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DOE OSTI2023

J/ψ Near-Threshold Photoproduction off the Proton and Neutron with CLAS12

In recent years, J/? photoproduction in the near-threshold region has seen a renewed theoretical interest due to the wealth of information it has to offer. Near-threshold J/? photopro-duction proceeds through the exchange of gluons in the t-channel and is expected to provide unique insight about the nucleon gluonic gravitational form factors (GFFs). Previous studies at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) in Virginia, USA, have already measured the total and differential cross section of J/? near-threshold photoproduction on the free proton. This thesis presents the first measurements of J/? near-threshold photoproduction on the bound proton and bound neutron in a deuteron target. The CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer at 12 GeV (CLAS12) based at JLab?s Hall B uses a 11 GeV electron beam impinging on a fixed liquid deuteron target. J/? is then produced via the exchange of a quasi-real photon and decays to a lepton pair which is detected along-side the recoil nucleon by CLAS12. Analysis procedures and in particular machine learning based techniques were developed in order to correctly identify final state particles and select J/? photoproduction events. The total and differential cross section of J/? near-threshold photoproduction on the bound proton and bound neutron were then measured from the detected J/? photoproduction events. The measurements of the cross sections on the bound proton and bound neutron agree well within their statistical uncertainty. This is consistent with the assumed two-gluon exchange production mechanism which is isospin invariant. Overall a first measurement of the J/? near-threshold photoproduction cross sections on the bound proton and bound neutron was achieved. A better understanding of the mechanical properties of the nucleon, such as pressure and mass distributions, can be obtained by relating J/? production to the nucleon GFFs. This opens the way for exciting new insights into the internal structure of the nucleon, and in particular of the nucleon?s gluonic content. An upcoming overhaul of the CLAS12 reconstruction will increase the reconstruction efficiency and the statis- tical precision of the preliminary measurements described in this thesis, with an expected gain in statistics of at least 50%. Future upgrades at JLab will allow to test some of the theoretical assumptions made in relating J/? near-threshold photoproduction to the nucleon GFFs

Tyson, Richard↗

DOE OSTI2021

Enhancement of sub-thermal neutron flux through cold polyethylene

Total thermal neutron cross section measurements serve as the primary means of validation for thermal neutron scattering kernels, an important quantity for neutron transport calculations. In an effort to improve the quality of thermal neutron scattering kernels, researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) designed and constructed a polyethylene based cold moderation system to enhance neutron flux below 10 meV when coupled with the Enhanced Thermal Target (ETT) at the RPI Gaerttner LINAC. The final design yielded an increase in sub-thermal neutron flux (below 10 meV) by a factor of 4.5 for a moderator temperature of 37.5 K relative to the ETT alone. A further increase to a factor of 6 is expected after a minor geometry modification and decrease in polyethylene temperature to 25 K. This novel capability will be used to conduct total thermal neutron cross section measurements from 0.0005–10 eV for different materials including moderator materials.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

NASA NTRS1977

Pauli correlations in heavy-ion collisions at high energies

We calculate the effects of short-range correlations on the Glauber expansion for nucleus-nucleus collisions using the Fermi gas model for nuclei. When we neglect the Pauli principle for collisions between heavy nuclei, calculation of the optical phase-shift function leads to non-unitary results and we cannot obtain cross sections. When we include Pauli correlations we find important cancellations in the optical phase-shift function, which make possible the calculation of total and differential cross sections for heavy nuclei.

Franco, V.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Cross sections for production of H(2p, 2s, 1s) by electron collisional dissociation of H2

The excitation function of H Ly-alpha from the astrophysically important dissociation of electron-excited H2 over the range 10-700 eV has been measured. The analysis predicts the cross section to energies higher than the present experimental limit, and it is found that the predicted shape is in close agreement with measured results. At 6 eV the cross section is dominated by the electric dipole first Born component, while at 100 eV the electric dipole component constitutes 73 percent of the total H(2p) cross section. The cross sections of the H(2s) and H(1s) components are calculated.

