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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 451 records · Page 25

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2015

SU-E-I-34: Evaluating Use of AEC to Lower Dose for Lung Cancer Screening CT Protocols

Purpose: The National Lung Screening Trial mandated manual low dose CT technique factors, where up to a doubling of radiation output could be used over a regular to large patient size range. Recent guidance from the AAPM and ACR for lung cancer CT screening recommends radiation output adjustment for patient size either through AEC or a manual technique chart. This study evaluated the use of AEC for output control and dose reduction. Methods: The study was performed on a multidetector helical CT scanner (Aquillion ONE, Toshiba Medical) equipped with iterative reconstruction (ADIR-3D), AEC was adjusted with a standard deviation (SD) image quality noise index. The protocol SD parameter was incrementally increased to reduce patient population dose while image quality was evaluated by radiologist readers scoring the clinical utility of images on a Likert scale. Results: Plots of effective dose vs. body size (water cylinder diameter reported by the scanner) demonstrate monotonic increase in patient dose with increasing patient size. At the initial SD setting of 19 the average CTDIvol for a standard size patient was ∼ 2.0 mGy (1.2 mSv effective dose). This was reduced to ∼1.0 mGy (0.5 mSv) at an SD of 25 with no noticeable reduction in clinical utility of images as demonstrated by Likert scoring. Plots of effective patient diameter and BMI vs body size indicate that these metrics could also be used for manual technique charts. Conclusion: AEC offered consistent and reliable control of radiation output in this study. Dose for a standard size patient was reduced to one-third of the 3 mGy CTDIvol limit required for ACR accreditation of lung cancer CT screening. Gary Arbique: Research Grant, Toshiba America Medical Systems; Cecelia Brewington: Research Grant, Toshiba America Medical Systems; Di Zhang: Employee, Toshiba America Medical Systems.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2026

High-entropy 1D halide perovskite piezoelectrics found by megalibrary synthesis and rapid nonlinear optical screening

Piezoelectric molecular crystals offer excellent compositional and structural tunability and sustainable processability. However, their discovery is slow, primarily due to the serial synthesis and screening processes used. Here, we report an approach that combines massively parallel megalibrary synthesis with scanning second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy for rapid screening of piezoelectric molecular crystals. Megalibraries consisting of more than 1,000,000 compositionally distinct but positionally encoded TMCM x TMA (1–x) Cd y Pb (1–y) ClzBr (3–z) (TMCM: trimethylchloromethylammonium, TMA: tetramethylammonium; 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3) nanocrystals were synthesized. The megalibraries were rapidly screened by SHG microscopy to identify notable noncentrosymmetric structures, which were then tested for piezoelectricity, facilitating discovery of a high-entropy noncentrosymmetric material with a large d 33 (TMCM 0.75 TMA 0.25 Cd 0.75 Pb 0.25 Cl 1.5 Br 1.5 , 42.8 picocoulombs per newton). Furthermore, this approach enabled systematic investigation of the Curie temperature (T C )–composition relationship in the TMCMCdCl z Br (3–z) system, facilitating reverse design of materials with targeted T C . Our work establishes a powerful approach to accelerate the discovery and design of unusual piezoelectrics for next-generation electronics and optics.

Li, Jun [Northwestern University, Evanston, IL (Un↗

DOE OSTI2026

Tulane virus protease as a structural surrogate for inhibitor screening of human norovirus proteases

Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a significant cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, affecting people of all age groups. There are currently no vaccines or drugs available, leaving susceptible populations vulnerable to severe or protracted illness. A HuNoV cultivation system is pivotal for screening norovirus antivirals. While the human intestinal enteroid cultivation system allows robust replication of multiple HuNoV strains, it presents technical and cost barriers. Tulane virus (TV), a surrogate for HuNoV, replicates well in monkey kidney cell lines and is closely related to norovirus in cellular biology. Here, we determined the structures of TV protease (TV-Pro) alone and in complex with rupintrivir, a picornavirus inhibitor that also inhibits HuNoV proteases (HuNoV-Pro). Our data validate TV as an efficient surrogate system for rapid screening of HuNoV protease inhibitors. The TV protease structure exhibits significant backbone similarity to the GI.1 HuNoV protease in the substrate-binding domain, with the BII-CII loop in an open conformation stabilized by hydrogen bonds as present in the GI.1 protease. Structural differences in the S2 pocket and two amino acid changes in the S4 pocket result in slightly altered P2 and P4 substrate and inhibitor conformations. Despite these differences, we confirm previous findings that the TV protease can cleave the GI.1 and GII HuNoV polyprotein substrates with high and moderate efficiency, respectively. We found that rupintrivir efficiently inhibits TV protease in vitro and inhibits TV replication in cell culture with similar efficacy in combination with P-glycoprotein efflux pump inhibitors. We conclude that TV is a valuable surrogate for HuNoV protease inhibitor screening and outline strategies to improve its compatibility as such.

