Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Strain calculation”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 451 records · Page 25

Uniaxial Strain Control of Bulk Ferromagnetism in Rare-Earth Titanates

The perovskite rare-earth titanates are model Mott insulators with magnetic ground states that are very sensitive to structural distortions. These distortions couple strongly to the orbital degrees of freedom and, in principle, it should be possible to tune the superexchange and the magnetic transition with strain. We investigate the representative system (Y,La,Ca)TiO 3 , which exhibits low crystallographic symmetry and no structural instabilities. From magnetic susceptibility measurements of the Curie temperature, we demonstrate direct, reversible, and continuous control of ferromagnetism by influencing the TiO 6 octahedral tilts and rotations with uniaxial strain. The relative change in T C as a function of strain is well described by ab initio calculations, which provides detailed understanding of the complex interactions among structural, orbital, and magnetic properties in rare-earth titanates. The demonstrated manipulation of octahedral distortions opens up far-reaching possibilities for investigations of electron-lattice coupling, competing ground states, and magnetic quantum phase transitions in a wide range of quantum materials.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Interim analysis of long time creep behavior of columbium C-103 alloy

Analysis of 16 long time creep tests on columbium C-103 alloy (Cb-10Hf-1Ti-0.7Zr) indicates that the calculated stresses to give 1 percent creep strain in 100,000 hours at 1,255 K (1800 F) are 7.93 and 8.96 MPa (1,150 and 1,300 psi) for fine grained and course grained materials, respectively. The apparent activation energy and stress dependence for creep of this alloy are approximately 315 KJ/gmol (75,300 cal/gmol) and 2.51, respectively, based on Dorn-Sherby types of relations. However, the 90 percent confidence limits on these values are wide because of the limited data currently available.

Klopp, W. D.↗

Thermal-structural mission analyses of air-cooled gas turbine blades

Cyclic temperature and stress-strain states in cooled turbine blades were calculated for a simulated mission of an advanced technology aircraft engine. TACT1 (three dimensional heat transfer) and MARC (nonlinear structural analysis) computer programs were used to analyze impingement cooled airfoils, with and without leading-edge film cooling. Creep was the predominant damage mode, particularly around film cooling holes. Radially angled holes exhibited less creep than holes normal to surface. Beam-type analyses of all-impingement cooled airfoils gave fair agreement with MARC results for initial creep.

Kaufman, A.↗

Thermal-structural mission analyses of air-cooled gas turbine blades

Cyclic temperature and stress-strain states in cooled turbine blades were calculated for a simulated mission of an advanced technology aircraft engine. TACTl (three dimensional heat transfer) and MARC (nonlinear structural analysis) computer programs were used to analyze impingement cooled airfoils, with and without leading-edge film cooling. Creep was the predominant damage mode, particularly around film cooling holes. Radially angled holes exhibited less creep than holes normal to surface. Beam-type analyses of all-impingement cooled airfoils gave fair agreement with MARC results for initial creep.

Kaufman, A.↗

Nonlinear, three-dimensional finite-element analysis of air-cooled gas turbine blades

Cyclic stress-strain states in cooled turbine blades were calculated for a simulated mission of an advanced-technology commercial aircraft engine. The MARC, nonlinear, finite-element computer program was used for the analysis of impingement-cooled airfoils, with and without leading-edge film cooling. Creep was the predominant damage mode (ignoring hot corrosion), particularly artund film-cooling holes. Radially angled holes exhibited less creep than holes with axes normal to the surface. Beam-theory analyses of all-impingement-cooled airfoils gave fair agreement with MARC results for initial creep.

Kaufman, A.↗

Stochastic damage evolution in textile laminates

A probabilistic model utilizing random material characteristics to predict damage evolution in textile laminates is presented. Model is based on a division of each ply into two sublaminas consisting of cells. The probability of cell failure is calculated using stochastic function theory and maximal strain failure criterion. Three modes of failure, i.e. fiber breakage, matrix failure in transverse direction, as well as matrix or interface shear cracking, are taken into account. Computed failure probabilities are utilized in reducing cell stiffness based on the mesovolume concept. A numerical algorithm is developed predicting the damage evolution and deformation history of textile laminates. Effect of scatter of fiber orientation on cell properties is discussed. Weave influence on damage accumulation is illustrated with the help of an example of a Kevlar/epoxy laminate.