Ajello, J. M.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Thermal Cross Section Measurements At The RPI LINAC [Slides]

This presentation gives an overview of thermal cross section measurements at the RPI LINAC. Work discussed includes novel cold moderator capability for use in extending neutron flux down to 0.0005 eV and total thermal neutron cross section measurements performed for polyethylene, polystyrene, Plexiglas (Lucite), and yttrium hydride over the entire thermal region (0.0005 – 1 eV).

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

NASA NTRS1973

Photodissociation continuums of N2 and O2.

Dissociation continuum cross sections for N2 and O2 have been determined from previously measured total absorption and ionization cross sections. Several dissociation continuums were found for each molecule. Some of these continuums were attributed to specific dissociation products in which the dissociation products are in excited states. The upper-atmosphere emission rates resulting from these photodissociative excitation processes have been calculated for the N I 10,400-A and O I 1356-A lines. The results indicate, particularly for the oxygen line, that these photodissociative processes may be important in the dayglow.

Cook, G. R.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Photon-scattering cross sections of H2 and He measured with synchrotron radiation

Total (elastic + inelastic) differential photon-scattering cross sections have been measured for H2 gas and for He, using an X-ray beam. Absolute measured cross sections agree with theory within the probable errors. Relative cross sections (normalized to theory at large S) agree to better than 1% with theoretical values calculated from wave functions that include the effect of electron-electron Coulomb correlation, but the data deviate significantly from theoretical independent-particle (e.g., Hartree-Fock) results. The ratios of measured absolute He cross sections to those of H2, at any given S, also agree to better than 1% with theoretical He-to-H2 cross-section ratios computed from correlated wave functions. It appears that photon scattering constitutes a very promising tool for probing electron correlation in light atoms and molecules. The degree of polarization of the synchrotron radiation beam has been measured by rotating the scattering plane about the beam axis; results are compared with theory.

Ice, G. E.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Prompt and non-prompt J/ψ production cross sections at midrapidity in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{\mathrm{s}} $ = 5.02 and 13 TeV

The production of J /ψ is measured at midrapidity ( |y| < 0 . 9) in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} $ = 5 . 02 and 13 TeV, through the dielectron decay channel, using the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The data sets used for the analyses correspond to integrated luminosities of $ \mathcal{L} $ int = 19.4 ± 0.4 nb - 1 and $ \mathcal{L} $ int = 32.2 ± 0.5 nb - 1 at $ \sqrt{s} $ = 5 . 02 and 13 TeV, respectively. The fraction of non-prompt J /ψ mesons, i.e. those originating from the decay of beauty hadrons, is measured down to a transverse momentum p T = 2 GeV /c (1 GeV /c ) at $ \sqrt{s} $ = 5 . 02 TeV (13 TeV). The p T and rapidity ( y ) differential cross sections, as well as the corresponding values integrated over p T and y , are carried out separately for prompt and non-prompt J /ψ mesons. The results are compared with measurements from other experiments and theoretical calculations based on quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The shapes of the p T and y distributions of beauty quarks predicted by state-of-the-art perturbative QCD models are used to extrapolate an estimate of the $ \mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ pair cross section at midrapidity and in the total phase space. The total $ \mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ cross sections are found to be $ {\sigma}_{\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}} $ = 541 ± 45 (stat . ) ± 69 $ {\left(\mathrm{syst}.\right)}_{-12}^{+10} $ (extr . ) μ b and $ {\sigma}_{\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}} $ = 218 ± 37 (stat . ) ± 31 $ {\left(\mathrm{syst}.\right)}_{-9.1}^{+8.2} $ (extr . ) μ b at $ \sqrt{s} $ = 13 and 5.02 TeV, respectively. The value obtained from the combination of ALICE and LHCb measurements in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{s} $ = 13 TeV is also provided.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Charm fragmentation fractions and $\mathbf {c\overline{c}}$ cross section in p–Pb collisions at $\mathbf {\sqrt{s _{NN}}=5.02 TeV}$