crystal structures↗

DOE OSTI2019

Nonlinear Damping and Nonlinear Phase Shift of Intense Spin Waves in Screened Ferrite Films

We analyze for the first time nonlinear damping and nonlinear phase shift of intense surface spin waves in screened yttrium–iron garnet films. Nonlinear damping coefficients are determined using the phenomenological model of spin wave propagation in such films. It is found that nonlinear phase shift in screened films is a weak effect as compared with free films and amounts to tens of degrees. At the same time, nonlinear damping in screened films is comparable with the corresponding value for free films. It is shown that for micrometer-thick films, the losses introduced upon an increase of power to 15 dBm become larger by 2–5 dB.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2025

Aviation Security Screening Optimizer for Risk and ThroughputASSORT

The Aviation Security Screening Optimizer for Risk and Throughput (ASSORT) is designed to assess risk-based approaches for passenger screening and checkpoint operations. Additionally, ASSORT is exploring various traveler categories — general, trusted, and trusted-plus — along with different checkpoint screening Concept of Operations tailored to each traveler type

Brigantic, Robert [Pacific Northwest National Labo↗

DOE OSTI2024

An expedited screening platform for the discovery of anti-ageing compounds in vitro and in vivo

Background: Restraining or slowing ageing hallmarks at the cellular level have been proposed as a route to increased organismal lifespan and healthspan. Consequently, there is great interest in anti-ageing drug discovery. However, this currently requires laborious and lengthy longevity analysis. Here, we present a novel screening readout for the expedited discovery of compounds that restrain ageing of cell populations in vitro and enable extension of in vivo lifespan. Methods: Using Illumina methylation arrays, we monitored DNA methylation changes accompanying long-term passaging of adult primary human cells in culture. This enabled us to develop, test, and validate the CellPopAge Clock, an epigenetic clock with underlying algorithm, unique among existing epigenetic clocks for its design to detect anti-ageing compounds in vitro. Additionally, we measured markers of senescence and performed longevity experiments in vivo in Drosophila, to further validate our approach to discover novel anti-ageing compounds. Finally, we bench mark our epigenetic clock with other available epigenetic clocks to consolidate its usefulness and specialisation for primary cells in culture. Results: We developed a novel epigenetic clock, the CellPopAge Clock, to accurately monitor the age of a population of adult human primary cells. We find that the CellPopAge Clock can detect decelerated passage-based ageing of human primary cells treated with rapamycin or trametinib, well-established longevity drugs. We then utilise the CellPopAge Clock as a screening tool for the identification of compounds which decelerate ageing of cell populations, uncovering novel anti-ageing drugs, torin2 and dactolisib (BEZ-235). We demonstrate that delayed epigenetic ageing in human primary cells treated with anti-ageing compounds is accompanied by a reduction in senescence and ageing biomarkers. Finally, we extend our screening platform in vivo by taking advantage of a specially formulated holidic medium for increased drug bioavailability in Drosophila. We show that the novel anti-ageing drugs, torin2 and dactolisib (BEZ-235), increase longevity in vivo. Conclusions: Our method expands the scope of CpG methylation profiling to accurately and rapidly detecting anti-ageing potential of drugs using human cells in vitro, and in vivo, providing a novel accelerated discovery platform to test sought after anti-ageing compounds and geroprotectors.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2019

Epigenetic biomarker screening by FLIM-FRET for combination therapy in ER+ breast cancer

