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DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on H2Ru4(CO)13 by Materials Project

RuRu3H2(CO)9(CO)4 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of sixteen formaldehyde molecules, four ruthenium molecules, and four Ru3H2(CO)9 clusters. In two of the Ru3H2(CO)9 clusters, there are three inequivalent Ru3+ sites. In the first Ru3+ site, Ru3+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three C+0.92+ and two H1+ atoms. There is two shorter (1.91 Å) and one longer (1.93 Å) Ru–C bond length. There is one shorter (1.77 Å) and one longer (1.78 Å) Ru–H bond length. In the second Ru3+ site, Ru3+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three C+0.92+ and one H1+ atom. There is two shorter (1.90 Å) and one longer (1.91 Å) Ru–C bond length. The Ru–H bond length is 1.80 Å. In the third Ru3+ site, Ru3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three C+0.92+ and one H1+ atom. There is one shorter (1.90 Å) and two longer (1.92 Å) Ru–C bond length. The Ru–H bond length is 1.80 Å. There are nine inequivalent C+0.92+ sites. In the first C+0.92+ site, C+0.92+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ru3+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the second C+0.92+ site, C+0.92+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ru3+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the third C+0.92+ site, C+0.92+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ru3+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the fourth C+0.92+ site, C+0.92+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ru3+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the fifth C+0.92+ site, C+0.92+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ru3+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the sixth C+0.92+ site, C+0.92+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ru3+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the seventh C+0.92+ site, C+0.92+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ru3+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the eighth C+0.92+ site, C+0.92+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ru3+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the ninth C+0.92+ site, C+0.92+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ru3+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. There are two inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Ru3+ atoms. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Ru3+ atoms. There are nine inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.92+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.92+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.92+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.92+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.92+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.92+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.92+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.92+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.92+ atom. In two of the Ru3H2(CO)9 clusters, there are three inequivalent Ru3+ sites. In the first Ru3+ site, Ru3+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three C+0.92+ and two H1+ atoms. There are a spread of Ru–C bond distances ranging from 1.90–1.93 Å. There is one shorter (1.75 Å) and one longer (1.77 Å) Ru–H bond length. In the second Ru3+ site, Ru3+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three C+0.92+ and one H1+ atom. There are a spread of Ru–C bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.91 Å. The Ru–H bond length is 1.78 Å. In the third Ru3+ site, Ru3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three C+0.92+ and one H1+ atom. There is two shorter (1.91 Å) and one longer (1.93 Å) Ru–C bond length. The Ru–H bond length is 1.77 Å. There are nine inequivalent C+0.92+ sites. In the first C+0.92+ site, C+0.92+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ru3+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the second C+0.92+ site, C+0.92+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ru3+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the third C+0.92+ site, C+0.92+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ru3+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the fourth C+0.92+ site, C+0.92+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ru3+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the fifth C+0.92+ site, C+0.92+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ru3+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the sixth C+0.92+ site, C+0.92+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ru3+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the seventh C+0.92+ site, C+0.92+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ru3+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. In the eighth C+0.92+ site, C+0.92+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ru3+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.15 Å. In the ninth C+0.92+ site, C+0.92+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ru3+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.16 Å. There are two inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Ru3+ atoms. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Ru3+ atoms. There are nine inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.92+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.92+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.92+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.92+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.92+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.92+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.92+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.92+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.92+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Sm2Ge5Ru3 by Materials Project

Sm2Ru3Ge5 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Ibam space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Sm is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to six Ru and ten Ge atoms. There are a spread of Sm–Ru bond distances ranging from 3.22–3.52 Å. There are a spread of Sm–Ge bond distances ranging from 3.00–3.48 Å. There are two inequivalent Ru sites. In the first Ru site, Ru is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Sm and six Ge atoms. There are four shorter (2.53 Å) and two longer (2.61 Å) Ru–Ge bond lengths. In the second Ru site, Ru is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Sm and five Ge atoms. There are a spread of Ru–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.45–2.53 Å. There are three inequivalent Ge sites. In the first Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Sm, three Ru, and two equivalent Ge atoms. Both Ge–Ge bond lengths are 2.73 Å. In the second Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Sm, three Ru, and four Ge atoms. Both Ge–Ge bond lengths are 2.92 Å. In the third Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Sm and four equivalent Ru atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ru3Cl by Materials Project