Dzenis, Yuris A.↗

Effect of the Chemical State of the Surface on the Relaxation of the Surface Shell Atoms in SiC and GaN Nanocrystals

The effect of the chemical state of the surface of nanoparticles on the relaxation in the near-surface layer was examined using the concept of the apparent lattice parameter (alp) determined for different diffraction vectors Q. The apparent lattice parameter is a lattice parameter determined either from an individual Bragg reflection, or from a selected region of the diffraction pattern. At low diffraction vectors the Bragg peak positions are affected mainly by the structure of the near-surface layer, while at high Q-values only the interior of the nano-grain contributes to the diffraction pattern. Following the measurements on raw (as prepared) powders we investigated powders cleaned by annealing at 400C under vacuum, and the same powders wetted with water. Theoretical alp-Q plots showed that the structure of the surface layer depends on the sample treatment. Semi-quantitative analysis based on the comparison of the experimental and theoretical alp-Q plots was performed. Theoretical alp-Q relations were obtained from the diffraction patterns calculated for models of nanocrystals with a strained surface layer using the Debye functions.

Palosz, B.↗

An Architecture for Real-Time Interpretation and Visualization of Structural Sensor Data in a Laboratory Environment

A visualization system is being developed out of the need to monitor, interpret, and make decisions based on the information from several thousand sensors during experimental testing to facilitate development and validation of structural health monitoring algorithms. As an added benefit the system will enable complete real-time sensor assessment of complex test specimens. Complex structural specimens are routinely tested that have hundreds or thousands of sensors. During a test, it is impossible for a single researcher to effectively monitor all the sensors and subsequently interesting phenomena occur that are not recognized until post-test analysis. The ability to detect and alert the researcher to these unexpected phenomena as the test progresses will significantly enhance the understanding and utilization of complex test articles. Utilization is increased by the ability to halt a test when the health monitoring algorithm response is not satisfactory or when an unexpected phenomenon occurs, enabling focused investigation potentially through the installation of additional sensors. Often if the test continues, structural changes make it impossible to reproduce the conditions that exhibited the phenomena. The prohibitive time and costs associated with fabrication, sensoring, and subsequent testing of additional test articles generally makes it impossible to further investigate the phenomena. A scalable architecture is described to address the complex computational demands of structural health monitoring algorithm development and laboratory experimental test monitoring. The researcher monitors the test using a photographic quality 3D graphical model with actual sensor locations identified. In addition, researchers can quickly activate plots displaying time or load versus selected sensor response along with the expected values and predefined limits. The architecture has several key features. First, distributed dissimilar computers may be seamlessly integrated into the information flow. Second, virtual sensors may be defined that are complex functions of existing sensors or other virtual sensors. Virtual sensors represent a calculated value not directly measured by particular physical instrument. They can be used, for example, to represent the maximum difference in a range of sensors or the calculated buckling load based on the current strains. Third, the architecture enables autonomous response to preconceived events, where by the system can be configured to suspend or abort a test if a failure is detected in the load introduction system. Fourth, the architecture is designed to allow cooperative monitoring and control of the test progression from multiple stations both remote and local to the test system. To illustrate the architecture, a preliminary implementation is described monitoring the Stitched Composite Wing recently tested at LaRC.