Hormone-dependent gene expression involves dynamic and orchestrated regulation of epigenome leading to a cancerous state. Estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer rely on chromatin remodeling and association with epigenetic factors in inducing ER-dependent oncogenesis and thus cell over-proliferation. The mechanistic differences between epigenetic regulation and hormone signaling provide an avenue for combination therapy of ER-positive breast cancer. We hypothesized that epigenetic biomarkers within single nucleosome proximity of ER-dependent genes could serve as potential therapeutic targets. We described here a Fluorescence lifetime imaging-based Förster resonance energy transfer (FLIM-FRET) methodology for biomarker screening that could facilitate combination therapy based on our study. We screened 11 epigenetic-related markers which include oxidative forms of DNA methylation, histone modifications, and methyl-binding domain proteins. Among them, we identified H4K12acetylation (H4K12ac) and H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac) as potential epigenetic therapeutic targets. When histone acetyltransferase inhibitor targeting H4K12ac and H3K27ac was combined with tamoxifen, an enhanced therapeutic outcome was observed against ER-positive breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Together, we demonstrate a single molecule approach as an effective screening tool for devising targeted epigenetic therapy.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2018

Screening for hepatitis D and PEG-Interferon over Tenofovir enhance general hepatitis control efforts in Brazil

Hepatitis D virus (HDV), which requires the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), is a deadly yet neglected disease that rapidly leads to liver cancer and disease-induced mortality. This co-dependence creates complex transmission dynamics that make it difficult to predict the efficacy of interventions aimed at HBV and/or HDV control in endemic regions, such as certain municipalities of Brazil, where up to 65% of HBV-infected persons are co-infected. We created a mathematical model that captures the joint transmission dynamics of HBV and HDV, incorporating mother-to-child, sexual and household transmission. With an aim to minimize the number of total infections and disease-induced mortality in 2027, we then determined optimal strategies for Brazil and its sub-regions under a constrained budget, which was dynamically allocated among HBV and HDV screening, HBV and HDV treatment, HBV newborn and adult vaccination, and awareness programs. Three treatment options were considered, namely: Tenofovir, PEGylated-Interferon, and nucleic acid polymers (NAP). The additional cost of HDV screening and the use of a more expensive PEGylated-Interferon are offset by not wasting resources on treating co-infected persons with Tenofovir. The introductory price of NAP treatment must be less than $16,000 per course to become competitive with Tenofovir and PEGylated-Interferon in Brazil. Additional screening for HDV is beneficial, even in a low HBV and HDV endemic regions of Brazil. We recommend PEGylated-Interferon, wherever possible, for both HBV and HDV. If PEGylated-Interferon is not available in abundance, PEGylated-Interferon for co-infections and 4-year Tenofovir treatment for mono-infections is recommended.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

Screening analysis of enhanced weathering of igneous rocks and industrial waste materials

Enhanced weathering (EW) is a promising emerging carbon dioxide removal approach that involves harnessing and accelerating the natural weathering process by which atmospheric CO2 passively reacts with exposed alkaline minerals and is removed from the atmosphere. This manuscript reports on a screening level techno-economic analysis of EW. Two primary cases utilizing different sources of alkaline material are considered: (1) utilizing naturally occurring mined igneous rocks, and (2) utilizing industrial waste materials. The modeled EW process encompasses material purchase, comminution, transport, distribution of material on farmland, and measurement, reporting and verification of CO2 removal. Detailed sensitivities are performed to highlight promising scenarios for application. The analysis highlights that utilizing materials with high weathering potential in suitable locations may result in relatively low levelized cost of captured (less than $100 per total tonnes of CO2 captured from the atmosphere). NETL is publishing a detailed and transparent report titled “Enhanced Weathering: Techno-Economic and Life Cycle Screening Analysis” that includes more detail on the screening level techno-economic analysis and includes a life cycle analysis.

Leptinsky, Sarah [NETL Site Support Contractor, Na↗

DOE OSTI2013

Implications of Cost Effectiveness Screening Practices in a Low Natural Gas Price Environment: Case Study of a Midwestern Residential Energy Upgrade Program