The total charm-quark production cross section per unit of rapidity dσ($\mathbf {c\overline{c}}$)/dy, and the fragmentation fractions of charm quarks to different charm-hadron species f(c → h c ), are measured for the first time in p–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV at midrapidity (–0.96 < y < 0.04 in the centre-of-mass frame) using data collected by ALICE at the CERN LHC. The results are obtained based on all the available measurements of prompt production of ground-state charm-hadron species: D 0 , D + , D$^{+}_{s}$, and J/ψ mesons, and Λ$^{+}_{c}$ and $Ξ$$^{0}_{c}$ baryons. The resulting cross section is dσ($\mathbf {c\overline{c}}$)/dy = 219.6 ± 6.3 (stat.) $^{+10.5}_{–11.8}$ (syst.) $^{+8.3}_{–2.9}$ (extr.) ± 5.4 (BR) ± 4.6 (lumi.) ± 19.5 (rapidity shape) + 15.0 (Ω$^{0}_{c}$) mb, which is consistent with a binary scaling of pQCD calculations from pp collisions. The measured fragmentation fractions are compatible with those measured in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 and 13 TeV, showing an increase in the relative production rates of charm baryons with respect to charm mesons in pp and p–Pb collisions compared with e + e – and e – p collisions. The p T -integrated nuclear modification factor of charm quarks, R pPb ($\mathbf {c\overline{c}}$) = 0.91 ± 0.04 (stat.) $^{+0.08}_{–0.09}$ (syst.) $^{+0.05}_{–0.03}$ (extr.) ± 0.03 (lumi.), is found to be consistent with unity and with theoretical predictions including nuclear modifications of the parton distribution functions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Electron Scattering from 1-Methyl-5-Nitroimidazole: Cross-Sections for Modeling Electron Transport through Potential Radiosensitizers

In this study, we present a complete set of electron scattering cross-sections from 1-Methyl-5-Nitroimidazole (1M5NI) molecules for impact energies ranging from 0.1 to 1000 eV. This information is relevant to evaluate the potential role of 1M5NI as a molecular radiosensitizers. The total electron scattering cross-sections (TCS) that we previously measured with a magnetically confined electron transmission apparatus were considered as the reference values for the present analysis. Elastic scattering cross-sections were calculated by means of two different schemes: The Schwinger multichannel (SMC) method for the lower energies (below 15 eV) and the independent atom model-based screening-corrected additivity rule with interferences (IAM-SCARI) for higher energies (above 15 eV). The latter was also applied to calculate the total ionization cross-sections, which were complemented with experimental values of the induced cationic fragmentation by electron impact. Double differential ionization cross-sections were measured with a reaction microscope multi-particle coincidence spectrometer. Using a momentum imaging spectrometer, direct measurements of the anion fragment yields and kinetic energies by the dissociative electron attachment are also presented. Cross-sections for the other inelastic channels were derived with a self-consistent procedure by sampling their values at a given energy to ensure that the sum of the cross-sections of all the scattering processes available at that energy coincides with the corresponding TCS. This cross-section data set is ready to be used for modelling electron-induced radiation damage at the molecular level to biologically relevant media containing 1M5NI as a potential radiosensitizer. Nonetheless, a proper evaluation of its radiosensitizing effects would require further radiobiological experiments.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Evidence of off-shell Higgs boson production from ZZ leptonic decay channels and constraints on its total width with the ATLAS detector