Ru3Cl is alpha bismuth trifluoride structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal I4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Ru sites. In the first Ru site, Ru is bonded to four equivalent Ru and four equivalent Cl atoms to form distorted RuRu4Cl4 tetrahedra that share corners with eight equivalent RuRu8Cl4 cuboctahedra, corners with eight equivalent ClRu12 cuboctahedra, corners with eight equivalent RuRu4Cl4 tetrahedra, edges with four equivalent RuRu8Cl4 cuboctahedra, edges with four equivalent ClRu12 cuboctahedra, edges with twelve equivalent RuRu4Cl4 tetrahedra, and faces with six equivalent RuRu4Cl4 tetrahedra. All Ru–Ru bond lengths are 2.68 Å. All Ru–Cl bond lengths are 2.68 Å. In the second Ru site, Ru is bonded to eight equivalent Ru and four equivalent Cl atoms to form RuRu8Cl4 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent RuRu8Cl4 cuboctahedra, corners with eight equivalent ClRu12 cuboctahedra, corners with sixteen equivalent RuRu4Cl4 tetrahedra, edges with eight equivalent RuRu8Cl4 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent RuRu4Cl4 tetrahedra, faces with four equivalent RuRu8Cl4 cuboctahedra, and faces with six equivalent ClRu12 cuboctahedra. All Ru–Cl bond lengths are 2.97 Å. Cl is bonded to twelve Ru atoms to form distorted ClRu12 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent ClRu12 cuboctahedra, corners with eight equivalent RuRu8Cl4 cuboctahedra, corners with sixteen equivalent RuRu4Cl4 tetrahedra, edges with eight equivalent ClRu12 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent RuRu4Cl4 tetrahedra, faces with four equivalent ClRu12 cuboctahedra, and faces with six equivalent RuRu8Cl4 cuboctahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn7Sb8Ru9 by Materials Project

Ru9Zn7Sb8 crystallizes in the cubic Fm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Ru sites. In the first Ru site, Ru is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six equivalent Sb atoms. All Ru–Sb bond lengths are 2.71 Å. In the second Ru site, Ru is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to four Zn and four Sb atoms. There are one shorter (2.57 Å) and three longer (2.61 Å) Ru–Zn bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.63 Å) and three longer (2.77 Å) Ru–Sb bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Zn sites. In the first Zn site, Zn is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ru and six Sb atoms. There are two shorter (3.00 Å) and four longer (3.02 Å) Zn–Sb bond lengths. In the second Zn site, Zn is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Ru atoms. There are two inequivalent Sb sites. In the first Sb site, Sb is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ru and six equivalent Zn atoms. In the second Sb site, Sb is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to five Ru and four equivalent Zn atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Si3Ru5 by Materials Project

Ru5Si3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pbam space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Ru+2.40+ sites. In the first Ru+2.40+ site, Ru+2.40+ is bonded to six Si4- atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing RuSi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. There are four shorter (2.54 Å) and two longer (2.68 Å) Ru–Si bond lengths. In the second Ru+2.40+ site, Ru+2.40+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five Si4- atoms. There are a spread of Ru–Si bond distances ranging from 2.39–2.77 Å. In the third Ru+2.40+ site, Ru+2.40+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to six Si4- atoms. There are a spread of Ru–Si bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.99 Å. There are two inequivalent Si4- sites. In the first Si4- site, Si4- is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight Ru+2.40+ atoms. In the second Si4- site, Si4- is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten Ru+2.40+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Sc11Ru4 by Materials Project

Sc11Ru4 crystallizes in the cubic Fm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of four Sc6Ru clusters and one Sc16Ru7 framework. In each Sc6Ru cluster, Sc is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ru atom. The Sc–Ru bond length is 2.65 Å. Ru is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six equivalent Sc atoms. In the Sc16Ru7 framework, there are two inequivalent Sc sites. In the first Sc site, Sc is bonded to four Ru atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing ScRu4 tetrahedra. There are one shorter (2.70 Å) and three longer (2.97 Å) Sc–Ru bond lengths. In the second Sc site, Sc is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three equivalent Ru atoms. All Sc–Ru bond lengths are 2.74 Å. There are two inequivalent Ru sites. In the first Ru site, Ru is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Sc atoms. In the second Ru site, Ru is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to eight Sc atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ru3C9Se2O9 by Materials Project

Ru3Se2(CO)9 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of eighteen formaldehyde molecules and two Ru3Se2 clusters. In each Ru3Se2 cluster, there are three inequivalent Ru+3.33+ sites. In the first Ru+3.33+ site, Ru+3.33+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two Se2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.55 Å) and one longer (2.56 Å) Ru–Se bond lengths. In the second Ru+3.33+ site, Ru+3.33+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two Se2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.52 Å) and one longer (2.53 Å) Ru–Se bond lengths. In the third Ru+3.33+ site, Ru+3.33+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two Se2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.51 Å) and one longer (2.53 Å) Ru–Se bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Se2- sites. In the first Se2- site, Se2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ru+3.33+ atoms. In the second Se2- site, Se2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Ru+3.33+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ta3B2Ru5 by Materials Project

