (MSW) semi-analytically estimates the amount of CO 2 and brine leakage from a leaking legacy well by segmenting it into intervals to simulate site-specific stratigraphic and hydrogeologic properties. The model is a component of the National Risk Assessment Partnership Open-Source Integrated Assessment Model (NRAP-Open-IAM), which was developed to perform risk assessment for geologic CO 2 storage. The new wellbore leakage model, which uses deep learning networks for a caprock segment, was developed to enhance the analytical MSW. The model was trained and validated using a synthetic data set of Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases (STOMP) multiphase flow simulations from various geological, well attribute, and operational conditions to ensure its quality. The results demonstrate that the model is more accurate than the existing model in predicting the transport of two-phase fluids (brine and injected CO 2 ) through the well. This report provides a detailed explanation of the model development and quality assurance.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Magnetic Nanoparticle Extraction of Lithium from Produced Waters - CRADA 483 (Final Report)

The demand for lithium in the energy production industry is expected to increase sharply, development of simple and cost-effective techniques for lithium production and recovery from various lithium sources is essential. In this project, core/shell magnetic nanoparticles were successfully designed to selectively extract lithium from aqueous lithium sources as an extension of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s magnetic nanofluid extraction technology. The core/shell magnetic nanoparticles are composed of manganese oxide-based lithium ion sieve shells, which allow selective lithium uptake from brines with multiple coexisting ions, over iron oxide cores, which can respond to external magnetic fields for effective recovery and reuse of adsorbents from a liquid. The synthesized lithium ion-sieves and core/shell magnetic nanoparticles were characterized using several techniques to reveal their crystallinity and morphology. The lithium uptake properties of the lithium ion-sieves and core/shell magnetic nanoparticles were evaluated in terms of lithium adsorption capacity, removal percentage, selectivity, and cycling performance in simulated and natural brines. Magnetic properties of the core/shell magnetic nanoparticles were tested by measuring magnetic saturation, and magnetic response of colloidal solutions containing the core/shell magnetic nanoparticles was tested with permanent magnets.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Plutonium Oxidation State Distribution in the Presence of WIPP-Relevant Organics and Iron Corrosion Products

The oxidation state and solubility of plutonium (Pu) in high ionic strength synthetic WIPP (Waste Isolation Pilot Plant) brines as a function of pC H+ in the presence and absence of WIPP-relevant organic ligands (EDTA [Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid], oxalate, citrate, acetate) and iron corrosion products (magnetite and metallic iron) at 𝑇 = 23 ± 2 ∘C was thoroughly studied by long-term batch solubility experiments (between approximately 800-1,100 days) from an undersaturation approach. The oxidation state of Pu in the WIPP environment has been a topic of interest since the initial Compliance Certification Application (CCA). This study aims to investigate the solubility of Pu under the expected WIPP conditions and to determine the oxidation state of the solid phase that will control the solubility. One of the most important results of this study is that the Pu oxidation state was analyzed both from the surface area of the corrosion products and in the precipitated solid. The analysis of the Pu oxidation state on the surface of the iron mineral from the ongoing undersaturated experiments is more relevant to the performance assessment of nuclear waste disposal than short term batch (plutonium-iron phase) experiments. The X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) analysis showed that Pu oxidation state is different on the metal surface and in the precipitated solid. Pu(III) is the dominant oxidation state in the metallic iron (Fe 0 ) system in the presence and absence of organics. Pu(IV) is the dominant oxidation state in the magnetite system in the presence and absence of organics. Also, organics stabilize Pu(IV) in the magnetite system. Analysis of Pu in the precipitated solid by Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) analysis showed that Pu formed an inner-sphere complex with iron with minor amounts of PuO 2 present. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate that metallic iron and magnetite did not oxidize in three years in the alkaline and high ionic strength system. Under these conditions (8 < pC H+ < 10 at T = (22 ± 2) °C under nitrogen atmosphere, the solubility of Pu changes by up to three orders of magnitude (10 -5 and 10 -8 M). The spread in solubility is highest at pC H+ = 9. Pu(III) and Pu(IV) showed different solubility behavior in the synthetic WIPP brine. A summary of the data collected in this report will be submitted to Sandia National Laboratories as part of a parameter update report which will outline the changes to the OXSTAT parameter for the 2026 Compliance Recertification Application (CRA-2026). The experiments performed were done according to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) approved Test Plan entitled “Effects of Radiolysis, Organic Complexation, and Redox Conditions on the Speciation and Oxidation State Distribution of Pu(III/IV)” (LCO-ACP-25). All data reported were obtained under the Los Alamos National Laboratory-Carlsbad Office (LANL-CO) Quality Assurance Program, which is compliant with the DOE Carlsbad Field Office, Quality Assurance Program Document (CBFO/QAPD).