This Letter reports on a search for off-shell production of the Higgs boson using 139 fb —1 of $pp$ collision data at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The signature is a pair of $\overline{Z}$ bosons, with contributions from both the production and subsequent decay of a virtual Higgs boson and the interference of that process with other processes. The two observable final states are $\overline{Z}$ $\overline{Z}$ → 4$\ell$ and $\overline{Z}$ $\overline{Z}$ → 2$\ell$2$ν$ with $\ell$ = $e$ or $μ$. In the $\overline{Z}$ $\overline{Z}$ → 4$\ell$ final state, a dense Neural Network is used to enhance analysis sensitivity with respect to matrix element-based discrimination. The backgroundonly hypothesis is rejected with an observed (expected) significance of 3.3 (2.2) standard deviations, representing experimental evidence for off-shell Higgs boson production. Assuming that no new particles enter the production of the virtual Higgs boson, its total width can be deduced from the measurement of its off-shell production cross-section. The measured total width of the Higgs boson is ${4.5}_{—2.5}^{+3.3}$ MeV, and the observed (expected) upper limit on the total width is found to be 10.5 (10.9) MeV at 95% confidence level.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

NASA NTRS2013

Simulation of Inflated Pahoehoe Lava Flows

A new stochastic model simulates late-stage pahoehoe lobes where random processes dominate emplacement. The model prescribes probabilistic rules for determining where and when parcels of lava move within the lobe. Unlike a classical Brownian motion random walk, the model allows individual parcels to remain dormant, but fluid, for multiple time steps. The randomness of parcel volume transfers within the lobe interior as well as at the margins qualitatively reflects inflation processes observed in the field. The fraction of inflated volume to total volume increases with the total volume, with greater than 75% of the lobe volume contributed through inflation for typical lobes. The influence on planform shape and topographic cross-sectional profiles of total volume, source area and shape, topographic confinement, and sequential breakouts at the lobe margins, are all explored with the stochastic model. Each of these factors influences the overall lobe thickness and width. The model provides a means for assessing the relative importance of these processes through comparisons with field data. For the first time, Gaussian and parabolic functions are quantitatively fit to field measurements of pahoehoe lobes. Both functional forms provide adequate description of the cross-sectional flow shapes. When comparing simulated lobes to field data, sequential breakouts at the lobe margins are found to be an important process controlling the final topographic distribution of observed pahoehoe lobes.

modeling↗

NASA NTRS1987

Systematics of the release of residual nuclei from relativistic nucleus-nucleus interactions

Relativistic nuclei of krypton, xenon, holmium, and gold, accelerated in a partially stripped state to a maximum rigidity of about 5.6 GeV, interacting with targets of aluminum, carbon, and polyethylene are examined. For each projectile and target combination, determinations are made for the total and partial charge changing cross sections for the production of lighter fragments. From these measurements, a new representation of the dependence of the total charge changing cross sections on beam and target charge is developed. Simple representations of the variation of the partial cross sections were identified with the charge of the produced fragments and shown to be dependent on the charge and energy of the beam. The fission of gold nuclei at high energies in these various targets has also been studied.

Binns, W. R.↗

NASA NTRS2007

Scattering of Low Energy Electrons and Positrons from Hydrogenic Systems and Applications

While the electron scatters from the target, the target no longer stays in its original form. One of the first methods to take into account the distortion of the target at low incident energies is the method of polarized orbitals. In this method the wave function for the process is written using the first-order perturbation theory and the equation for the scattering function is derived from the Schradinger equation. This method has been very successful in calculating the phase shifts and therefore the cross sections at various energies. The total wave function can be used to calculate photoionization cross sections. The disadvantage of this approach is that the method is not variational and therefore does not provide bounds on the phase shifts. These difficulties can be overcome by using the Feshbach projection operator formalism. This approach has been employed for the scattering of electrons and positrons from targets. Results of various calculations will be discussed.