Ta3Ru5B2 crystallizes in the tetragonal P4/mbm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Ta sites. In the first Ta site, Ta is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to ten Ru and three equivalent B atoms. There are a spread of Ta–Ru bond distances ranging from 2.80–2.96 Å. There are one shorter (2.71 Å) and two longer (2.86 Å) Ta–B bond lengths. In the second Ta site, Ta is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Ru atoms. All Ta–Ru bond lengths are 2.65 Å. There are two inequivalent Ru sites. In the first Ru site, Ru is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to six Ta and two equivalent B atoms. Both Ru–B bond lengths are 2.19 Å. In the second Ru site, Ru is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Ta and four equivalent B atoms. All Ru–B bond lengths are 2.22 Å. B is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Ta and six Ru atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zr2FeB2Ru5 by Materials Project

Zr2FeRu5B2 crystallizes in the tetragonal P4/mbm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Zr is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to ten Ru and three equivalent B atoms. There are a spread of Zr–Ru bond distances ranging from 2.79–2.96 Å. There are one shorter (2.65 Å) and two longer (2.85 Å) Zr–B bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Ru sites. In the first Ru site, Ru is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Zr, two equivalent Fe, and two equivalent B atoms. Both Ru–Fe bond lengths are 2.61 Å. Both Ru–B bond lengths are 2.22 Å. In the second Ru site, Ru is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Zr and four equivalent B atoms. All Ru–B bond lengths are 2.25 Å. Fe is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent Ru atoms. B is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Zr and six Ru atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Pr2Ge5Ru3 by Materials Project

Pr2Ru3Ge5 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Ibam space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Pr is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to six Ru and ten Ge atoms. There are a spread of Pr–Ru bond distances ranging from 3.25–3.51 Å. There are a spread of Pr–Ge bond distances ranging from 3.03–3.47 Å. There are two inequivalent Ru sites. In the first Ru site, Ru is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Pr and six Ge atoms. There are four shorter (2.52 Å) and two longer (2.66 Å) Ru–Ge bond lengths. In the second Ru site, Ru is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Pr and five Ge atoms. There are a spread of Ru–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.46–2.53 Å. There are three inequivalent Ge sites. In the first Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Pr and four equivalent Ru atoms. In the second Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Pr, three Ru, and four Ge atoms. There are two shorter (2.70 Å) and two longer (2.95 Å) Ge–Ge bond lengths. In the third Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Pr, three Ru, and two equivalent Ge atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Er2Ge5Ru3 by Materials Project

Er2Ru3Ge5 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Ibam space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Er is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to six Ru and ten Ge atoms. There are four shorter (3.19 Å) and two longer (3.46 Å) Er–Ru bond lengths. There are a spread of Er–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.97–3.45 Å. There are two inequivalent Ru sites. In the first Ru site, Ru is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Er and six Ge atoms. There are four shorter (2.50 Å) and two longer (2.59 Å) Ru–Ge bond lengths. In the second Ru site, Ru is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Er and five Ge atoms. There are a spread of Ru–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.40–2.50 Å. There are three inequivalent Ge sites. In the first Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Er and four equivalent Ru atoms. In the second Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Er, three Ru, and four Ge atoms. There are two shorter (2.69 Å) and two longer (2.88 Å) Ge–Ge bond lengths. In the third Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Er, three Ru, and two equivalent Ge atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Tm2Ge5Ru3 by Materials Project

Tm2Ru3Ge5 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Ibam space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Tm is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to six Ru and ten Ge atoms. There are four shorter (3.18 Å) and two longer (3.47 Å) Tm–Ru bond lengths. There are a spread of Tm–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.98–3.45 Å. There are two inequivalent Ru sites. In the first Ru site, Ru is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Tm and six Ge atoms. There are four shorter (2.50 Å) and two longer (2.58 Å) Ru–Ge bond lengths. In the second Ru site, Ru is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Tm and five Ge atoms. There are a spread of Ru–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.40–2.51 Å. There are three inequivalent Ge sites. In the first Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Tm and four equivalent Ru atoms. In the second Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Tm, three Ru, and four Ge atoms. There are two shorter (2.70 Å) and two longer (2.87 Å) Ge–Ge bond lengths. In the third Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Tm, three Ru, and two equivalent Ge atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ho2Ge5Ru3 by Materials Project