With the proliferation of statewide energy savings targets and other policies favorable to energy efficiency, savings from utility customer-funded energy efficiency programs could rise to offset much of annual load growth by 2025 (Barbose et al 2013). For these increased savings to occur, however, nearly all of these programs must pass screening for cost effectiveness. Some program administrators and state regulators are finding that conventional analyses, which only consider a narrow set of energy-savings related efficiency program benefits, are now resulting in some natural gas efficiency programs failing their cost-effectiveness criteria in the new low natural gas price environment. Regulators are considering whether to scale back or terminate gas portfolios in at least four states (WA, OR, ID, NM) because of cost-effectiveness concerns. Stakeholders in several regions of the country have asked LBNL to help assess alternatives to reducing the pursuit of energy savings in their regions. We address these requests by producing two working papers: one exploring cost-effectiveness screening policy implications of low to moderate natural gas prices, and a second assessing some of the values that policymakers may take into account in weighing the pros and cons of ending natural gas efficiency programs. In this policy brief, we lay out the challenges that low gas prices pose for cost effectiveness of an electric-gas efficiency program and portfolio. We then quantify options available to regulators and administrators who want to evaluate the tradeoffs among multiple policy objectives. A multi-measure, residential energy upgrade program in the Midwest is used as a lens to explore the implications of common and emerging cost-effectiveness policies in the context of low prices for natural gas. We illustrate the results across a range of cost-effectiveness screening options, including different discount rates, levels of test application, various benefit-cost tests, and the inclusion of non-energy resource benefits.

03 NATURAL GAS↗

DOE OSTI2017

UNREVIEWED DISPOSAL QUESTION EVALUATION: Development of Inventory Screening Limits for the Area 5 Radioactive Waste Management Site, Nevada National Security Site, Nye County, Nevada

This Unreviewed Disposal Question Evaluation estimates the inventory of specific radionuclides that represent negligible risk for the Area 5 Radioactive Waste Management Site on the Nevada National Security Site. Radionuclides exceeding these screening limits are candidates for entry into the performance assessment and composite analysis model. Screening limits are developed for an expanded list of radionuclides. The screening limits are estimated as the total site inventory that would cause a receptor to receive 1/1000th of the 0.1 milliseivert (mSv) air pathway or 0.25 mSv all-pathways performance objectives. The receptor is assumed to be exposed to undiluted waste for a period of one year.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2018

Arrayed Guide RNA Libraries for CRISPR-based Gene Knockout Screening

collaboration to develop arrayed formatted genomic screening libraries based on recently developed genome-editing technology termed CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats). CRISPR-based screening allows for potent knockout of cellular genes with a genome-wide level scalability. With the development of CRISPR knockout libraries, comprehensive analysis of pathogen-host interaction and therapeutic target discovery can be performed against pathogens of biothreat concern and national security interest. Under this work, a CRISPR knockout screen was executed against the mosquito-borne pathogens Zika virus and Rift Valley fever virus. We identified existing as well as novel host genes involved in infection by these viruses. By discovering host genes essential for infection, we can design anti-viral treatments using those identified gene or gene products as targets. The scope of this partnership was within Sandia’s mission area and national security of reducing biological dangers from emerging infections or biodefense threats.

Negrete, Oscar↗

DOE OSTI2018

Unreviewed Disposal Question Evaluation: Development and Testing of Revision 2.0 Performance Assessment Screening Limits

This Unreviewed Disposal Question Evaluation describes the development and testing of the revision 2.0 performance assessment (PA) inventory screening limits for the Area 5 Radioactive Waste Management Site on the Nevada National Security Site. The screening limits are used to identify radionuclides that must be included in the PA model and to screen waste profiles with long-lived radionuclides without Waste Acceptance Criteria Action Levels.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2020

Pre-Symptomatic COVID Screening

Temperature checks for fever are extensively used for preliminary COVID screenings but are ineffective during the incubation stage of infection when a person is asymptotic. Researchers at the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control concluded that approximately 75% of passengers infected with COVID-19 and traveling from affected Chinese cities would not be detected by early screening. Core body temperature is normally kept within a narrow range and has the smallest relative standard deviation of all vital signs. Heat in the body is prioritized around internal organs at the expense of the periphery by controlling blood flow. In fact, blood flow to the skin may vary by a factor of 100 depending on thermal conditions. This adaptation causes rapid temperature fluctuations in different skin regions from changes in cardiac output, metabolism, and likely cytokine diffusion during inflammation that would not be seen in average core body temperature. Current IR and thermal scanners used for temperature checks are not necessarily reflective of core body temperatures and require cautious interpretation as they frequently result in false positive and false negative diagnosis. Hand held thermometers measure average skin temperatures and can get readings that differ from core body temperature by as much as 7°. Rather than focusing on a core body temperature threshold assessment we believe that variability of temperature patterns using a novel wearable transdermal microneedle sensor will be more sensitive to infections in the incubation stage and propose to develop a wearable transdermal temperature sensor using established Sandia microneedle technology for pre-symptomatic COVID screening that can additionally be used to monitor disease progression at later stages.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2020