Doggett, William↗

Thermal and Evolved Gas Behavior of Calcite Under Mars Phoenix TEGA Operating Conditions

The Mars Phoenix Scout Mission with its diverse instrument suite successfully examined several soils on the Northern plains of Mars. The Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA) was employed to detect organic and inorganic materials by coupling a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) with a magnetic-sector mass spectrometer (MS). Martian soil was heated up to 1000 C in the DSC ovens and evolved gases from mineral decomposition products were examined with the MS. TEGA s DSC has the capability to detect endothermic and exothermic reactions during heating that are characteristic of minerals present in the Martian soil. Initial TEGA results indicated the presence of endothermic peaks with onset temperatures that ranged from 675 C to 750 C with corresponding CO2 release. This result suggests the presence of calcite (CaCO3. CaO + CO2). Organic combustion to CO2 is not likely since this mostly occurs at temperatures below 550 C. Fe-carbonate and Mg-carbonate are not likely because their decomposition temperatures are less than 600 C. TEGA enthalpy determinations suggest that calcite, may occur in the Martian soil in concentrations of approx.1 to 5 wt. %. The detection of calcite could be questioned based on previous results that suggest Mars soils are mostly acidic. However, the Phoenix landing site soil pH was measured at pH 8.3 0.5, which is typical of terrestrial soils where pH is controlled by calcite solubility. The range of onset temperatures and calcite concentration as calculated by TEGA is poorly con-strained in part because of limited thermal data of cal-cite at reduced pressures. TEGA operates at <30 mbar while most calcite literature thermal data was obtained at 1000 mbar or higher pressures.

Ming, D.W.↗

Detection of Bi-Directionality in Strain-Gage Balance Calibration Data

An indicator variable was developed for both visualization and detection of bi-directionality in wind tunnel strain-gage balance calibration data. First, the calculation of the indicator variable is explained in detail. Then, a criterion is discussed that may be used to decide which gage outputs of a balance have bi- directional behavior. The result of this analysis could be used, for example, to justify the selection of certain absolute value or other even function terms in the regression model of gage outputs whenever the Iterative Method is chosen for the balance calibration data analysis. Calibration data of NASA s MK40 Task balance is analyzed to illustrate both the calculation of the indicator variable and the application of the proposed criterion. Finally, bi directionality characteristics of typical multi piece, hybrid, single piece, and semispan balances are determined and discussed.

Ulbrich, Norbert↗

Ko Displacement Theory for Structural Shape Predictions

The development of the Ko displacement theory for predictions of structure deformed shapes was motivated in 2003 by the Helios flying wing, which had a 247-ft (75-m) wing span with wingtip deflections reaching 40 ft (12 m). The Helios flying wing failed in midair in June 2003, creating the need to develop new technology to predict in-flight deformed shapes of unmanned aircraft wings for visual display before the ground-based pilots. Any types of strain sensors installed on a structure can only sense the surface strains, but are incapable to sense the overall deformed shapes of structures. After the invention of the Ko displacement theory, predictions of structure deformed shapes could be achieved by feeding the measured surface strains into the Ko displacement transfer functions for the calculations of out-of-plane deflections and cross sectional rotations at multiple locations for mapping out overall deformed shapes of the structures. The new Ko displacement theory combined with a strain-sensing system thus created a revolutionary new structure- shape-sensing technology.

Ko, William L.↗

Vibration, performance, flutter and forced response characteristics of a large-scale propfan and its aeroelastic model

An investigation of the vibration, performance, flutter, and forced response of the large-scale propfan, SR7L, and its aeroelastic model, SR7A, has been performed by applying available structural and aeroelastic analytical codes and then correlating measured and calculated results. Finite element models of the blades were used to obtain modal frequencies, displacements, stresses and strains. These values were then used in conjunction with a 3-D, unsteady, lifting surface aerodynamic theory for the subsequent aeroelastic analyses of the blades. The agreement between measured and calculated frequencies and mode shapes for both models is very good. Calculated power coefficients correlate well with those measured for low advance ratios. Flutter results show that both propfans are stable at their respective design points. There is also good agreement between calculated and measured blade vibratory strains due to excitation resulting from yawed flow for the SR7A propfan. The similarity of structural and aeroelastic results show that the SR7A propfan simulates the SR7L characteristics.