Bhatia, Anand K.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Measurement of the inclusive and differential WZ production cross sections, polarization angles, and triple gauge couplings in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV

The associated production of a W and a Z boson is studied in final states with multiple leptons produced in proton-proton (pp) collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV using 137 fb$^{-1}$ of data collected with the CMS detector at the LHC. A measurement of the total inclusive production cross section yields σ$_{tot}$(pp → WZ) = 50.6 ± 0.8 (stat) ± 1.5 (syst) ± 1.1 (lumi) ± 0.5 (theo) pb. Measurements of the fiducial and differential cross sections for several key observables are also performed in all the final-state lepton flavour and charge compositions with a total of three charged leptons, which can be electrons or muons. All results are compared with theoretical predictions computed up to next-to-next-to-leading order in quantum chromodynamics plus next-to-leading or- der in electroweak theory and for various sets of parton distribution functions. The results include direct measurements of the charge asymmetry and the W and Z vector boson polarization. The first observation of longitudinally polarized W bosons in WZ production is reported. Anomalous gauge couplings are searched for, leading to new constraints on beyond-the-standard-model contributions to the WZ triple gauge coupling.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

NASA NTRS1972

Attenuation of X rays in interstellar space.

Calculation of the X-ray interaction cross sections for three cosmic mixtures over the range from 1 keV (12.4 A) to 1.5 MeV (0.008 A). The cosmic composition of elements as given by Aller and utilized by Bell and Kingston (1967) and the total photon interaction cross sections per atom of the elements as computed by Hubbell and collaborators are used for this purpose. The results are compared with a formula given by Heiles (1971). Approximate agreement exists between 10 to 20 keV.

Schocken, K.↗

DOE OSTI2022

ORNL Neutron Cross Section Measurements of 90 Zr

Nuclear criticality modeling and simulations rely on the quality of the existing evaluated nuclear data libraries such as Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF)/B, the Joint Evaluated Fission and Fusion (JEFF) nuclear data library, or the Japanese Evaluated Nuclear Data Library (JENDL). In some cases, the cross-section evaluations of those libraries were found to be deficient in describing criticality benchmarks accurately. More than two decades ago, the US Nuclear Criticality Safety Program (NCSP) established a Nuclear Data (ND) task which encompassed experiments and evaluations. In response to this, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) formed a Nuclear Criticality and Data group which performed ND experiments, data analysis, and evaluations to produce ENDF files for the ND libraries as identified in the NCSP Five-Year Plan. Before being submitted to the ENDF library, files were processed and tested for performance by running benchmark calculations. This procedure was centralized in the ORNL group and is now often referred to as the ND pipeline. NCSP collaborates with the Joint Research Center (JRC) of the European Commission in Geel, Belgium, to perform high-resolution neutron-induced cross section measurements at the Geel Linear Accelerator (GELINA). The objective is to address emerging ND problems in criticality calculations. Difficulties with ND include insufficient neutron energy range, missing covariances, and previously unrecognized inaccuracies with experiments. New neutron total and capture cross sections of 90 Zr in the neutron energy range from 100 eV to several hundred keV were recently performed. These measured data will be used, together with existing high-resolution transmission data from a metallic 90 Zr sample, to improve representation of the cross sections.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

NASA NTRS2017

Relativistic Three-Dimensional Lippmann-Schwinger Cross Sections for Space Radiation Applications

Radiation transport codes require accurate nuclear cross sections to compute particle fluences inside shielding materials. The Tripathi semi-empirical reaction cross section, which includes over 60 parameters tuned to nucleon-nucleus (NA) and nucleus-nucleus (AA) data, has been used in many of the world’s best-known transport codes. Although this parameterization fits well to reaction cross section data, the predictive capability of any parameterization is questionable when it is used beyond the range of the data to which it was tuned. Using uncertainty analysis, it is shown that a relativistic Three- Dimensional Lippmann-Schwinger (LS3D) equation model based on Multiple Scatter- ing Theory (MST) that uses 5 parameterizations—3 fundamental parameterizations to nucleon-nucleon (NN) data and 2 nuclear charge density parameterizations—predicts NA and AA reaction cross sections as well as the Tripathi cross section parameterization for reactions in which the kinetic energy of the projectile in the laboratory frame (TLab) is greater than 220 MeV/n. The relativistic LS3D model has the additional advantage of being able to predict highly accurate total and elastic cross sections. Consequently, it is recommended that the relativistic LS3D model be used for space radiation applications in which TLab > 220 MeV/n.

C M Werneth↗