Pre Symptomatic COVID Screening

Temperature checks for fever are extensively used for preliminary COVID screenings but are ineffective during the incubation stage of infection when a person is asymptotic. Researchers at the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control concluded that approximately 75% of passengers infected with COVID-19 and traveling from affected Chinese cities would not be detected by early screening. Core body temperature is normally kept within a narrow range and has the smallest relative standard deviation of all vital signs. Heat in the body is prioritized around internal organs at the expense of the periphery by controlling blood flow. In fact, blood flow to the skin may vary by a factor of 100 depending on thermal conditions. This adaptation causes rapid temperature fluctuations in different skin regions from changes in cardiac output, metabolism, and likely cytokine diffusion during inflammation that would not be seen in average core body temperature. Current IR and thermal scanners used for temperature checks are not necessarily reflective of core body temperatures and require cautious interpretation as they frequently result in false positive and false negative diagnosis. Hand held thermometers measure average skin temperatures and can get readings that differ from core body temperature by as much as 7°. Rather than focusing on a core body temperature threshold assessment we believe that variability of temperature patterns using a novel wearable transdermal microneedle sensor will be more sensitive to infections in the incubation stage and propose to develop a wearable transdermal temperature sensor using established Sandia microneedle technology for pre symptomatic COVID screening that can additionally be used to monitor disease progression at later stages.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

200-IA-1 Operable Unit Human Health Risk and Kd Screen

The purpose of this environmental calculation file (ECF) is to provide the following: Document the data processing and data reduction steps taken to prepare the 200-IA-1 Operable Unit (OU) data set that will be used to calculate the sample-specific screening level human health risk evaluation; Document the data processing and data reduction steps taken to prepare the 200-IA-1 OU data set that will be used to identify analytes that could potentially impact groundwater in the future beneath the 200-IA-1 OU representative waste sites; Document the assumptions, equations, and methodologies used to calculate the screening levels for human health cancer risks and noncancer hazards for each representative waste site assigned to the 200-IA-1 OU. Individual measured soil concentrations from 0 to 4.6 m (15 ft) below ground surface (bgs) (shallow vadose zone) are used to calculate the total excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) and hazard index (HI) for the outdoor worker scenario to determine if there is a basis for remedial action. Individual measured soil concentrations from the ground surface to the groundwater table are used for the distribution coefficient (Kd) screen to identify analytes that could potentially impact groundwater in the future beneath the 200-IA-1 OU representative waste sites. This ECF supports DOE/RL-2020-51, 200-IA-1 OU Focused Feasibility Study, under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA). A risk characterization based upon the evaluation of the health risk estimates developed in this ECF will be presented in the focused feasibility study report.

63 RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRON. POLLUTAN↗

DOE OSTI2020

Event Screening Methods for the Eastern Interconnection Situational Awareness and Monitoring System (ESAMS)

The Eastern Interconnection Situational Awareness and Monitoring System (ESAMS) is a tool developed to explore the applications and advantages of sharing phasor measurement unit (PMU) data among operating entities. An initial conclusion from testing was that detected events required further screening before being reported to ensure that events would be of interest to system operators. The methods described in this report were integrated into ESAMS to meet this need. First, an event is screened for whether the change in voltage angle measurements indicates that the detected disturbance is sufficiently large. Next, an event is classified to determine if it was related to a loss of generation. Finally, a neural network is used to determine if the system’s response to the disturbance is normal or abnormal. These methods were tested with one month of field-measured PMU data. Results indicate that the additional information provided by these additional screening tools will improve selection of events for inclusion in the daily event reports automatically generated by ESAMS.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2022

Eddy current studies for the beam screen of the Electron-Ion Collider hadron storage ring superconducting magnets

A copper-clad stainless steel beam screen will be installed in each of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) superconducting (SC) magnets used for making the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) Hadron Storage Ring (HSR). Eddy currents are induced within conductors to oppose a changing magnetic flux. Eddy currents will appear on the EIC HSR beam screens during ramp up and ramp down, after a magnet quenches and when reversing the polarity of the γ transition jump quadrupoles during γ transition crossing. This study evaluates the magnitude of the eddy currents, the temperature increase due to Joule heating and the stress at the beam screens from the eddy-current induced force.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