August, Richard↗

Vibration, performance, flutter and forced response characteristics of a large-scale propfan and its aeroelastic model

An investigation of the vibration, performance, flutter, and forced response of the large-scale propfan, SR7L, and its aeroelastic model, SR7A, has been performed by applying available structural and aeroelastic analytical codes and then correlating measured and calculated results. Finite element models of the blades were used to obtain modal frequencies, displacements, stresses and strains. These values were then used in conjunction with a 3-D, unsteady, lifting surface aerodynamic theory for the subsequent aeroelastic analyses of the blades. The agreement between measured and calculated frequencies and mode shapes for both models is very good. Calculated power coefficients correlate well with those measured for low advance ratios. Flutter results show that both propfans are stable at their respective design points. There is also good agreement between calculated and measured blade vibratory strains due to excitation resulting from yawed flow for the SR7A propfan. The similarity of structural and aeroelastic results show that the SR7A propfan simulates the SR7L characteristics.

August, Richard↗

A second-order modeling study of confined swirling flow

A numerical study of a confined strong swirling flow is presented. Computations are performed using a differential second-moment closure. The effect of inlet dissipation rate on calculated mean and turbulence fields is investigated. Two pressure-strain models with various model constants are examined to demonstrate their influences on the predicted results. Finally, comparison of the differential second-moment calculation is made with algebraic second-moment results to determine a better suited model for complex swirling flows.

Nikjooy, M.↗

Influence of Alkali Metal Cations on the Oxygen Reduction Activity of Pt 5 Y and Pt 5 Gd Alloys

Electrolyte species can significantly influence the electrocatalytic performance. In this work, we investigate the impact of alkali metal cations on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on active Pt 5 Gd and Pt 5 Y polycrystalline electrodes. Due to the strain effects, Pt alloys exhibit a higher kinetic current density of ORR than pure Pt electrodes in acidic media. In alkaline solutions, the kinetic current density of ORR for Pt alloys decreases linearly with the decreasing hydration energy in the order of Li + > Na + > K + > Rb + > Cs + , whereas Pt shows the opposite trend. To gain further insights into these experimental results, we conduct complementary density functional theory calculations considering the effects of both electrode surface strain and electrolyte chemistry. The computational results reveal that the different trends in the ORR activity in alkaline media can be explained by the change in the adsorption energy of reaction intermediates with applied surface strain in the presence of alkali metal cations. Our findings provide important insights into the effects of the electrolyte and the strain conditions on the electrocatalytic performance and thus offer valuable guidelines for optimizing Pt-based electrocatalysts.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Structure Deformation Calculation Program Based on Displacement Theory for Shape Predictions

Separated programs were written in C/C++ to validate the Displacement Transfer Functions. The Structure Deformation Calculation Program was written to combine all of the programs to calculate deformed shapes of a structure using surface strain data and structural geometrical parameters. Users do not need to know the material properties, nor the complex internal structures geometry because the Displacement Theory is purely geometrical in nature. Users only need to know the structure types as defined in this report and information such as the structure length, depth factors, number of strain sensors, and the surface strains measured at the strain-sensing stations installed on the structures. Depending on the structure type, an applicable Displacement Transfer Function will be used. This program requires two input files created by users; the recorded strain data file in comma-separated values format and the structure geometry data file in text format. The program will output the out-of-plane deflections, slopes, cross-sectional twist angles, and depth factors if applicable. All output files are created in comma-separated values format. A section in this report describes step-by-step procedures on how to use the Structure Deformation Calculation Program for structure deformed shape calculations.

Displacement theory↗

First-Principles Investigation of Near-Surface Divacancies in Silicon Carbide

The realization of quantum sensors using spin defects in semiconductors requires a thorough understanding of the physical properties of the defects in the proximity of surfaces. We report a study of the divacancy (V Si V C ) in 3C-SiC, a promising material for quantum applications, as a function of surface reconstruction and termination with -H, -OH, -F and oxygen groups. Here we show that a V Si V C close to hydrogen-terminated (2 x 1) surfaces is a robust spin-defect with a triplet ground state and no surface states in the band gap and with small variations of many of its physical properties relative to the bulk, including the zero-phonon line and zero-field splitting. However, the Debye-Waller factor decreases in the vicinity of the surface and our calculations indicate it may be improved by strain-engineering. Overall our results show that the V Si V C close to SiC surfaces is a promising spin defect for quantum applications, similar to its bulk counterpart.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