Ho2Ru3Ge5 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Ibam space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ho is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to six Ru and ten Ge atoms. There are four shorter (3.20 Å) and two longer (3.47 Å) Ho–Ru bond lengths. There are a spread of Ho–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.97–3.47 Å. There are two inequivalent Ru sites. In the first Ru site, Ru is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ho and six Ge atoms. There are four shorter (2.51 Å) and two longer (2.60 Å) Ru–Ge bond lengths. In the second Ru site, Ru is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ho and five Ge atoms. There are a spread of Ru–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.51 Å. There are three inequivalent Ge sites. In the first Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ho and four equivalent Ru atoms. In the second Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ho, three Ru, and four Ge atoms. There are two shorter (2.70 Å) and two longer (2.88 Å) Ge–Ge bond lengths. In the third Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ho, three Ru, and two equivalent Ge atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Dy2Ge5Ru3 by Materials Project

Dy2Ru3Ge5 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Ibam space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Dy is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to six Ru and ten Ge atoms. There are a spread of Dy–Ru bond distances ranging from 3.20–3.47 Å. There are a spread of Dy–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.99–3.45 Å. There are two inequivalent Ru sites. In the first Ru site, Ru is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Dy and six Ge atoms. There are four shorter (2.51 Å) and two longer (2.62 Å) Ru–Ge bond lengths. In the second Ru site, Ru is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Dy and five Ge atoms. There are a spread of Ru–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.51 Å. There are three inequivalent Ge sites. In the first Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Dy and four equivalent Ru atoms. In the second Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Dy, three Ru, and four Ge atoms. There are two shorter (2.69 Å) and two longer (2.90 Å) Ge–Ge bond lengths. In the third Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Dy, three Ru, and two equivalent Ge atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CuRu3 by Materials Project

Ru3Cu is beta Cu3Ti-like structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal I4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Ru sites. In the first Ru site, Ru is bonded to eight Ru and four equivalent Cu atoms to form RuCu4Ru8 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve equivalent RuCu4Ru8 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent CuRu12 cuboctahedra, edges with sixteen RuCu4Ru8 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent CuRu12 cuboctahedra, and faces with fourteen RuCu4Ru8 cuboctahedra. There are four shorter (2.63 Å) and four longer (2.70 Å) Ru–Ru bond lengths. All Ru–Cu bond lengths are 2.70 Å. In the second Ru site, Ru is bonded to eight equivalent Ru and four equivalent Cu atoms to form distorted RuCu4Ru8 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent RuCu4Ru8 cuboctahedra, corners with eight equivalent CuRu12 cuboctahedra, edges with twenty-four RuCu4Ru8 cuboctahedra, faces with six equivalent CuRu12 cuboctahedra, and faces with twelve RuCu4Ru8 cuboctahedra. All Ru–Cu bond lengths are 2.63 Å. Cu is bonded to twelve Ru atoms to form CuRu12 cuboctahedra that share corners with four equivalent CuRu12 cuboctahedra, corners with eight equivalent RuCu4Ru8 cuboctahedra, edges with eight equivalent CuRu12 cuboctahedra, edges with sixteen equivalent RuCu4Ru8 cuboctahedra, faces with four equivalent CuRu12 cuboctahedra, and faces with fourteen RuCu4Ru8 cuboctahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

How Solvent Mediates the Catalytic Fate of 2-Methoxyphenol in Hydrodeoxygenation Catalysis?