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2026

Bipolar Membranes Electrodialysis for Water Purification and Resource Recovery

Reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) from inland brackish water desalination and wastewater recycling presents moderate salinity, posing significant challenges for treatment and disposal. Existing treatment technologies predominantly rely on energy-intensive thermal methods, large-area evaporation strategies, or deep-well disposal, which often result in the loss of water value. Electrified membrane brine treatment offers a promising alternative by utilizing renewable energy sources, enabling complete water recycling. This work proposes the development of next-generation bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) systems capable of desalinating brine while simultaneously recovering valuable resources. However, several critical challenges remain in the areas of membrane engineering for BMED. These include: 1) decreased current efficiency during desalination due to the low conductivity of feed chambers, 2) fouling and scaling from multivalent ions and contaminants in the feed, and 3) the retention and carryover of ROC contaminants, including PFAS compounds. Our research focuses on the development of novel anion exchange membranes (AEMs) and cation exchange membranes (CEMs) based on synthesized multiblock copolymers. We investigate the effects of block length, ion exchange capacity (IEC), and polymer backbone structure on cation and anion transport (e.g., Na+, Cl-, OH-, H+) for both our synthesized membranes and commercial membranes. Fundamental properties of these membranes, such as water uptake, IEC, and ionic conductivity, are also evaluated to optimize performance for BMED applications.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2020

Experimental Investigation of Inhibitive Drilling Fluids Performance: Case Studies from United States Shale Basins

Shale formations are attractive prospects due to their potential in oil and gas production. Some of the largest shale formations in the mainland US, such as the Tuscaloosa Marine Shale (TMS), have reserves estimated to be around 7 billion barrels. Despite their huge potential, shale formations present major concerns for drilling operators. These prospects have unique challenges because of all their alteration and incompatibility issues with drilling and completion fluids. Most shale formations undergo numerous chemical and physical alterations, making their interaction with the drilling and completion fluid systems very complex to understand. In this study, a high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) drilling simulator was used to mimic real time drilling operations to investigate the performance of inhibitive drilling fluid systems in two major shale formations (Eagle Ford Shale and Tuscaloosa Marine Shale). A series of drilling experiments using the drilling simulator and clay swelling tests were conducted to evaluate the drilling performance of the KCl drilling fluid and cesium formate brine systems and their effectiveness in minimizing drilling concerns. Cylindrical cores were used to mimic vertical wellbores. It was found that the inhibitive muds systems (KCl and cesium formate) provided improved drilling performance compared to conventional fluid systems. Among the inhibitive systems, the cesium formate brine showed the best drilling performances due to its low swelling rate and improved drilling performance.

04 OIL SHALES AND TAR SANDS↗
NASA NTRS1974

Geophysical, geochemical, and geological investigations of the Dunes geothermal system, Imperial Valley, California

The Dunes anomaly is a water-dominated geothermal system in the alluvium of the Salton Trough, lacking any surface expression. It was discovered by shallow-temperature gradient measurements. A 612-meter-deep test well encountered several temperature-gradient reversals, with a maximum of 105 C at 114 meters. The program involves surface geophysics, including electrical, gravity, and seismic methods, down-hole geophysics and petrophysics of core samples, isotopic and chemical studies of water samples, and petrological and geochemical studies of the cores and cuttings. The aim is (1) to determine the source and temperature history of the brines, (2) to understand the interaction between the brines and rocks, and (3) to determine the areal extent, nature, origin, and history of the geothermal system. These studies are designed to provide better definition of exploration targets for hidden geothermal anomalies and to contribute to improved techniques of exploration and resource assessment.

Elders, W. A.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Differential permeation of artemia cysts and cucumber seeds by alcohols

The rate of penetration of the simpler alcohols into brine shrimp cysts and cucumber seeds was studied. In solutions below 70% the rate of penetration is related to lipid solvent capacity of the alcohol. In concentrations above 70%, particularly in absolute alcohols, methanol penetrates brine shrimp rapidly and ethanol penetrates slowly. All the other alcohols tested did not penetrate the dormant structures. Ethionine and deuteroxy-methanol did not affect the rate of penetration of methanol. It is suggested that in dehydrated membranes the lipid moiety is protected by a continuous sheet of protein. Methanol, which is fairly similar to water, is probably able to penetrate the membrane by initiating a conformation change in the protein, exposing the lipid which subsequently dissolves in the methanol thus destroying the membrane.

Smith, C. W.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Investigation of indigenous water, salt and soil for solar ponds

The existence of salt-gradient solar ponds in nature is a strong indication that the successful exploitation of this phenomenon must account adequately for the influences of the local setting. Sun, weather and other general factors are treated elsewhere. This paper deals with water, salt, and soil. A general methodology for evaluating and, where feasible, adjusting the effects of these elements is under development. Eight essential solar pond characteristics have been identified, along with a variety of their dependencies upon properties of water, salt and soil. The comprehensive methodology, when fully developed, will include laboratory investigation in such diverse areas as brine physical chemistry, light transmission, water treatment, brine-soil interactions, sealants, and others. With the Salton Sea solar pond investigation as an example, some methods under development will be described.

Marsh, H. E.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Variations in brightness temperature over cold first-year sea ice near Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories

Microwave radiometric temperature T(B) profiles of first-year sea ice were obtained along 70- to 100-m traverses, with sled-mounted radiometers at 10, 18.7, 33.6, and 37 GHz and an effective spot size of 30 cm. Measurements of T(B) as a function of nadir angle were obtained at selected sites along the traverses. Snow and ice properties were recorded and correlated with the T(B) measurements to infer the effect of snow cover and ice conditions on the radiometric temperature. T(B) correlated positively with the brine volume profile in the ice at several sites, suggesting that brine volume has a strong effect on T(B) under these conditions. An overall statistical comparison of snow thickness with T(B), when compared with previously published models, suggests that the effect of snow cover on the microwave transmission coefficient of the snow/ice interface may be an important contribution to the radiometric temperature at these frequencies. A model is proposed to explain the data.

Lohanick, A. W.↗