Kinetic and isotopic assessments combined with theoretical calculations shed light on the mechanistic differences in terms of the number of hydrogen addition steps and the electronic charges of reactive hydrogen in the catalytic sequence leading to the Ar−OCH 3 scission of 2-methoxyphenol occurring at various interfaces of vapor−Ru, cyclohexane−Ru, and water−Ru. At vapor−Ru and cyclohexane−Ru interfaces, the initial hydrogen adatom (H*) additions on the phenyl ring disrupt its aromaticity, as a step required to occur before kinetically relevant Ar−OCH 3 scission on an ensemble of Ru sites. The number of H* addition events prerequisite to the formation of the kinetically relevant Ar−OCH 3 scission transition state, however, is larger at the cyclohexane−Ru interface than those at the vapor−Ru and water−Ru interfaces. The preferential solvation of 2-methoxyphenol derived reaction precursors and H* weakens their adsorption on Ru sites, which leads to a decrease in the activation barrier for the third H* addition step and in turn a larger number of H* additions. At the water−Ru interface, water as a polar protic solvent promotes the Ar−OCH 3 scission by enabling a mechanistically distinct catalytic route an adjacent water molecule from the solvent layer assists with the intramolecular proton shuttling from the hydroxyl group (−OH) to the vicinal methoxy group (−OCH 3 ) of 2-methoxyphenol, evolving a highly charged transition state that is further stabilized by the water solvent layer, thereby leading to Ar−OCH 3 scission rate constants that are much higher than those at the vapor−Ru interface and, when comparing at the same H 2 chemical potential, higher Ar−OCH 3 scission turnovers. Furthermore, these distinct mechanistic details of the Ar−OCH 3 scission at various reaction interfaces, inferred from experiment and theory, illustrate how a solvent either solvates reaction intermediates and transition states or directly participates in the formation of kinetically relevant transition states, leading to changes in the free energy landscape, thus rewriting the catalytic fates in hydrodeoxygenation reactions.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Ligation of Single-Site Ruthenium within Perovskite Oxides for Efficient Conversion of Thermodynamically Stable Molecules

Ru cation ligation in SrTiO 3 perovskite and their migration to the surface through exsolution are investigated for the dry reforming of methane (DRM), a chemistry that requires activation of two thermodynamically stable molecules, CH 4 and CO 2 . Compared to a supported 1 wt % Ru/SrTiO 3 benchmark, doped and exsolved Ru-SrTiO 3 demonstrate ≥3× higher CH 4 turnover rates (873 K), with isolated, ligated Ru exhibiting higher reactivity. Reactor studies assert that CH 4 and CO 2 activation are both kinetically relevant for CH 4 turnover rates on exsolved Ru-SrTiO 3 , unlike for supported Ru systems, where H-abstraction from CH 4 is the sole kinetically relevant step. As such, exsolved and doped Ru architectures are responsive toward co-reactant activation strategies, with their consequent reaction networks showing marked departures from those established for supported Ru catalysts. In situ spectroscopy and kinetic analyses propose distinct sensitivity toward CO 2 on Ru-SrTiO 3 systems, where higher CH4 turnover rates result from O-assisted C─H bond activation pathways. These pathways occur on paired Ru-oxygen vacancy sites that are inherent to the perovskite structure and are not readily accessible on supported Ru catalysts. Here, CO 2 is activated on oxygen vacancies directly adjacent to Ru active sites, which facilitates CH 4 C─H bond activation through a surface methoxy intermediate. The high reactivity of Ru-SrTiO 3 systems enables stable CH 4 turnover rates at milder reaction temperatures (673 K), conditions under which the supported counterpart, Ru/SrTiO 3 , is inactive. Overall, this work demonstrates that ligation of catalytically active cations in perovskite oxides facilitates site engineering toward atom-efficient activation of thermodynamically stable feedstocks.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Values of Recovered Uranium from HALEU Used Nuclear Fuels (Rev. 1)

The value of the recovered uranium (RU) from high assay low-enriched uranium (HALEU) used nuclear fuels was evaluated. Three utilizations of the recovered uranium were considered in this study, which include the cases that RU is used as a fissile material of nuclear fuel, RU is reused in the original advanced reactor after reenrichment, and RU is reused in conventional light water reactors after down-blending. In this study, the RU values were identified by comparing the cost of making a unit mass of fuel with RU versus the fuel cost with the equivalent fresh enriched uranium (EU). A series of bounding analyses for calculating the fuel costs were conducted using several selected reactor types, which include microreactors, advanced thermal reactors, and fast reactors having a burnup of 2 – 165 GWd/t (with residual U-235 content in discharged fuels of 0.8 - 19.6%). This study concludes that RU having a residual U-235 content higher than ~7% would cost less than the fresh EU. The affordability increases as the residual U-235 content in RU increases. For instance, the fuel cost with RU having the residual U-235 content of 19.6% is about 85% cheaper than the fuel cost with the equivalent fresh EU. This study observed that reusing RU after reenrichment in the original microreactor is impractical because the U-235 content in the re-enriched RU fuel would need to be higher than the limit for low-enriched uranium (<20%) to provide the same burnup performance due to parasitic absorption from U-236. It is noted that this study focused on the recovery of uranium only, and the value of other fissile materials (such as Pu) in the used nuclear fuel was not considered even though those are bred significantly in fast reactors. In addition, the impacts of uncertainties in the cost data and the value of RU of TRISO fuels were not evaluated in this study due to the limited information on the cost data uncertainties and the separation cost from TRISO fuels.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